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Notes and Sources

Legislation and Regulations

[1] State of California Air Resources Board, Staff Report: Proposed Regulations for Low Emission Vehicles and Clean Fuels (Sacramento, CA August 13, 1990).

[2] For more information on the Environmental Protection Agency’s implementation of the fine particulate standard see http://www.epa.gov/airlinks/pm25_desig_guidance_ final.pdf.

[3] For more information on the Environmental Protection Agency’s implementation of the mercury emissions reduction see http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/combust/ utiltox/utoxpg.html#REG.

[4] The Minerals Management Service (MMS) is the federal agency in the U.S. Department of the Interior that manages the nation’s oil, natural gas, and other mineral resources on the outer continental shelf (OCS) in federal offshore waters. The agency also collects, accounts for, and disburses mineral revenues from Federal and American Indian leases, including royalty payments for oil and gas production from the OCS.

[5] A play is a set of known or postulated oil and (or) gas accumulations sharing similar geologic, geographic, and temporal properties, such as source rock, migration pathway, trapping mechanism, and hydrocarbon type.

[6] The open season is a period when all parties are given equal consideration. Also, when a company becomes an open access transporter, it is generally expected to have an “open season” to accept bids for transportation. During that time, all shippers are treated equally in the queue for service, with space divided on a pro rata basis. When the open season is over, shippers are generally treated on a first come first served basis.

[7] The complete regulations are available in “Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies, Title 22a, Section 22a-174-1 to 22a-174-200,” at web site www.dep.state.ct. us/air2/regs/mainregs.htm.

[8] Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, “Background Document and Technical Support for Public Hearings on Proposed Amendments to 310 CMR 7.00 et seq.” (October 2003), web site www.state.ma.us/ dep/bwp/daqc/daqcpubs.htm#regs.

[9] State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators (STAPPA) and the Association of Local Air Pollution Control Officials (ALAPCO), “Comparison of State Multi-Pollutant Strategies for Power Plants” (provided by Amy Royden, April 2003).

[10] State of Maine, “An Act to Provide Leadership in Addressing the Threat of Climate Change,” Chapter 237, H.P. 622-L.D. 845, Session Laws of the State of Maine, 121st Legislature (Approved May 21, 2003), web site http://janus.state.me.us/legis/.

[11] “Regulations and Notices,” web site www.state.ma.us/ dep/bwp/daqc/daqcpubs.htm.

[12] “ Emission Control Plans,” web site www.state.ma.us/ dep/bwp/daqc/daqcpubs.htm.

[13] B.G. Rabe, “Greenhouse and Statehouse: The Evolving State Government Role in Climate Change” (Pew Center on Global Climate Change, November 2002), web site www.pewclimate.org.

[14] Web site www.state.ma.us/dep/bwp/daqc/daqcpubs.htm #regs.

[15] “Multiple Pollutant and Annual Budget Trading and Banking Program,” Chapter Env-A2900, web site www. des.state.nh.us/ard/ardrules.htm.

[16] D. Andzelm, “The New Hampshire Clean Power Strategy: A Review,” Alberta Environment (June 25, 2002), web site www3.gov.ab.ca/env/air/emissions_trading/.

[17] B.G. Rabe, “Greenhouse and Statehouse: The Evolving State Government Role in Climate Change” (Pew Center on Global Climate Change, November 2002), web site www.pewclimate.org.

[18] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Regulatory Enforcement Division, EPA Region 2 Air Compliance Branch, “PSEG Fossil LLC Civil Judicial Settlement Fact Sheet” (January 2002), web site http:// cfpub.epa.gov/compliance/resources/cases/civil/.

[19] See web site www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dar/adopted. html.

[20] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, web site www. epa.gov/oar/oaq_caa.html.

[21] State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators (STAPPA) and the Association of Local Air Pollution Control Officials (ALAPCO), “Comparison of State Multi-Pollutant Strategies for Power Plants” (provided by Amy Royden, April 2003).

[22] North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Mercury Emissions and Mercury Controls for Coal-fired Electric Utility Boilers (September 2003), web site http://daq.state.nc.us/news/leg/Mercury1_ 912003.pdf.

[23] North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, CO2 Emission Reduction Options for Coal-fired Electric Utility Boilers and Other Stationary Sources (September 2003), web site http://daq.state.nc. us/news/leg/CO2_912003.pdf.

[24] North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the North Carolina Utilities Commission, Implementation of the “Clean Smokestacks Act” (May 30, 2003), web site www.ncuc.commerce.state.nc. us/.

[25] State of Oregon, Oregon Administrative Rules, Chapter 345, Division 24, web site http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/ banners/rules.htm.

[26] S. Sadler, “Oregon Carbon Dioxide Emission Standards for New Energy Facilities,” Oregon Office of Energy, Oregon Energy Facility Siting Council, Rule Division 24, OAR 345-024-0500 (1997), web sites www.energy.state. or.us and www.climatetrust.org.

[27] Assuming a plant heat rate of 10,000 Btu per kilowatthour and a CO2 emission factor of 25.50 kg carbon per million Btu.

[28] See 40 CFR Parts 51 and 52, [FRL-7414-6; RIN 2060-AK28; Electronic Docket OAR-2002-0068; Legacy Docket A-2002-04], Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) and Non-attainment New Source Review (NSR): Equipment Replacement Provision of the Routine Maintenance, Repair and Replacement Exclusion, at web site www.epa.gov/air/nsr-review/ERP_merged_8-27bh. pdf.

[29] See 40 CFR Parts 51 and 52, [FRL-7414-6; RIN 2060-AK28; Electronic Docket OAR-2002-0068; Legacy Docket A-2002-04], “Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) and Non-attainment New Source Review (NSR): Equipment Replacement Provision of the Routine Maintenance, Repair and Replacement Exclusion,” web site www.epa.gov/air/nsr-review/ERP_merged_8-27bh. pdf.

[30] See National Coal Council, Increasing Electricity Availability From Coal-Fired Generation in the Near-Term (May 2001), at web site www.nationalcoalcouncil.org/ Documents/May2001report-revised.pdf.

[31] For a complete copy of the Energy Policy Act of 2003, see web site www.house.gov/rules/text_6cr.pdf.

[32] For a description, see U.S. Department of Energy, “Bush Administration Launches ‘Climate Vision’” (Press Release No. PR-03-037, February 12, 2003).

Table Notes

Table 2. Emissions from electricity generators in selected States, 2002: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, web site www.epa.gov/airmarkets/emissions/ prelimarp/index.html.

Table 3. Existing State air emissions legislation with potential impacts on the electricity generation sector: Sources cited in text.

Released: January 2004