FREQUENTLY
ASKED QUESTIONS
Group B streptococcus (group B strep) is a type of bacteria that causes illness in newborn babies, pregnant women, the elderly, and adults with other illnesses, such as diabetes or liver disease. Group B strep is the most common cause of life-threatening infections in newborns. I.
Newborns and Group B Strep
Newborns
and Group B Strep Group B strep is the most common cause of sepsis (blood infection) and meningitis (infection of the fluid and lining around the brain) in newborns. Group B strep is a frequent cause of newborn pneumonia and is more common than other, more well-known, newborn problems such as rubella, congenital syphilis, and spina bifida. In the year 2001, there were
about 1,700 babies in the U.S. less than one week old who got early-onset
group B strep disease. How does group B strep
disease affect newborns? Group B strep disease may also
develop in infants one week to several months after birth ("late-onset
disease"). Meningitis is more common with late-onset group B
strep disease. Only about half of late-onset group B strep disease among
newborns comes from a mother who is a group B strep carrier; the source
of infection for others with late-onset group B strep disease can be hard
to figure out. Late-onset disease is slightly less common than early-onset
disease. Yes! Most early-onset group
B strep disease in newborns can be prevented by giving pregnant women
antibiotics (medicine) through the vein (IV) during labor. Antibiotics
help to kill some of the strep bacteria that are dangerous to the baby
during birth. The antibiotics help during labor only —they can’t
be taken before labor, because the bacteria can grow back quickly. Any
pregnant woman who had a baby with group B strep disease in the past,
or who now has a bladder (urinary tract) infection caused by group B strep
should receive antibiotics during labor. What are the symptoms of group B strep in a newborn? The symptoms for early-onset group B strep can seem like other problems in newborns. Some symptoms are fever, difficulty feeding, irritability, or lethargy (limpness or hard to wake up the baby). If you think your newborn is sick, get medical help right away. How is group B strep disease diagnosed and treated in babies? If a mother received antibiotics for group B strep during labor, the baby will be observed to see if he or she should get extra testing or treatment. See the newborn management section of the CDC’s revised prevention guidelines to learn more. If the doctors suspect that
a baby has group B strep infection, they will take a sample of the baby’s
sterile body fluids, such as blood or spinal fluid. Group B strep disease
is diagnosed when the bacteria are grown from cultures of those fluids.
Cultures take a few days to grow. Group B strep infections in both newborns
and adults are usually treated with antibiotics (e.g., penicillin or ampicillin)
given through a vein (IV). Pregnancy And Group B Strep Prevention How will I know if I need antibiotics to prevent passing group B strep to my baby? You should get a screening test late in pregnancy to see if you carry group B strep. If your test comes back positive, you should get antibiotics through the vein (IV) during labor. If you had a previous baby who got sick with group B strep disease, or if you had a urinary tract infection (bladder infection) during this pregnancy caused by group B strep, you also need to get antibiotics through the vein (IV) when your labor starts. How do you find out if you carry group B strep during pregnancy? CDC’s revised guidelines recommend that a pregnant woman be tested for group B strep in her vagina and rectum when she is 35 to 37 weeks pregnant. The test is simple and does not hurt. A sterile swab (“Q-tip”) is used to collect a sample from the vagina and the rectum. This is sent to a laboratory for testing. What happens if my pregnancy screening test is positive for group B strep? To prevent group B strep bacteria from being passed to the newborn, pregnant women who carry group B strep should be given antibiotics through the vein (IV) at the time of labor or when their water breaks. Are there any symptoms if you are a group B strep carrier? Most pregnant women have no
symptoms when they are carriers for group B strep bacteria. What if I don’t
know whether or not I am group B strep positive when my labor starts? What are the risks of taking antibiotics to prevent group B strep disease in my newborn? Penicillin is the most common antibiotic that is given. If you are allergic to penicillin, there are other antibiotics that can be given. Penicillin is very safe and effective at preventing group B strep disease in newborns. There can be side effects from penicillin for the woman, including a mild reaction to penicillin (about a 10% chance). There is a rare chance (about 1 in 10,000) of the mother having a severe allergic reaction that requires emergency treatment. However, a pregnant woman who is a group B strep carrier (tested positive) at full-term delivery who gets antibiotics can feel confident knowing that she has only a 1 in 4000 chance of delivering a baby with group B strep disease. If a pregnant woman who is a group B strep carrier does not get antibiotics at the time of delivery, her baby has a 1 in 200 chance of developing group B strep disease. This means that those infants whose mothers are group B strep carriers and do not get antibiotics have over 20 times the risk of developing disease than those who do receive treatment. Can group B strep cause stillbirth, pre-term delivery, or miscarriage?There are many different factors that lead to stillbirth, pre-term delivery, or miscarriage. Most of the time, the cause is not known. Group B strep can cause some stillbirths, and pre-term babies are at greater risk of group B strep infections. However, the relationship between group B strep and premature babies is not always clear. Will a C-section prevent group B strep in a newborn? A C-section should not be used to prevent early-onset group B strep infection in infants. To learn more about C-sections and group B strep prevention, please review this section of the revised group B strep guidelines. If you need to have a C-section for other reasons, and you are group B strep positive, you will not need antibiotics for group B strep only, unless you begin labor or your water breaks before the surgery begins. What should I do if my water breaks early? If your water breaks before term, get to the hospital right away. If your group B strep test has not been done, or if you don’t know if you have been tested, you should talk with your doctor about group B strep disease prevention. If you have already tested positive for group B strep, remind the doctors and nurses during labor. Can
I breastfeed my baby if I am group B strep positive? Do people who are group B strep carriers feel sick? Many people carry group B strep in their bodies, but they do not become sick or have any symptoms. Adults can have group B strep in the bowel, vagina, bladder, or throat. About 25% of pregnant women carry group B strep in the rectum or vagina. A person who is a ‘carrier’ has the bacteria in her body but may not feel sick. However, her baby may come into contact with group B strep during birth. Group B strep bacteria may come and go in people’s bodies without symptoms. A person does not have to be a carrier all of her life. How does someone get group B strep? The bacteria that
cause group B strep disease normally live in the intestine, vagina, or
rectal areas. Will group B strep go away with antibiotics? Antibiotics that are given when labor starts help to greatly reduce the number of group B strep bacteria present during labor. This reduces the chances of the newborn becoming exposed and infected. However, for women who are group B strep carriers, antibiotics before labor starts are not a good way to get rid of group B strep bacteria. Since they naturally live in the gastrointestinal tract (guts), the bacteria can come back after antibiotics. A woman may test positive at certain times and not at others. That’s why it’s important for all pregnant women to be tested for group B strep carriage between 35 to 37 weeks of every pregnancy. Talk to your doctor or nurse about the best way to prevent group B strep disease, or review the revised group B strep guidelines to learn more. What if I’m allergic to some antibiotics? Tell your doctor or nurse about your allergies during your checkup. Try to make a plan for delivery. When you get to the hospital, remind your doctor if you are allergic to any medicines. There are a variety of different antibiotics that can be used, even if you are allergic to some. Is there a vaccine for group B strep? There is not a vaccine right now to prevent group B strep. The federal government is supporting research on a vaccine for the prevention of group B strep disease. Are yeast infections caused by group B strep? Yeast infections are not caused by group B strep bacteria. Taking antibiotics can sometimes increase the chances of having a yeast infection. When bacteria that are normally found in the vagina are killed by antibiotics, yeast may have a chance to grow more quickly than usual. Is group B strep the same as strep throat? No. Strep throat is caused by group A streptococcus bacteria. Group A and group B streptococcus are different kinds of bacteria. They both belong to the same family, but they are different species. Last revised date: November 8, 2002 Frequently Asked Questions | Adult Disease | New Guidelines | For More Information | General Public | Home CDC Home | Search | Health Topics A-Z
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