Federal and state agencies have recently conducted two studies of the accuracy of net content statements on cartons of milk. A 1997 study found that many containers of milk sold at wholesale and retail and many cartons of milk served in schools, universities and hospitals contained less than the amount stated on the label. Although the individual package shortages were very small, the cumulative effect of short-filling can be significant over time and across the industry.

Following the 1997 study, federal and state agencies worked closely with industry members in an effort to improve compliance. A 1998 follow-up study shows that this effort has resulted in considerable improvement in the accuracy of net content statements on milk.

This follow-up study also shows, however, that there is still need for further improvement in compliance levels at some dairies and packagers. When government inspectors pull under-filled containers from sale, retailers, packagers and dairies lose. What’s more, when these shortages affect the milk served with school breakfasts and lunches, there can be other consequences, too.

Study Findings
In the 1998 follow-up study, weights and measures officials across the country conducted inspections. Using procedures developed by the National Conference on Weights and Measures (NCWM) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the inspectors examined the accuracy of net content labeling of over 3,300 lots of milk served in schools, universities and hospitals and sold by retailers, packagers and dairies.

The inspections, which took place over a three-week period, found considerable improvement in the accuracy of net content labels on milk containers, compared to a year earlier. In 1997, just 55 percent of the lots of milk passed inspection. A year later, in the 1998 follow-up study, over 80 percent passed inspection.

Still, improvement is needed. In the 1998 follow-up study, almost one in five lots of milk failed inspection. Results varied among states, with the failures ranging from four percent to 50 percent of inspected lots. Results also varied widely among packagers and dairies.

Good Quantity Control Practices
NIST Handbook 133, a guide for compliance testing of net content statements on packaged goods, includes statistical procedures that recognize reasonable variations permitted in "good" packaging practices. Although developed primarily for government use, it is valuable for companies involved in packaging, distributing and selling dairy products.

The Handbook outlines procedures for random sampling of packages from an inspection lot. For milk, an inspection lot of gallons could include all gallons of Brand X whole milk with the same expiration date. Using NIST procedures and specific equipment, the packages are tested to determine whether they are over- or under-filled. Milk and juice must be labeled by volume in units such as fluid ounces and milliliters, and yogurt and cottage cheese are labeled by weight in units such as ounces and grams so testing is performed using precision flasks and balances.

For the lot to pass inspection, the contents of the random sample on average must equal or exceed the amount of product stated on the label.

Compliance
The Food and Drug Administration recently proposed revisions to the regulations that govern the net content labeling on food packages. Based on NIST Handbook 133, the revisions would establish procedures for ensuring regulatory uniformity nationwide.

State and local officials have primary responsibility for ensuring the accuracy of the net content labeling of foods on a day-to-day basis. The FDA has authority to enforce the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act for the net content labeling of foods. And the Federal Trade Commission has authority to proceed against inaccurate net content labeling of food as a deceptive practice.

Federal, state and local officials will coordinate their efforts to monitor the accuracy of net content labeling of dairy products and juice, as well as other foods. Dairies, packers and bottling plants are encouraged to examine and voluntarily reform their packaging practices if necessary. Industry members that fail to resolve poor manufacturing practices risk government enforcement actions resulting in fines, exclusions from government contracts, or other mandates to correct their behavior.

For More Information
The following state and federal officials are available to answer your questions about state requirements for net content labeling.

• The NCWM has developed a detailed set of guidelines for Good Quantity Control Practices. To order the guidelines or a copy of NIST Handbook 133, contact:
  National Institute of Standards and Technology
  Office of Weights and Measures
  Building 820 (Room 223)
  Gaithersburg, MD 20899
  Tel: 301-975-4004,
  Fax: 301-926-0647

• Copies of the federal/state study are available from NIST at the address above, and the FTC:
  Consumer Response Center
  Federal Trade Commission
  Washington, DC 20580;
  Tel: (202) FTC-HELP (382-4357)
  
• The U.S. Department of Agriculture can answer your questions about school meal programs. Contact: 
  U.S. Department of Agriculture
  Food and Consumer Service
  Child Nutrition Division
  3101 Park Center One, Room 1008
  Alexandria, VA 22302-1500
  Tel: 703-305-2590

• To learn more about the FDA’s proposed rulemaking on net content labeling, contact:
  U.S. Food and Drug Administration
  Office of Food Labeling
  200 C Street, SW (HFS 158)
  Washington, DC 20204
  Tel: 202-205-5099

• To learn about industry sponsored training efforts, contact: 
  Carey P. Frye, Vice President
  International Dairy Foods Association
  1250 H Street, NW
  Washington, DC 20005
  Tel: 202-737-4332

August 1998