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Elizabeth Fee, Ph.D., Chief of the History of Medicine Division


Elizabeth Fee
Elizabeth Fee, Ph.D., Chief

  • Personal Data

    Dr. Elizabeth Fee

    Chief, History of Medicine Division
    Building 38, Room 1E21
    National Library of Medicine
    8600 Rockville Pike
    Bethesda, MD 20894

    Citizenship: USA

    feee@mail.nlm.nih.gov
    Home phone: (301) 571-4324
    Office phone: (301) 496-5405
    Fax: (301) 402-0872

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  • Education and Training

    B.A., 1968, First Class Honors, Cambridge University
    Natural Sciences Tripos

    Part 1: Biochemistry
    Part 2: History and Philosophy of Science

    M.A., 1971, Princeton University

    History and Philosophy of Science

    M.A., 1975, Cambridge University,

    History and Philosophy of Science

    Ph.D., 1978, Princeton University

    History and Philosophy of Science
    Dissertation: "Science and the `Woman Question,' 1860-1920."
    Princeton University Fellowships, 1968-1971
    Princeton University Teaching Assistantship, 1971-1972
    Princeton Travel Grant, 1971

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  • Professional Experience

    Current Position

    Chief, History of Medicine Division 1995-

    National Library of Medicine
    Bethesda, MD

    Past Positions

    Professor of History and Health Policy 1992 - 1995

    Department of Health Policy and Management
    School of Hygiene and Public Health
    The Johns Hopkins University

    Director 1992 - 1995

    Masters of Health Science in Health Policy Program
    Washington Campus
    Johns Hopkins University
    Washington, DC

    Joint Faculty Appointment 1988 - 1995

    Department of the History of Science,
    Medicine, and Technology
    School of Medicine
    The Johns Hopkins University

    Associate Professor, Division of Health Policy 1984 - 1991

    Department of Health Policy and Management
    School of Hygiene and Public Health
    The Johns Hopkins University

    Assistant Professor, Division of Health Policy 1979 - 1984

    Department of Health Policy and Management
    School of Hygiene and Public Health
    The Johns Hopkins University

    Assistant Professor 1979 - 1981

    Department of International Health
    School of Hygiene and Public Health
    The Johns Hopkins University

    Visiting Assistant Professor February 1984 - May 1984

    Joint Appointment in Women's
    Studies and the History
    and Philosophy of Science
    Princeton University

    Assistant Professor in Humanities 1974 - 1978

    School of Health Services
    The Johns Hopkins University

    Instructor in History 1972 - 1974

    State University of New York
    at Binghamton

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  • Professional Activities

    Professional Societies:

    American Association for the History of Medicine

    • Governing Council, 1992-1995
    • Membership Committee, 1991-1992
    • Garrison Lecture Committee, 1990-1991
    • Program Committee for Annual Meeting, 1989-1990
    • Osler Prize Committee, 1988-1989
    • Member of AIDS Research Group, 1988-1995

    Sigerist Circle of Medical Historians

    • President, 1994-95
    • Vice President, 1991-94

    American Public Health Association,
    Medical Care Section

    History of Public Health Group, Founding Member

    History of Science Society, Member

    American Historical Association, Member

    Organization of American Historians, Member

    Berkshire Conference of Women Historians, Member

    Participation on Advisory Panels

    Board Member, Institute of Social Medicine and Community Health, 1993-1997

    Member of Advisory Board, The Margaret Sanger Papers Project.

    Sponsored by the Institute for Research in History, in Association with New York University and Smith College, 1986-1995

    Historical Planning Committee, Baltimore City Health Department 200th Anniversary Celebration, 1993

    Project Advisor, "Documenting the U.S. Health Care System: An Analysis, Assessment and Plan," project of the National Historical Publication and Records Commission, 1990-1993

    Community Advisory Board, Morgan State University, Programs in Community Health and Mental Health, 1987-1990

    Board Member, Full Circle, non-profit consulting and educational organization

    Program or Project Development

    Development of new part-time Masters of Health Science in Health Policy Program, Washington, D.C. 1992-1994

    Guest Curator, Exhibition on "Garbage! Gone Today, Here Tomorrow: The History and Politics of Trash in New York City." New York Public Library, January 1994--November 1995

    Organizer of Conference on the History of Public Health Education, sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation, Bellagio, Italy, August 1987

    International Projects

    Member of the Canadian Health Care Project, sponsored by the Canadian Government, 1989

    United States Delegate to World Congress of Women, Moscow, USSR, June 1987

    Member, W.K. Kellogg Project on Health in Cuba and Haiti, December, 1986

    Member, W.K. Kellogg Foundation Delegation to China, June 1986

    Leader, W.K. Kellogg Project on Health in India and Nepal, May 1986

    Member, W.K. Kellogg Project on Health and Development in Peru, 1985

    Consultant to El Instituto de La Mujer, Madrid, Spain, 1984

    Scholar Exchange Program Award, Association for International Understanding of China, 1983

    Consultations

    Academic consultant to "Epidemiology," a science education project of the New York Hall of Science, 1993-1995

    Academic Consultant to Museum of the City of New York in planning an historical exhibit, "Epidemic!" on history of epidemic disease, May 1993

    Academic Consultant to Brooklyn Historical Society for Exhibition, "AIDS/Brooklyn," February-April, 1993

    Consultant to documentary film about Alfred Blalock and Vivien Thomas, "Partners: Heart to Heart," made by Spark Media for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, 1993

    Consultant to New World Foundation on Health Programs, 1987-1988

    Consultant to Princeton University Women's Studies Program for preparation of bibliography for college courses, Health Care, Medical Ethics, and Reproductive Issues: A Working Bibliography, 1977-1985, 1986

    Consultant to Program on Biomedical Ethics, Princeton University, 1984-1985

    Consultant and Member of Planning and Evaluation Committee, Baltimore Public Works Museum, 1983-1984

    Consultant to New York Public History Project, 1983-1984

    Consultant to Program on Women, Health and Development of Pan

    American Health Organization, 1983-84

    Consultant to People's Health Conference: Directions for the 1980s. Project of D.C. Community Humanities Council, 1982

    Consultant to Center for the Study of Science in Society, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1980-1981

    Consultant to Thomas Jefferson University College of Allied Health Sciences, on development of their teaching program in the Humanities and Health Sciences, 1979

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  • Editorial Activities

    Editor, Social History of Medicine, 1996-present

    Contributing Editor for History, “Public Health Then and Now,” American Journal of Public Health, 1990-present

    Contributing Editor for new column, "Voices from the Past," American Journal of Public Health, 1996-present

    Regular column, "News from HMD," The Watermark (newsletter of Archivists and Librarians in the History of the Health Sciences), 1996-

    Reviewer of journal articles for American Journal of Epidemiology, American Historical Review, Social History of Medicine, Technology and Culture, International Journal of Health Services, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Isis: Journal of the History of Science Society, British Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science, Signs, Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, Bulletin of the History of Medicine

    Reviewer of book manuscripts, Oxford University Press, Harvard University Press, Rutgers University Press, University of Illinois Press, University of Pennsylvania Press, University of California Press, Temple University Press

    Editorial Board Memberships:

    Editorial Board, Social History of Medicine, 1991-1996

    Editorial Board, Journal of the History of Sexuality, 1993-1998

    Editorial Board, Asclepio, 1995-

    Editorial Board, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 1989-1992

    Editorial Consultant, International Journal of Health Services, 1979-1993

    Editor of Newsletter, International Association for the Political Economy of Health, 1981-1983

    Associate Editor for History, Feminist Studies, 1977-1981

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  • Grant/Proposal Reviews and Committee Memberships:

    Reviewer, Publications Grant Program, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 1993-1995.

    Reviewer, Division of Public Programs/Media, National Endowment for the Humanities, 1991, 1992.

    Reviewer, National Endowment for the Humanities research grants program, 1987-1994.

    Reviewer, National Science Foundation program for Women in Science, 1987-1990.

    Reviewer, Rockefeller Foundation grants, 1988-1989.

    Reviewer, Hannah Institute for the History of Medicine Grants-in-Aid Program, Toronto, Canada, 1984-1989.

    Member of National Endowment for the Humanities review panel for Research Grant Program, 1981-1982; 1983-1985.

    Member of National Science Foundation review panel for Research Grant Program in the History and Philosophy of Science, 1982.

    Member of Summer Humanities Fellowship review panel, National Endowment for the Humanities, 1980-1981.

    Member of National Science Foundation review panel for Program on Ethics and Values in Science and Technology, 1978-1981.

    Reviewer for National Science Foundation review panel for Program in the History and Philosophy of Science, 1978-1980.

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  • Honors and Awards

    Katherine Kyes Leab and Daniel J. Leab American Book Prices Current Exhibition Catalogue Prize for Excellence, Rare Book and Manuscripts Section, American Library Association, 1996

    Beaumont Lectureship, Beaumont Medical Society, 1994-1995

    Invited Rosen Lecturer, Connecticut Medical Society, 1994

    Prize from Maryland Historical Society for best article published in Maryland Historical Magazine, June 1993

    Keynote Speaker, 50th Anniversary Gala Dinner, "Honoring the Past: Shaping the Future," The University of California at Berkeley, School of Public Health, April 16, 1993

    Annual Lecturer, The Women's Forum, Johns Hopkins University, May 6, 1993

    Delta Omega Lecture, Society of Alumni, School of Hygiene and Public Health, the Johns Hopkins University, April 30, 1993

    Keynote Speaker, 50th Anniversary Gala Dinner, "Honoring the Past: Shaping the Future," The University of California at Berkeley, School of Public Health, April 16, 1993

    First life member of Alpha Chapter of the Delta Omega Society, 1993; Executive Committee Delta Omega Alpha, 1990; membership Delta Omega Alpha, 1989

    Keynote Speaker, Maryland Women's Health Conference, April 28, 1990

    After dinner speaker, American Epidemiological Society Annual Meeting, March, 1990

    Golden Apple Award for Teaching, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, 1991

    Resident Scholar, Rockefeller Foundation Study and Conference Center, Bellagio, Italy, spring 1989

    Noma Archives Lecture, Tokyo Society of Medicine, Tokyo, September 1988

    Noun Lecturer, Grinnell College, Iowa, April 1988

    Golden Apple Award for Teaching, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, 1987

    National Fellowship Award, W.K. Kellogg Foundation, 1984-1987

    Joseph S. Bugando Lectureship in the Humanities and Medicine, University of Illinois in Chicago, October 1985

    Newnham College Exhibitions, 1965-1967

    Newnham College Prize, 1968

    Fulbright Travel Grant, 1968

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  • Publications


    Books, Monographs, and Exhibitions

    Susan E. Lederer, Elizabeth Fee, Patricia Tuohy, Frankenstein: Penetrating the Secrets of Nature: an Exhibition by the National Library of Medicine (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, c2002).

    Elizabeth Fee, Charles S Marwick, Breath of Life: an Exhibition That Examines the History of Asthma, the Experiences of People with Asthma, and Contemporary Efforts to Understand and Manage the Disease (Bethesda, Md.: National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, 2001).

    Elizabeth Fee, Theodore, Brown, American Public Health Association. Conflict and Controversy: from Medical Care Policy to the Politics of Environmental Health (Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 1998).

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, eds., The APHA: 125 Years Old--and Approaching the Millennium (Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, c1997).

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, eds., Making Medical History: The Life and Times of Henry E. Sigerist (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).

    Elizabeth Fee, Esther M. Sternberg, Anne Harrington, Theodore Brown, Emotions and Disease: an Exhibition at the National Library of Medicine (Bethesda, Md.: Friends of the National Library of Medicine, c1997).

    Esther M. Sternberg, Elizabeth Fee, Anne Harrington, Theodore Brown, Multimedia Software, Inc., Emotions and Disease: a Delicate Balance [Videorecording] (Bethesda, Md.: National Library of Medicine, 1996).

    Elizabeth Fee and Steven H. Corey, Garbage! The History and Politics of Trash in New York City (New York: New York Public Library, 1994).

    Elizabeth Fee and Nancy Krieger, eds. Women's Health, Politics, and Power: Essays on Sex\Gender, Medicine, and Public Health (New York: Baywood Press, 1994).

    Elizabeth Fee and Daniel M. Fox, eds. AIDS: The Making of a Chronic Disease (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992).

    Elizabeth Fee and Roy M. Acheson, eds. A History of Education in Public Health: Health That Mocks the Doctors' Rules (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).

    Elizabeth Fee, Linda Shopes, and Linda Zeidman, eds., The Baltimore Book: New Views of Local History (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991).

    Elizabeth Fee and Daniel M. Fox, eds. AIDS: The Burdens of History (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988).

    Elizabeth Fee, Disease and Discovery: A History of the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, 1916-1939 (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987).

    Elizabeth Fee, ed., Women and Health: The Politics of Sex in Medicine (Farmingdale, N.Y.: Baywood, 1983).

    Williamson, John and Associates (Barr, Fee, Garg, Hudson, Ingbar, Jesse, Korst, Nevins, Noren, Stritter, Wilson). Teaching Quality Assurance and Cost Containment in Health Care: A Faculty Guide (San Francisco, Washington, London: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1982).

    Elizabeth Fee, Science and the Woman Question", 1860-1920: a Study of English Scientific Periodicals, (Princeton, NJ: 1978).

    Book Chapters


    Elizabeth Fee, "The Origins and Development of Public Health in the United States," Oxford Textbook of Public Health, new edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 35-54.

    Elizabeth Fee, “AIDS as Metaphor," in Vaccinia, Vaccination, Vaccinology: Jenner, Pasteur and Their Successors, eds. Stanley A. Plotkin and Bernardino Fantini (Amsterdam, Elsevier Publications, 1996), 349-364.

    Nancy Krieger and Elizabeth Fee, “Man-Made Medicine and Women's Health: The Biopolitics of Sex/Gender and Race/Ethnicity,” in Kary L. Moss, Man-Made Medicine: Women=s Health, Public Policy and Reform (Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University Press), 15-35.

    Elizabeth Fee, "The History and Development of Public Health," in Principles of Public Health Practice, edited by F. Douglas Scutchfield and C. William Keck (New York: Delmar, 1997), 10-30.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, "Introduction: The Renaissance of a Reputation," in Making Medical History: The Life and Times of Henry E. Sigerist, edited by Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 1-11.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, "Intellectual Legacy and Political Quest: The Shaping of a Historical Career," in Making Medical History: The Life and Times of Henry E. Sigerist edited by Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 179-193.

    Elizabeth Fee, "The Pleasures and Perils of Prophetic Advocacy: Socialized Medicine and the Politics of Medical Reform," in Making Medical History: The Life and Times of Henry E. Sigerist edited by Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 197-228.

    Theodore M. Brown and Elizabeth Fee, "`Anything But Amabilis': Henry Sigerist's Impact on the History of Medicine in America," in Making Medical History: The Life and Times of Henry E. Sigerist, edited by Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 333-370.

    Elizabeth Fee and Nancy Krieger, "AIDS" and "Public Health" articles for The History of Science in the United States: An Encyclopedia, edited by Marc Rothenberg (New York: Garland, 1997), ??.

    Tracy Johnson and Elizabeth Fee, Chapters on the "History of Women's Health Research," and "Ethics of Women's Health Research," for Women's Health Research: A Medical and Policy Primer (Washington, DC: APPI, 1997), 27-43.

    Tracy Johnson and Elizabeth Fee, "Women's Health Research: An Introduction," in Women's Health Research: A Medical and Policy Primer (Washington, DC: APPI, 1997), 3-26.

    Elizabeth Fee and Evelynn Hammonds, "Science, Politics, and the Art of Persuasion: Promoting the New Scientific Medicine in New York City," for Hives of Sickness: Public Health and Epidemics in New York City, edited by David Rosner (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1995), 155-196.

    Elizabeth Fee and Daniel M. Fox, "AIDS and Chronic Disease," in AIDS: Readings on a Global Crisis, edited by Elizabeth Rauh Bethel (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1995), 20-23.

    Tracy L. Johnson and Elizabeth Fee, "Women's Participation in Clinical Research: From Protectionism to Access," in Women and Health Research: Ethical and Legal Issues of Including Women in Clinical Studies, edited by Anna C. Mastroianni, Ruth Faden, and Daniel Federman, Institute of Medicine, Committee on Legal and Ethical Issues Relating to the Inclusion of Women in Clinical Studies (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1994), 1-10.

    Elizabeth Fee and Nancy Krieger, "Introduction: The Politics of Women's Health," in Women's Health, Politics, and Power: Essays on Sex\Gender, Medicine, and Public Health, edited by Elizabeth Fee and Nancy Krieger (New York: Baywood Press, 1994), 1-8.

    Nancy Krieger and Elizabeth Fee, "Man-Made Medicine and Women's Health: The Biopolitics of Sex/Gender and Race/Ethnicity," in Women's Health, Politics, and Power: Essays on Sex\Gender, Medicine, and Public Health, edited by Elizabeth Fee and Nancy Krieger (New York: Baywood Press, 1994), 11-29.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Public Health and the State: The United States," in The History of Public Health and the Modern State, edited by Dorothy Porter, Wellcome Series in the History of Medicine (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1994), 224-275.

    Elizabeth Fee and Nancy Krieger, "Thinking and Rethinking AIDS: Implications for Health Policy," from International Journal of Health Services, 23, 1993, 323-346, reprinted in AIDS: The Politics of Survival, edited by Nancy Krieger and Glen Margo (Amityville, N.Y.: Baywood, 1994), 227-253.

    Elizabeth Fee and Nancy Krieger, "Understanding AIDS: Historical Interpretations and the Limits of Biomedical Individualism," from American Journal of Public Health, 83, 1993, 1477-1486, reprinted in AIDS: The Politics of Survival, edited by Nancy Krieger and Glen Margo (Amityville, N.Y.: Baywood, 1994), 255-275.

    Elizabeth Fee and Edward T. Morman, "Doing History, Making Revolution: The Aspirations of Henry E. Sigerist and George Rosen," for Doctors, Politics and Society, edited by Dorothy Porter and Roy Porter, Clio Medica/ Wellcome Series in the History of Medicine (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1993), 275-311.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Public Health Past and Present: A Shared Social Vision," Introduction to new and expanded edition of George Rosen, A History of Public Health (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), ix-lxvii.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Introduction," to History of Epidemiology: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual International Symposium on the Comparative History of Medicine--East and West (Tokyo: Ishiyaku EuroAmerica, 1993), ix-xxiii.

    Elizabeth Fee, "The Wages of Sin? Struggles Over the Social Meaning of Venereal Disease and AIDS," in History of Epidemiology: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual International Symposium on the Comparative History of Medicine--East and West (Tokyo: Ishiyaku EuroAmerica, 1993), 161-189.

    Elizabeth Fee, "International Health in Historical Perspective,"Health for All: Strengthening the Role of Public Health. Proceedings of the World Federation of Public Health Associations, Sixth International Congress, Atlanta, Georgia (Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association, 1992), 139-141.

    Elizabeth Fee and Daniel M. Fox, "Introduction: The Contemporary Historiography of AIDS," in AIDS: The Making of a Chronic Disease, edited by Elizabeth Fee and Daniel M. Fox (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 1-19.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Henry E. Sigerist: His Interpretations of the History of Disease and the Future of Medicine," in Framing Disease, eds., Charles Rosenberg and Janet Golden (Philadelphia: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 297-317.

    Elizabeth Fee, "The Welch-Rose Report: Blueprint for Public Health Education in America," in The Welch-Rose Report: A Public Health Classic, A publication by the Delta Omega Alpha Chapter to mark the 75th Anniversary of the Founding of the Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, 1916-1992 (Baltimore: Delta Omega Honorary Public Health Society, 1992), 1-42.

    Elizabeth Fee and Dorothy Porter, "Public Health, Preventive Medicine and Professionalization: England and America in the Nineteenth Century," in Medicine in Society: Historical Essays, edited by Andrew Wear (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 249-275.

    Elizabeth Fee and Daniel M. Fox, "The Contemporary Historiography of AIDS," in AIDS and the Historian (Washington, D.C.: National Institutes of Health, 1991), 95-100.

    Elizabeth Fee, "The Origins and Development of Public Health in the United States," Oxford Textbook of Public Health, vol 1. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 1-22.

    Elizabeth Fee and Roy M. Acheson, "Introduction," in A History of Education in Public Health, edited by Elizabeth Fee and Roy M. Acheson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 1-14.

    Elizabeth Fee and Dorothy Porter, "Public Health, Preventive Medicine and Professionalization: England and America in the Nineteenth Century," in A History of Education in Public Health, edited by Elizabeth Fee and Roy M. Acheson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 15-43.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Designing Schools of Public Health for the United States," in A History of Education in Public Health, edited by Elizabeth Fee and Roy M. Acheson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 155-194.

    Elizabeth Fee and Barbara Rosenkrantz, "Professional Education for Public Health in the United States," in A History of Education in Public Health, edited by Elizabeth Fee and Roy M. Acheson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), 230-271.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Venereal Disease: The Wages of Sin?" in Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, edited by Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons, with Robert A. Padgug (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989), 178-198.

    Elizabeth Fee and Daniel M. Fox, "AIDS, Public Policy and Historical Inquiry," in AIDS: The Burdens of History edited by Elizabeth Fee and Daniel M. Fox (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988), 1-11.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Sin vs. Science: Venereal Disease in Baltimore in the Twentieth Century," in AIDS: The Burdens of History, edited by Elizabeth Fee and Daniel M. Fox (Berkeley and Los Angeles: California University Press, 1988), 121-146.

    Elizabeth Fee, "The Evolution of Health Care and Health Care Financing: As Seen from the 21st Century," in Health Care Financing: The Next 50 Years, 50th Anniversary Symposium Volume, Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield, New York (New York: Rockefeller University Press, 1986), 143-153.

    Elizabeth Fee, "A Right to Health Care?" in Health Care Financing: The Next 50 Years, 50th Anniversary Symposium Volume, Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield, New York (New York: Rockefeller University Press, 1986), 35-47.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Critiques of Modern Science: The Relationship of Feminism to Other Radical Epistemologies," in Feminist Approaches to Science, edited by Ruth Bleier (New York and Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1986), 42-56.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Women's Nature and Scientific Objectivity," in Women's Nature: Rationalizations of Inequality, edited by Marian Lowe and Ruth Hubbard (New York and Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1983), 9-27.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Birth Control as Utopian Vision: The Career of Margaret Sanger," in Proceedings of the Margaret Sanger Centennial Conference (Massachusetts: Smith College, 1982), 51-59.

    Elizabeth Fee, "A Historical Perspective on Quality Assurance and Cost Containment," in Teaching Quality Assurance and Cost Containment in Health Care: A Faculty Guide, edited by John Williamson et al., Association of American Medical Colleges (San Francisco, Washington, London: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1982), 278-296.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Women and Health Care: A Comparison of Theories," in Seizing our Bodies, edited by Claudia Dreifus (New York: Random House, 1977), 279-297.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Science and the Woman Problem: Historical Perspectives," in Sex Differences: Social and Biological Perspectives, edited by Michael Teitelbaum (New York: Doubleday-Anchor, 1976), 175-223.

    Elizabeth Fee, Geri Berg, Dennis Carlson, Sally Gadow, and Lorraine Hunt, "Humanistic Studies in the Health Associate Curriculum: Revisions and New Directions,"Institute on Human Values in Medicine: Human Values in Medicine: Human Values Teaching for Professionals (Philadelphia: Society for Health and Human Values, 1976), 133-145.

    Web Sites


    Elizabeth Fee, Breath of life [Web site] (Bethesda, Md.: National Library of Medicine, 2002). [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/breath/breathhome.html]

    Journal Articles:

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “Popularizing the Toothbrush,” American Journal of Public Health, 94(5), 2004, 721.

    Theodore M. Brown and Elizabeth Fee, “Sir James Crichton-Browne, Victorian Psychiatrist and Public Health Reformer,” American Journal of Public Health, 94(5), 2004, 724.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “Factory Injuries and Progressive Reform,” American Journal of Public Health, 94(4), 2004, 540.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, "An Eventful Epoch in the History of Your Lives," American Journal of Public Health, 94(3), 2004, 367.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “Hospital Smoking Bans and Their Impact,” American Journal of Public Health, 94(2), 2004, 185.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “Dispelling the Specter of Nuclear Holocaust,” American Journal of Public Health, 94(1), 2004, 36.

    Elizabeth Fee, Theodore M. Brown, Janet Laylor, Michael Gross, Robert Sember, “On Cultural Competence and Scientific Rigor in Transgender Treatment - Response,” American Journal of Public Health, 94(1), 2004, 6-7.

    Theodore M. Brown and Elizabeth Fee, “Peace and Feminism,” American Journal of Public Health, 94(1), 2004, 34.

    Sara K. Tedeschi, Theodore M. Brown, Elizabeth Fee, “Considerations on Human Capital,” American Journal of Public Health, 93(12), 2003, 2012-2015.

    Elizabeth Fee, Marcos Cueto, Roxanne L. Beatty, “Public Health in Central America,” American Journal of Public Health, 93(12), 2003, 2011.

    Sara K. Tedeschi, Theodore M. Brown, Elizabeth Fee, “Salvador Allende, Physician, Pocialist, Populist, and President,” American Journal of Public Health, 93(12), 2003, 2014-2015.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “Shame on You, Uncle!” American Journal of Public Health, 93(10), 2003, 1643.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “Bicycling for Pleasure and Power,” American Journal of Public Health, 93(9), 2003, 1409.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “Buried in Mud, Digging for Gold,” American Journal of Public Health, 93(8), 2003, 1245.

    Theodore M. Brown and Elizabeth Fee, “Friedrich Engels, Businessman and Revolutionary,” American Journal of Public Health, 93(8), 2003, 1248-1249.

    Lyndon Haviland , Cheryl G. Healton, Elizabeth Fee, et al., “Courage and Dignity,” American Journal of Public Health, 93(7), 2003, 1045.

    Allison Atwood, Esther M. Sternberg, Elizabeth Fee, Theodore M. Brown, “Acupuncture: Archaic or Biologic? Atwood et al. Respond,” American Journal of Public Health, 93(7), 2003, 1037-1038.

    Elizabeth Fee, Theodore M. Brown, Janet Laylor, “One Size Does Not Fit All in the Transgender Community,” American Journal of Public Health, 93(6), 2003, 899-900.

    Theodore M. Brown and Elizabeth Fee, “Alfred C. Kinsey, a Pioneer of Sex Research,” American Journal of Public Health, 93(6), 2003, 896-897.

    Theodore M. Brown and Elizabeth Fee, “Nathan Allen, Social Reformer and Health Advocate,” American Journal of Public Health, 93(5), 2003, 722.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “The Indian Club Exercise,” American Journal of Public Health, 93(5), 2003, 723.

    Elizabeth Fee, Theodore M. Brown, Roxanne L. Beatty, “Early Modern Childbirth,” American Journal of Public Health, 93(3), 2003, 432.

    Elizabeth Fee, Theodore M. Brown, Roxanne L. Beatty, “A Well Baby Clinic in Indianapolis,” American Journal of Public Health, 93(2), 2003, 271.

    Theodore M. Brown and Elizabeth Fee, “William Edward Burghardt DuBois, Historian, Social Critic, Activist,” American Journal of Public Health, 93(2), 2003, 274-275.

    Anne-Emanuelle Birn, Theodore M. Brown, Elizabeth Fee, Walter J. Lear, “Struggles for National Health Reform in the United States,” American Journal of Public Health, 93(1), 2003, 86-91.

    Theodore M. Brown and Elizabeth Fee, “Henry E. Sigerist, Medical Historian and Social Visionary,” American Journal of Public Health, 93(1), 2003, 60.

    Elizabeth Fee and Mary E. Garofalo, “The Wages of Sin: Sex and Disease, Past and Present,” History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 25(1), 2003, 138-140.

    Elizabeth Fee, Theodore M. Brown, Jan Lazarus, Paul Theerman, “Domestic Violence-Medieval and Modern,” American Journal of Public Health, 92(12), 2002, 1908.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “100 Years of the Pan American Health Organization,” American Journal of Public Health, 92(12), 2002, 1888-1889.

    Theodore M. Brown and Elizabeth Fee, “Sidney Kark and John Cassel, Social Medicine Pioneers and South African Emigrés,” American Journal of Public Health, 92(11), 2002, 1744-1745.

    Elizabeth Fee, Theodore M. Brown, Jan Lazarus, Paul Theerman, “Rural Health Centers in the Americas,” American Journal of Public Health, 92(11), 2002, 1733.

    Theodore M. Brown and Elizabeth Fee, “’Palliatives Will No Longer Do': The Deep Roots and Continuing Dynamic of Community-Oriented Primary Care,” American Journal of Public Health, 92(11), 2002, 1711-1712.

    Theodore M. Brown and Elizabeth Fee, “’Voodoo’ Death,” American Journal of Public Health, 92(10), 2002, 1593-1596.

    Elizabeth Fee, Theodore M. Brown, Jan Lazarus, Paul Theerman, “Exploring Acupuncture, Ancient Ideas, Modern Techniques,” American Journal of Public Health, 92(10), 2002, 1592-1593.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “Walter Bradford Cannon - Pioneer Physiologist of Human Emotions,” American Journal of Public Health, 92(10), 2002, 1594-1595.

    Elizabeth Fee, Theodore M. Brown, Jan Lazarus, Paul Theerman, “Public Health Service Dentist Examines an Alaska Native Child, 1951,” American Journal of Public Health, 92(9), 2002, 1420.

    Elizabeth Fee, Theodore M. Brown, Jan Lazarus, Paul Theerman, “Young Men of 50 and 60 Years Behave Like Kids after Having Read the New Work by M. Flourens,” American Journal of Public Health, 92((8), 2002, 1222.

    Theodore M. Brown and Elizabeth Fee, “Isaac Max Rubinow, Advocate for Social Insurance,” American Journal of Public Health, 92(8), 2002, 1224-1225.

    Elizabeth Fee, Theodore M. Brown, Jan Lazarus, Paul Theerman, “The Effects of the Corset,” American Journal of Public Health, 92(7), 2002, 1085.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “John Harvey Kellogg, MD, Health Reformer and Antismoking Crusader,” American Journal of Public Health, 92(6), 2002, 935.

    Elizabeth Fee, Theodore M. Brown, Jan Lazarus, Paul Theerman, “The Smoke Nuisance,” American Journal of Public Health, 92(6), 2002, 931.

    John Henry Bell, Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “Anthrax and the Wool Trade 1902,” American Journal of Public Health, 92(5), 2002, 754-757.

    Elizabeth Fee, Theodore M. Brown, Jan Lazarus, Paul Theerman, “Baxter Street Then,” American Journal of Public Health, 92(5), 2002, 753.

    Elizabeth Fee, Theodore M. Brown, Jan Lazarus, Paul Theerman, “A Dedicated Public Health Nurse,” American Journal of Public Health, 92(4), 2002, 565.

    Elizabeth Fee, Theodore M. Brown, Jan Lazarus, Paul Theerman, “Medical Education for Women, 1870,” American Journal of Public Health, 92(3), 2002, 363.

    Elizabeth Fee, Theodore M. Brown, Walter J. Lear, Jan Lazarus, Paul Theerman, “The March on Washington, 1963,” American Journal of Public Health, 92(2), 2002, 195.

    Elizabeth Fee, Theodore M. Brown, Jan Lazarus, Paul Theerman, “The Tooth Puller [L'arracheur de dents],” American Journal of Public Health, 92(1), 2002, 35.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “The Unfulfilled Promise of Public Health: Déjà vu All Over Again,” Health Affairs, 21(6), 2002, 31-43.

    Elizabeth Fee, Theodore M. Brown, Jan Lazarus, Paul Theerman, “The Influenza Pandemic of 1918,” American Journal of Public Health, 91(12), 2001, 1953.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “Biopreparedness and Public Health – Fee and Brown Respond,” American Journal of Public Health, 91(12), 2002, 1918-1919.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “Alice Hamilton: Settlement Physician, Occupational Health Pioneer,” American Journal of Public Health, 91(11), 2001, 1767.

    Elizabeth Fee, Theodore M. Brown, Jan Lazarus, Paul Theerman, “Immigrant Mother and Child, Chicago, 1910,” American Journal of Public Health, 91(11), 2001, 1764.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “Walter J. Lear - Voices from the Past,” American Journal of Public Health, 91(6), 2001, 902.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “Voices from the Past - Editors' Note,” American Journal of Public Health, 91(6), 2001, 901.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “Preemptive Biopreparedness: Can We Learn Anything from History?” American Journal of Public Health, 91(5), 2001, 721-726.

    Elizabeth Fee, “Medicine, Disease and the State in Ireland, 1650-1940,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 75(2), 2001, 310-311.

    Elizabeth Fee, “Betrayal of Trust: The Collapse of Global Public Health,” Health Affairs, 20(2), 2001, 303-304.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “The Past and Future of Public Health Practice,” American Journal of Public Health, 90(5), 2000, 690-691.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “The Microbial Menace, Then and Now,” American Journal of Public Health, 90(2), 2000, 184-185.

    Mary E. Northridge, Elizabeth Fee, Anne Schuchat, “In Appreciation: Abram S. "Bud" Benenson, MD,” American Journal of Public Health, 90(2), 2000, 179-180.

    Elizabeth Fee, “How to Have Theory in an Epidemic: Cultural Chronicles of AIDS,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 74(3), 658-659.

    Elizabeth Fee, “How the Idea of Profession Changed the Writing of Medical History,” ISIS, 91(2), 332-333.

    Elizabeth Fee, “The Wages of Sin,” Lancet 1999, 354 Suppl, SIV61.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “Public Health at the Crossroads,” American Journal of Public Health, 89(11), 1999, 1645-1648.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “The Relation of Wages to the Public Health,” American Journal of Public Health, 89(11), 1999, 1641-1644.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “A Century of Progress in Public Health?” American Journal of Public Health, 89(11), 1999, 1627-1629.

    Theodore M. Brown and Elizabeth Fee, “Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention - The Editors Comment,” American Journal of Public Health, 89(7), 1999, 1131.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “Voices from the Past - Editors' Note,” American Journal of Public Health, 89(3), 1999, 408.

    Elizabeth Fee, Mary E. Garofalo, “Life Support: Three Nurses on the Front Lines,” Health Affairs, 17(1), 1998, 261-262.

    Elizabeth Fee, “Sir Arthur Newsholme and State Medicine, 1885-1935,” ISIS, 89(3), 1998, 560-561.

    Elizabeth Fee and Theodore M. Brown, “Why History?” American Journal of Public Health, 87(11), 1997, 1763-1764.

    Elizabeth Fee, “Chicago's War on Syphilis, 1937-1940: The Times, the Trib, and the Clap Doctor,” Journal of American History, 84(3), 1997, 1093-1094.

    Elizabeth Fee, The Pleasures and Perils of Prophetic Advocacy: Henry E. Sigerist and the Politics of Medical Reform," American Journal of Public Health, 86, 1996, 1637-1647.

    Nancy Krieger and Elizabeth Fee, AMeasuring Social Inequalities in Health in the United States: A Historical Review," International Journal of Health Services, 26, 1996, 391-418.

    Elizabeth Fee, “Plurality of Views – Comment,” American Journal of Public Health, 84(3), 1996, 482.

    Elizabeth Fee and Steven H. Corey, "Gone Today, Here Tomorrow: The History and Politics of Trash in New York City," Biblion: Journal of the New York Public Library, 3, 1994, 59-110.

    Elizabeth Fee and Nancy Krieger, "The Emerging Histories of AIDS: Three Successive Paradigms," History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 15, 1993, 99-127.

    Elizabeth Fee, “Public Health and the State, the United States,” Clio Medica, 26, 1994, 224-275.

    Nancy Krieger and Elizabeth Fee, "Man-Made Medicine and Women's Health: The Biopolitics of Sex/Gender and Race/Ethnicity," International Journal of Health Services 24, 1994, 265-283.

    Nancy Krieger and Elizabeth Fee, "Social Class: The Missing Link in U.S. Health Data," International Journal of Health Services, 24, 1994, 25-44.

    Elizabeth Fee and Nancy Krieger, "Understanding AIDS: Historical Interpretations and the Limits of Biomedical Individualism," American Journal of Public Health, 83, 1993, 1477-1486, reprinted in AIDS: The Politics of Survival, edited by Nancy Krieger and Glen Margo (Amityville, N.Y.: Baywood, 1994), 255-275.

    Elizabeth Fee and Edward T. Morman, "Doing History, Making Revolution: The Aspirations of Henry E. Sigerist and George Rosen," Clio Medica, 23,1993, 275-311.

    Elizabeth Fee, Nancy Krieger. “The Emerging Histories of AIDS, Three Successive Paradigms,” History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, 15, 1993, 459-487.

    Elizabeth Fee and Nancy Krieger, "Thinking and Rethinking AIDS: Implications for Health Policy," International Journal of Health Services, 23, 1993, 323-346.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Partners in Community Health: The Baltimore City Health Department, the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, and the Eastern Health District, 1932-1992," Maryland Medical Journal, 42, 1993, 735-744.

    Elizabeth Fee and Robert R. Korstad, “Women Health Workers, Past and Present,” American Journal of Public Health, 82(2), 1992, 165-166.

    Sarah Hayward and Elizabeth Fee, "More in Sorrow Than in Anger: The British Nurses' Strike of 1988," International Journal of Health Services, 22, 1992, 397-415.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Public Health in Baltimore: The Problem of Childhood Lead Paint Poisoning, 1930-1970," Maryland Historical Magazine, 87, 1992, 267-293.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Improving the People's Health: Some Hopkins' Contributions," American Journal of Epidemiology, 134, 1991, 1014-1022.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Adapting to Specialization: The Founding, Growth, and Transformation of the American Journal of Hygiene," American Journal of Epidemiology, 134, 1991, 1030-40.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Public Health in Practice: An Early Confrontation with the `Silent Epidemic' of Childhood Lead Paint Poisoning," Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 45, 1990, 570-606.

    Elizabeth Fee and Barbara Greene, "Science and Social Reform: Women in Public Health," Journal of Public Health Policy, 10, 1989, 161-177.

    Elizabeth Fee and Daniel M. Fox, "The Contemporary Historiography of AIDS," Journal of Social History, 23, 1989, 303-314.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Henry E. Sigerist: From the Social History of Disease to Medical Management and Scientific Socialism," Milbank Quarterly, 67, supplement 1, 1989, 127-150.

    Elizabeth Fee, "The New Public Health Movement in Historical Perspective," (in Japanese), Part II, Kagaku-Igaku Shiryo Kenkyu, 5, 1989, 1-10.

    Elizabeth Fee, "The New Public Health Movement in Historical Perspective," (in Japanese), Part I, Kagaku-Igaku Shiryo Kenkyu, 4, 1989, 1-12.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Sex Education in Cuba: An Interview with Dr. Celestino Alvarez Lajonchere," International Journal of Health Services, 18, 1988, 343-356.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Las Mujeres y la Atencion a la Salud: Una Comparacion de Teorias," Mujeres y Medicina, 3, 1988, 20-45.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Sin vs. Science: Venereal Disease in Bal­timore in the Twentieth Century," Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 43, 1988, 141-164.

    Elizabeth Fee and Ruth Finkelstein, "Abortion: The Politics of Necessity and Choice," Feminist Studies, 12, 1986, 361-373.

    Elizabeth Fee and Anne Clark Rodman, "Janet Howell Clark: Physiologist and Biophysicist, 1889-1969," Physiologist, 28, 1985, 397-400.

    Elizabeth Fee, "William Henry Howell: Physiologist and Philosopher of Health," American Journal of Epidemiology, 119, 1984, 293-300.

    Elizabeth Fee, "The Social History of the Hospital: From Charity Care to the Management of Medicine," Radical History Review, 28-30, 1984, 472-481.

    Elizabeth Fee, Sylvia Gillett, Linda Shopes and Linda Zeidman, "Baltimore by Bus: Steering a New Course through the City's History," Radical History Review, 28-30, 1984, 206-216.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Competition for the First School of Hygiene and Public Health," Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 57, 1983, 339-363.

    Elizabeth Fee, "A Feminist Critique of Scientific Objectivity," Science for the People, 14, July/August, 1982, 5-8, 30-33.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Woman's Role in the Evolution of Humankind;" Science and Nature, 5, 1982, 20-29.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Is There A Feminist Science?" Science and Nature, 4, 1981, 46-57.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Is Feminism a Threat to Scientific Objectivity?" International Journal of Women's Studies, 4, 1981, 378-392. Another version of this article published in Journal of College Science Teaching, 9, 1981, 84-92.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Nineteenth Century Craniology: The Study of the Female Skull," Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 53, 1979, 415-433.

    Elizabeth Fee and Michael Wallace, "The History and Politics of Birth Control: A Review Essay," Feminist Studies, 5, 1979, 201-215.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Psychology, Sexuality, and Social Control in Victorian England," Social Science Quarterly, 58, 1978, 632-646.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Women and Health Care: A Comparison of Theories." International Journal of Health Services, 5, 1975, 397-415. Reprinted in Nursing Digest, 4, 1976, 74-78, and in Health and Medical Care in the United States: A Critical Analysis, edited by Vicente Navarro, (New York: Baywood, 1977), 115-132.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Woman, the Anthropologist, Meets Man, the Hunter," International Journal of Health Services, 7, 1977, 325-335.

    Geri Berg, Dennis Carlson, Elizabeth Fee, Sally Gadow, Lorraine Hunt, “The Johns Hopkins University, School of Health Services. Humanistic Studies in the Health Associate Programs, Revisions and New Directions,” Report - Institute on Human Values in Medicine, 1976(7), 133-145.

    Elizabeth Fee, "The Sexual Politics of Victorian Social Anthropology," Feminist Studies, 1, 1973, 23-29. Reprinted in Clio's Consciousness Raised: New Perspectives on the History of Women, edited by Mary Hartman and Lois Banner (New York: Harper and Row, 1974), 86-102.

    Editorials

    Elizabeth Fee, "Editor's Comments; Plurality of Views," American Journal of Public Health, 84, 1994, 482.

    Elizabeth Fee and Robert Korstad, "Women Health Workers: Past and Present," American Journal of Public Health, 82, 1992, 165-166.

    Elizabeth Fee and Robert Korstad, "Understanding History to Shape the Future--The New Editors' Vision," American Journal of Public Health, 81, 1991, 781-782.

    Letters

    "AIDS: Reason for Optimism?--Reply," Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, June 9, 1993, 2848.

    Popular Writing, Encyclopedias, etc.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Wade Hampton Frost," "Edgar Sydenstricker," and "Allen Weir Freeman," entries for Dictionary of National Biography, to be published by the American Council of Learned Societies, general editor, John A. Garraty, in press.

    Elizabeth Fee and Tracy L. Johnson, "Experiments on Women," The Women's Studies Encyclopedia Hemel Hempstead, Herts.: Harvester Wheatsheaf, in press.

    Elizabeth Fee and Tracy L. Johnson, "Feminist Critique of Science," in The Women's Studies Encyclopedia Hemel Hempstead, Herts.: Harvester Wheatsheaf, in press.

    Elizabeth Fee and Nancy Krieger, "AIDS," and "Public Health," entries for The History of Science in the United States: An Encyclopedia, editor Clark A. Elliott, New York: Garland Publishing, in press.

    Elizabeth Fee and Nancy Krieger, "Health, Politics and Power," The Women's Review of Books, XI, July 1994, 4-5.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Health Reform's Been Tried--and Tried," Baltimore Sun, September 26, 1993 (reprinted under various titles in newspapers around the country).

    Nancy Krieger and Elizabeth Fee, "What's Class Got to Do With It? The State of Health Data in the United States Today," Socialist Review, 23, 1993, 59-82.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Lillian D. Wald" for World Book Encyclopedia, 1990; "Elizabeth Kenny" for World Book En­cyclopedia, 1987.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Traveling with Health Workers in Rural Nepal," Focus (publication of the W.K. Kellogg Foundation), 1, September 1987, 1-11.

    Elizabeth Fee, "The Community as a Public Health Laboratory: The Eastern Health District," In Brief, June 1985, 13.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Hopkins Continues International Tradition," In Brief, March 1985, 17.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Teaching the Teachers of the Teachers," Johns Hopkins Magazine, December 1984, 54-55.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Popsy's Baby," "William H. Howell," "Elmer V. McCollum," "William Cort," "Raymond Pearl," "Charles E. Simon," and "Wade Hampton Frost," Johns Hopkins Magazine, 34, October 1983, 18-29.

    Elizabeth Fee, "The Explosion of the First Hydrogen Bomb," "The Invention of the Transistor," "The Discovery of Pulsars," "The Discovery of Quasars," "Black Hole Investigations," Great Events from History, supplementary volumes, Canada, Salem Press, 1982.

    Interview

    "La Experiencia Americana: Colaboracion entre Feministas Y Sindicatos," Mujeres, September-October, 1984, pp. 42-43.

    Reviews and Review Articles:

    Review of Vamps, Virgins and Victims: How Can Women Fight AIDS? by Robin Gorna for British Medical Journal (in press).

    Review of What Makes Women Sick: Gender and the Political Economy of Health by Lesley Doyal, for British Medical Journal (in press)

    Review of AIDS and the Public Debate: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, eds., Caroline Hannoway, Victoria A. Harden, and John Parascandola, for Bulletin of the History of Medicine (in press).

    Review of Sexual Knowledge, Sexual Science: The History of Attitudes to Sexuality, eds., Roy Porter and Mikulas Teich, for American Historical Review, 1178-79, October 1996.

    Review of Changing Disciplines: Lectures on the History, Method, and Motives of Social Pathology by John A. Ryle, for American Journal of Public Health, 85, 1458-1460, October 1995.

    Review of The Private Science of Louis Pasteur by Gerald L. Geison in New England Journal of Medicine, 333, September 28, 1995, 884-885.

    Review of The Epidemic Streets: Infectious Disease and the Rise of Preventive Medicine, 1856-1900 by Anne Hardy, for Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 69, 132-133, 1995. .

    Review Symposium: "Playing It Safe." Commentary on And the Band Played On (HBO movie) for Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 19, 461-463, 1994.

    Review of Dirt and Disease: Polio Before FDR by Naomi Rogers, for American Historical Review, 99, 318-319, 1994.

    Review of Sentinel of Health: A History of the Centers for Disease Control by Elizabeth Etheridge, for The (London) Times Higher Education Supplement, December 11, 1992.

    "The Gender Gap in Wages and Health," review of Health Care and Gender by Charlotte Muller, for Health Affairs, 10, 302-305, 1991.

    Review of History of AIDS: Emergence and Origin of a Modern Pandemic by Mirko D. Grmek, for Science, 252, 453, 1991.

    Review of Women, Health, and Medicine in America: A Historical Handbook, edited by Rima D. Apple, for Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 65, 144-145, 1991.

    Review of Living with AIDS, edited by, Stephen R. Graubard, for Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 65, 149-150, 1991.

    Review of Save the Babies: American Public Health Reform and the Prevention of Infant Mortality, 1850-1929 by Richard A. Meckel, for Medical History, 35, 374-375, 1991.

    Review of The Sanitarians: A History of American Public Health by John Duffy, for Science, 249, 305, 1990.

    Review of Plagues and Politics: The Story of the United States Public Health Service by Fitzhugh Mullan, for Quarterly Review of Biology, 65, 388, 1990.

    Review of The Myth of Heterosexual AIDS by Michael Fumento, for Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 45, 510-511, 1990.

    Review of Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood by Cynthia Eagle Russett, for Isis, 81, 787-788, 1990.

    Review of The Mind is Not the Heart by Eva J. Salber, for Journal of Public Health Policy, 11, 265-267, 1990.

    Review of The Retreat of Tuberculosis 1850-1950 by F.B. Smith, for American Historical Review, 95, 1197-1198, 1990.

    Review of Disease and Distinctiveness in the American South, edited by Todd L. Savitt and James Harvey Young, for Medical History, 34, 230-231, 1990.

    Review of How Superstition Won and Science Lost: Popularizing Science and Health in the United States by John C. Burnham, for American Historical Review, 94, 886-887, 1989.

    Review of A Political Economy of Medicine: Great Britain and the United States by J. Rogers Hollingsworth, for American Historical Review, 94, 715-716, 1989.

    Review of The Care of Strangers: The Rise of America's Hospital System by Charles E. Rosenberg, for The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177, 241-242, 1989.

    Review of The Making of the Modern Body: Sexuality and Society in the Nineteenth Century, edited by Catherine Gallagher and Thomas Laqueur, for MLN (Modern Language Notes), 103, 1163-1165, 1988.

    Review of Sex and Status: Hierarchies in the Health Workforce, by Irene Butter, Eugenia Carpenter, Bonnie Kay and Ruth Simmons, for Journal of Public Health Policy, 8, 584-587, 1987.

    Review of William H. Welch and the Rise of Modern Medicine by Donald Fleming, for The Scientist, 1 (17): 21, 1987.

    Review of The Hawk's Nest Incident: America's Worst Industrial Disaster by Martin Cherniak, for American Historical Review, 1295, 1987.

    Review of In the Patient's Best Interest by Sue Fisher, for Isis, 78, 288, 1987.

    Review of A Calculus of Suffering: Pain, Professionalism and Anaes­thesia in Nineteen­th-Century America by Martin S. Pernick, for Medical History, 30, 232-233, 1986.

    "Demystifying Biology," Review of Myths of Gender, by Anne Fausto-Sterling, for The Women's Review of Books, 3: 9-10, 1986.

    Review of Illustrated Catalogue of the Slide Archive of Historical Medical Photographs at Stony Brook, Compiled by Rima Apple, Center for Photographic Images of Medicine and Health Care, for Isis, 76, 401, 1985.

    Review of Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Science, Metaphysics, Methodology, and the Philosophy of Science, edited by Sandra Harding and Merrill Hintikka, for Signs, 10, 793-794, 1985.

    Review of Endangered Lives: Public Health in Victorian Britain by Anthony S. Wohl, for Science and Society, 48, 449-501, 1984-85.

    Review of Chesapeake Waters: Pollution, Public Health and Public Opinion, 1607-1972 by John Capper, Garret Power and Frank R. Shivers, Jr., for Technology and Culture, 26, 329-331, 1984.

    Review of Princes and Peasants: Smallpox in History, by Donald R. Hopkins, for Isis, 75, 747-748, 1984.

    "Separation and Survival: A Women's Hospital," Review of Hospital with a Heart: Women Doctors and the Paradox of Separatism at the New England Hospital, 1862-1969 by Virginia Drachman, for Reviews in American History, 12, 515-519, 1984.

    Review of The Second Sickness by Howard Waitzkin, for Monthly Review, 35, 49-54, 1984.

    Review of Reproductive Anthropology: Descent Through Woman by Donald A.M. Gebbie, for Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 38, 201-202, 1983.

    Review of Margaret Mead: A Voice for the Century by Robert Cassidy, for American Scientist, 70, 659, 1982.

    Review of Social Darwinism and English Thought: The Interaction Between Biological and Social Theory by Greta Jones, for Isis, 73, 117, 1982.

    Review of Sin, Sickness, and Sanity by Vern F. Bullough and Bonnie Bullough, for Clio Medica, 16, 56-57, 1981.

    Review of The Hosken Report by Fran Hosken, for Signs, 5, 807-809, 1980. Reprinted in Women: Sex and Sexuality, edited by Catharine R. Stimpson and Ethel Spector Parson, 294-296. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1980.

    Review of The Care of the Sick: The Emergence of Modern Nursing by Vern L. Bullough and Bonnie Bullough, for American Scientist, 67, 348, 1979.

    Review of Women in Science by H.J. Mozans, for British Journal for the History of Science, 10, 69-70, 1977.

    Review of Silent Sisterhood: Middle Class Women in the Victorian Home, by Patricia Branca, for Science and Society, 41, 111-113, 1977.

    Review of Readings in the History of Anthropology, edited by Regna Darnell, for Isis, 67, 300-301, 1976.

    Review of Sir Oliver Lodge: Psychical Researcher and Scientist by W.P. Jolly; H.G.H. Moseley: The Life and Letters of an English Physicist, 1887-1915 by J.L. Heilbron; and Science and Values: Patterns of Tradition and Change, edited by Arnold Thackray and E. Mendelsohn, for Victorian Studies, 19, 111-113, 1975.

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  • Presentations

    Elizabeth Fee, Chair of Panel on "Sex, Drugs, and Public Health," conference of the International Network for the History of Public Health, "Health, Disease and Society: New Historical Perspectives," June 6-10, Centre de Pensières, Annecy, France, June 6-10, 1995.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Models and Paradigms of Disease in the Education of Twentieth-Century Epidemiologists," for Symposium on "Immunology and Epidemiology in the 19th and 20th Centuries," Boston University Center for the Philosophy and History of Science and Mario Negri Sud Institute for Scientific Research, S. Maria Imbaro, Italy, 25-28 May, 1995.

    Elizabeth Fee and Nancy Kreiger, "Hot Data, Cold War: Social Class Measures in U.S. Public Health, 1900-1950," American Association for the History of Medicine, Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, May 11-14, 1995.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Measuring Social Inequalities in Health in the U.S.," Symposium on "The Holistic Turn in Western Biomedicine, 1920-1950," Department of Social Studies of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, May 4-7, 1995.

    Elizabeth Fee, "The Pleasures and Perils of Prophetic Advocacy: Henry E. Sigerist and the Politics of Medical Care," Beaumont Lecture at the Yale School of Medicine, sponsored by the Beaumont Medical Club of Connecticut, 25 February, 1995.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Social Inequalities in Health in the United States," Twentieth Century History of Medicine Seminar, Department of the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology, Johns Hopkins University, November 15, 1994.

    Nancy Krieger and Elizabeth Fee, "Measuring Social Inequalities in Health in the United States: An Historical Review," American Public Health Association Annual Meeting, Washington D.C., November 1, 1994.

    Elizabeth Fee and Nancy Krieger, "What's Class Got to Do with Health? A Critique of Biomedical Individualism," Presidential Plenary Session, Society for Social Studies of Science, History of Science Society, and Philosophy of Science Association Annual Meetings, New Orleans, October 14, 1994.

    Elizabeth Fee, Chair and Moderator, "Science, Gender and Sex," History of Science Society Annual Conference, New Orleans, October 14-16, 1994.

    Nancy Krieger and Elizabeth Fee, "Measuring Social Inequalities in Health in the United States: An Historical Review," for National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Workshop on "Measuring Social Inequalities in Health," Annapolis, Maryland, September 27-30, 1994.

    Elizabeth Fee, "The History of Education in Public Health," San Francisco State University, August 15, 1994.

    Elizabeth Fee, Organizer and Moderator of Panel, "Occupational Health and the Politics of Knowledge," Sigerist Circle Scholarly Session, American Association for the History of Medicine Annual Meetings, New York City, April 28, 1994.

    Elizabeth Fee, "The Community as Public Health Laboratory: The Eastern Health District of Baltimore," for panel on "Public Health in Baltimore and the PHS," Public Health Service Commissioned Officers Association, Annual Meetings, Baltimore, April 6 1994.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Man-Made Medicine and Women's Health: The Biopolitics of Sex/Gender and Race/Ethnicity," lecture sponsored by Liberal Arts and Women's Studies Program, San Diego State University, November 17, 1993.

    Elizabeth Fee, "The Process and Politics of Health Care Reform," lecture sponsored by Liberal Arts and the School of Public Health, San Diego State University, November 15, 1993.

    Theodore M. Brown and Elizabeth Fee, "Henry Sigerist's Progress Toward a Social History of Medicine," Plenary Session, À la recherche du temps perdu, History of Science Society Annual Meeting, Santa Fe, New Mexico, November 11, 1993.

    Elizabeth Fee, "History of Childhood Lead Poisoning" in "Childhood Lead Poisoning: Whose Responsibility Is It?" Baltimore City Health Department 200th Anniversary Celebration Symposium, September 2, 1993.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Henry E. Sigerist and the Social History of Medicine," National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, August 18, 1993.

    Elizabeth Fee, Chair of Panel, "Rockefeller Initiatives Abroad," American Association for the History of Medicine Annual Meetings, Louisville, Kentucky, May 15, 1993.

    Elizabeth Fee, Organizer and Moderator of Panel, "Tuskegee Revisited: Race, History, and the Ethics of Research," Sigerist Circle Scholarly Session, American Association for the History of Medicine Annual Meetings, Louisville, Kentucky, May 13, 1993.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Man-Made Medicine and Women's Health: The Biopolitics of Sex/Gender and Race/Ethnicity," Women's Forum Annual Luncheon, Applied Physics Laboratory, the Johns Hopkins University, May 6, 1993.

    Elizabeth Fee and Mike Holloman, Jr., Moderators, Panel on "The Health Left--Past, Present, and Future," Institute of Social Medicine and Community Health, Philadelphia, May 1, 1993.

    Elizabeth Fee, "Man-Made Medicine and Women's Health: The Biopolitics of Sex/Gender and Race/Ethnicity," Delta Omega Lecture, Women's Health Day, "Hopkins on Health '93: Women's Health, The New View," Society of Alumni, School of Hygiene and Public Health, the Johns Hopkins University, April 30, 1993.

    Theodore M. Brown and Elizabeth Fee, "The Evolution of Social Medicine," Conference on "Social Medicine: Interdisciplinary Theory and Practice," University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, April 17, 1993.

    Elizabeth Fee, Commentator on Panel, "Specialized Medicine as a Source of the Environmental Movement," Organization of American Historians Annual Meeting, Anaheim, California, April 15, 1993.

    Panel Discussion, "At the Core of the Golden Apple: Success Stories in Public Health Education," Series on Teaching Methods in Public Health Education, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, April 12, 1993.

    "Women's Participation in Clinical Studies: From Protectionism to Access," with Tracy L. Johnson, Workshop on "The Legal and Ethical Issues Relating to the Inclusion of Women in Clinical Studies," sponsored by Institute of Medicine/ National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, March 24-25, 1993.

    "Paul Lemkau: His Contributions to Community Mental Health," Scientific Meeting and Memorial Service in honor of Dr. Paul V. Lemkau, School of Hygiene and Public Health, the Johns Hopkins University, March 12, 1993.

    "Vast Inequalities: Gender, Race, and Women's Health in the United States," with Byllye Avery, Julia R. Scott, Nancy Krieger, and Norma Swenson, Public Health Grand Rounds, Harvard School of Public Health, March 2, 1993.

    "The History of Women at Johns Hopkins," for Bridges Not Walls, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, January 26, 1993.

    "Thinking and Rethinking AIDS: Implications for Health Policy," with Nancy Krieger. International Association for the Political Economy of Health, Bologna, Italy, October, 1992.

    "Understanding AIDS: Historical Interpretations and the Limits of Biomedical Individualism," with Nancy Krieger. International conference on "Understanding AIDS." Sponsored by Clark University, Trier University, the Centre Universitaire, and the Bibliotheque Nationale, Luxembourg, 15-17 June 1992.

    Organizer and Chair, "What Do Historians Have to Contribute to Contemporary Debates about a National Health Care Program?" Sigerist Circle Scholarly Session, American Association for the History of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, April 1992.

    "Thinking and Rethinking AIDS: Implications for Health Policy," with Nancy Krieger. International Symposium on Emerging Infectious Diseases. Sponsored by Fondation Louis Jeantet and Fondation Marcel Merieux, Annecy, France, April 1992.

    "International Health in Historical Perspective," American Public Health Association Annual Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, November 1991.

    "The Unwritten History of National Health Insurance," Presider, American Public Health Association Annual Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, November 1991.

    "Doing History, Making Revolution: The Aspirations of Henry E. Sigerist and George Rosen," Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, Symposium on Doctors, Politics and Society, London, England, September 1991.

    "Henry E. Sigerist and Scientific Optimism," American Association for the History of Medicine, Annual Meeting, Cleveland, Ohio, May 1991.

    "Women and Aging," Keynote address, Maryland Women's Health Conference, April 28, 1990.

    "Public Health Past and Present: A Slide Presentation of Some of the Men and Women Who Have Made History at Hopkins," Alumni Annual Meeting, April 19, 1991.

    Organization and introduction of Video Film Series on the history of public health, to celebrate 75th anniversary, the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, January--December 1991.

    Interviews on WBAL Television and Radio about The Baltimore Book, November 1991.

    "Women in Public Health," Women's Forum Education Symposium, Women's Images Past and Present: How Women are Portrayed in Mythology, Healthcare, Politics and the Media, Johns Hopkins University, April 2, 1990.

    "Creating a New Discipline in the United States: The Contributions of Frost and Reed to the Development of Epidemiology," After dinner speaker, American Epidemiological Society, March 1990.

    "History of Women in Public Health," Public Health Grand Rounds, Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, January 18, 1990.

    "Science and Feminism: Recent Critiques," Filosofia: Reflexions Sobre L'Androcentrisme, Seminari Interdisciplinar d'Investigacio Feminista, Valencia, Spain, November, 1990.

    "A History of Education for Public Health: International Issues," for Health Manpower Development Program, Pan American Health Organization, October, 1989.

    "El Pensamiento Medico-Social, Desarrollo Y Perspectivas," World Congress of Social Medicine, Canary Islands, September 1989.

    "From Medical Zoology to Immunology and Infectious Diseases: A Departmental History," Presentation for Annual Meeting of Faculty of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, June 22, 1989.

    "The People's Health: Contributions from Hopkins," Presentation in Panel, "An Ounce of Prevention," in The Johns Hopkins Centennial Celebration, Baltimore, June 8, 1989.

    "The History of Public Health Education in the United States," Presentation to Rockefeller Foundation Scholars, Bellagio, Italy, May 6, 1989.

    "The Wages of Sin? Struggles Over the Social Meaning of Venereal Disease and AIDS," Paper for "Epidemics and Their Social Impact," Symposium in Honor of William Coleman, University of Wisconsin, Madison, March 31-April 1, 1989.

    "The Contemporary Historiography of AIDS," with Daniel M. Fox. Paper for "AIDS and the Historian," Conference sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, March 20-21, 1989.

    "The Women Who Started Hopkins Medical School," Talk to the Johns Hopkins Medical Women's Alumnae Association, School of Medicine, Baltimore, December 8, 1988.

    "The New Public Health Movement in Historical Perspective," Presentation to School of Health Sciences and Tokyo Society of Medicine, Noma Archives, Tokyo, September 14, 1988.

    "Social, Cultural, and Medical Responses to Venereal Disease," for "International Symposium on the Comparative History of Medicine--East and West," sponsored by the Taniguchi Foundation, Tokyo, September 4-11, 1988.

    Talks on the History of the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions to International Club (July 1988) School of Hygiene students (September 1988).

    "Reproductive Rights and Population Policies," Common Ground Series on World Affairs, Sponsored by the Stanley Foundation, National Public Radio, July 1988.

    "World Reproductive Rights and Policies," Opening Address, Women's Studies Interdisciplinary Conference, Montclair State College, New Jersey, May 1988.

    "The Contributions of Women to Public Health" for Spring Humanities Program, sponsored by the Office of Cultural Affairs, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, April 1988.

    "World Reproductive Rights and Policies: Framing the Issues," Noun Lectureship, Grinnell College, Iowa, April 1988.

    "New Issues in the Epistemology of Science," Science Faculty Workshop, Grinnell College, Iowa, April 1988.

    "Henry E. Sigerist: From the Social Production of Disease to Medical Management and Scientific Socialism" for The Third Frances C. Wood Institute Conference, The History of Disease, College of Physicians of Philadelphia, March 1988.

    "The Language and Politics of Reproductive Rights," Wesleyan University Symposium, "Representation and Reproduction: Women and the Technology of Gender," February 1988.

    "Women in Medicine: Do They Make a Difference?" Sponsored by School of Public Health, Women's Studies Program, and Residential College, Ann Arbor, Michigan, October, 1987.

    "The Values and Impact of the Welch and Rose Reports: Alternative Conceptions of Public Health Education for the United States," Paper for Conference on the History of Public Health Education, sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation, Bellagio, Italy, August 1987.

    "The Politics and Language of Reproductive Rights," International Interdisciplinary Congress on Women's Studies, Dublin, Ireland, July 1987.

    Chair of Session on "The Politics of Reproductive Rights." International Interdisciplinary Congress on Women's Studies, Dublin, Ireland, July 1987.

    "The History of Venereal Disease: Politics and Problems," Princeton University, Program in the History and Philosophy of Science, May 1987.

    "The Politics and Language of Reproductive Rights," Conference on "Women, Science and the Body," Cornell University, Society for the Humanities, May 1987.

    "Public Health as Social Therapy," for symposium on "Illness and Healing: Humanistic Approaches to the History of Therapy" sponsored by the Committee on Cultural and Social Affairs, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, April 1987.

    "Hopkins Health History," Johns Hopkins Radio Station Interview, April 1987.

    "Women in Science and Medicine," Talk for the Public Interest in Science Series, Homewood Campus, Johns Hopkins University, April 1987.

    Commentator, Panel on "AIDS in Historical Perspective," American Historical Association Annual Meeting, Chicago, December, 1986.

    "Feminist Critiques of Modern Science," Harvard University, November, 1986.

    "The Opening Ceremony: October 1926," talk at 60th Anniversary Celebration of School of Hygiene and Public Health, October 1986.

    Leader of faculty workshop on new trends in the epistemology of science, Great Lakes Colleges Association. Ohio. April 1986.

    "Caring and Curing: Feminist Approaches to Medicine," Duke University, April 1986.

    Chair of panel on "The Philosophy and Methodology of `Knowing,' "Annual meeting of the History of Science Society, Bloomington, Indiana. November 1985.

    "Public Health: From Social Reform to Professional Expertise," Talk given for Series on History of Medicine, Department of History, Homewood Campus. November 1985.

    Commentator for invited papers on women and medicine, Penn Mid-Atlantic Seminar for the Study of Women in Society, November 1985.

    "History of Public Health Disasters," talk for Dean's Symposium on Disaster Preparedness, organized for Health Associates, Faculty and Students, School of Hygiene, October 1985.

    Interview for "Soundings," Program of the National Humanities Center, broadcast on 200 commercial and public radio stations, August 1985.

    Panel member, 50th Anniversary Symposium Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield, Health Care Financing for New Yorkers: The Next 50 Years. June 1985. Also, preparation of background paper for panel discussion, "The Evolution of Health Care and Health Care Financing: As Seen from the 21st Century."

    "Caring and Curing: Towards a Gender Free Medical Care," Lecture Series on Women and Science, Hunter College, New York, April 1985.

    Committee on "Economic Prosperity: Building New Bases" for W.K. Kellogg Foundation, April 21-26, 1985.

    Presentation to Congressional staff on educational reform, for W.K. Kellogg National Fellows, October 12, 1984.

    "The Effects of Work on Women's Health," Conference on "Mujer y Salud," Instituto de la Mujer, Madrid, Spain, May 1984.

    "Sources of Change in Gender Conventions: The Biological Sciences, 1860-1920," Smith-Smithsonian Conference on the Conventions of Gender, Smith College, February 1984.

    "The Impact of the Women's Movement on Public Health," The People's Health Conference: Directions for the 1980s, Washington, D.C., April 1982.

    "Health Education and Schools of Public Health," Second International Conference on the Political Economy of Health, Mexico City, August 1981.

    "Ethical Issues in Public Health: Questions in the Production and Processing of Foods," Ethical Issues in Agribusiness Conference, University of Delaware, July 1981.

    "The Place of Gender in British and Italian Social Thought," Berkshire Conference, Vassar College, June 1981.

    "From Voluntary Motherhood to Planned Parenthood: Perspectives on the Birth Control Movement in America," The Margaret Sanger Centennial Conference, Smith College, November 1979.

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Last updated: 17 September 2004
First published: 30 April 2004
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