Few people escape them
- chain letters. They used to circulate by regular mail, but these
days, they're more likely to come via email or Internet chat rooms.
Chain letters generally
include a list of names and addresses with instructions to send
something - say, a small sum of money - to one or more names on
a list. Then, you are instructed to remove one or more names from
the list, add your name to the bottom of the list, and email the
letter to a certain number of other people with directions on
how to "continue the chain."
One "chain email"
making the rounds since 1999 promises participants they'll make
at least $46,000 in as little as three months simply by sending
$5 to each of four or five people on a list. The letter offers
assurances that the money-making scheme is perfectly legal. It
even tells skeptical consumers to check it out with the Federal
Trade Commission's (FTC's) Associate Director for Marketing Practices.
Are these claims true?
We decided to check with Eileen Harrington, the FTC's Associate
Director for Marketing Practices, who summed up chain letters
this way: "They are not legal, no one is going to get rich
from a chain letter, and people who forward chain messages are
breaking the law."
Here's more of what
she had to say:
Q: This chain letter
says to contact the Associate Director for Marketing Practices
at the FTC. Is this part of your job - to approve chain letters
and chain emails?
A: No, that's not my job. I manage a division of the FTC's
Bureau of Consumer Protection that works to protect consumers
from businesses and individuals that defraud consumers. My job
is to stop and sue them and to alert consumers to the illegality
of these fraudulent activities. Starting and sending chain letters
are fraudulent activities.
The senders of this
particular email probably did a lot of potential victims a favor
by referring them to me. Most of the calls went to the FTC's Consumer
Response Center. I've probably taken four or five calls a week
on this for the past few years. It's good to be able to set people
straight rather than have them go on in ignorance.
Q: Is it legal to
start or forward an email chain letter like this one that promises
extravagant earnings?
A: It is illegal to start or forward an email chain letter
that promises any kind of return, let alone an extravagant one.
Q: If I forward a
chain email that promises something in return, what could happen
to me?
A: If you start or send a chain email you could be prosecuted
for mail fraud. That's a serious offense. You could receive a
fine and actual jail time, depending on the seriousness of your
violation.
You also could face
legal action from the FTC. More than a year ago, the FTC warned
almost 1,000 participants in a chain email scheme that they would
be sued if they didn't stop participating in chain email schemes.
This year, the FTC sued six individuals for promoting the scheme
that gave my name as a reference. As a result of our action, those
people can't engage in similar marketing plans anymore, and they
have to refund any money they received to the people who sent
it.
Q: But this particular
chain letter says you have approved it. Doesn't that mean it's
OK for me to pass this letter on?
A: Despite the fact that the letter says it's OK, it's
definitely not. The FTC's mission is to stop and prosecute individuals
and companies that engage in fraud, including chain letters like
this one.
Q: The letter says
I can "earn $46,000 or more in the next 90 days sending email."
That's pretty tempting. Is it too tempting?
A: Well, consider how chain letters work: You receive a
list of names and addresses, with instructions to send money or
something else to one or more people on a list, remove one or
more names from the list, add your name to the bottom of the list,
and then forward the letter to a certain number of people. The
theory is that by the time your name gets to the top of the list,
so many people will be involved that you'll be flooded with whatever
the letter promises - money, for example. But it's mathematically
impossible. The earnings are derived primarily from recruiting
other customers outside of the chain. Participants can make money
only if they recruit a substantial number of newer participants
in levels below them. Eventually, this scheme, like all pyramid
schemes (which is what chain letters are), breaks down because
there are no more possible recruits. It's like a house of cards,
waiting to fall in. And those at the bottom of the chain - the
majority of participants - lose money because there's no one left
to recruit into positions below them in the chain.
Q: But the letter
says, "This method of raising capital really works 100 percent
every time." Are you telling me this is false?
A: These schemes fail 100 percent of the time. The very
first people to get involved may take some money, but at a minimum,
90 percent of people will not only not make money, they'll lose
whatever money they put in. I can guarantee you that by the time
you receive the chain letter, the opportunity to make money will
be long gone.
Q: Should I ever
believe claims that I can make big money with little or no risk
or effort?
A: Nope. You should be very, very skeptical of claims like
those. It's rare that you can make money without some risk - whether
that involves investing money or time.
The other thing is that...well,
think about it: If I knew of a foolproof way to make a lot of
money with little effort and risk, I'd be doing it. I wouldn't
be telling other people about it. These kinds of claims are generally
a sign of some kind of fraud.
You should always do
your homework: Check with the local Better Business Bureau, consumer
protection agency or your state Attorney General's Office to see
whether they have received complaints about an investment you
may be unsure of. The FTC website at www.ftc.gov
also has useful information.
Q: What if I already
forwarded this chain letter to others? Could I be in trouble?
A: If you received money as a result of participating in
a chain letter, return the money to the sender. That might get
you off the hook.
Q: What should I
do if I receive a chain letter?
A: Don't respond. If the letter was received by email,
complain to your Internet Service Provider (ISP). Most ISPs try
to keep this kind of stuff out. They may be able to trace the
source of the email letter, too. You might want to tell the sender
that what they're doing is illegal. You also can report the letter
to the local consumer protection agency or your state Attorney
General or to the FTC, either online at www.ftc.gov
or by calling toll free, 1-877-FTC-HELP (1-877-382-4357). Or,
forward the email to the FTC's database of unsolicited spam emails
at spam@uce.gov. The FTC uses
the database in its law enforcement efforts.
Q: Who can I call
if I have any questions about chain emails?
A: Call the FTC Helpline, toll free, 1-877-FTC-HELP (1-877-382-4357).
A crackerjack staff is ready to help you with any consumer question
you may have.