Resource Library
Selected Reprints from the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 1994–2004

Introduction

The 75 reprints in this collection represent reports published from 1994 through 2004 in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) that presented data on outcomes, risk factors, adverse events, intervention strategies, policy or legislation impacts, or other measurements that were related to heart disease and stroke. Information for the analyses in these articles were provided by state health departments, other unique data collections supported by CDC's National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, national surveillance systems implemented by CDC's National Center for Health Statistics, and Medicare health claims information provided by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.

These reports demonstrate the continuing decline in the rates of death from ischemic heart disease and stroke—one of the greatest public health achievements of the 20th Century.  Unfortunately, the reports also highlight continuing challenges including the persistence of cardiovascular health disparities, lack of awareness of heart disease and stroke signs and symptoms, and the growing epidemic of obesity.  They also shed light on new challenges such as unanticipated adverse cardiovascular complications after civilian smallpox vaccination and their policy implications.

Most importantly, these reports demonstrate the key role played by many centers, institutes, and offices within CDC and the public health community in advancing the science, programs, and policies for preventing and controlling cardiovascular diseases. Continued integration and coordination of efforts, as called for by the Futures Initiative, and collaboration with our public health partners in this arena will be essential for achieving maximum public health impact in preventing and controlling of heart disease and stroke.

Adapted from the publication: Heart Disease and Stroke: Selected Reprints from the MMWR, 1994–2004. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta: CDC, Department of Health and Human Services. 2004.

MMWRs by Category:

• Heart Disease Outcomes
• Stroke Outcomes
• Multiple Risk Factors
• Individual Risk Factors
  – Blood Pressure
  – Cholesterol
  – Diabetes
  – Smoking
  – Nutrition
  – Overweight/Obesity
  – Physical Activity
• Issues Related to Primary Prevention, Secondary Prevention, or Treatment
• Program or Policy Interventions
• Adverse Events Resulting in Cardiovascular Diseases
• Impact of Cardiovascular Diseases or Risk Factors

Heart Disease Outcomes

• Disparities in premature deaths from heart disease—50 states and the District of Columbia, 2001
  February 20, 2004
   
• State–specific mortality from sudden cardiac death—United States, 1999
  February 15, 2002
   
• Mortality from coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction—United States, 1998
  February 16, 2001
   
• Achievements in public health, 1900–1999: decline in deaths from heart disease and stroke—United States, 1900–1999
  August 6, 1999
   
• Trends in ischemic heart disease death rates for blacks and whites—United States, 1981–1995
  November 13, 1998
   
• Trends in ischemic heart disease deaths—United States, 1990–1994
  February 21, 1997
   
• Coronary heart disease mortality trends among whites and blacks—Appalachia and United States, 1980–1993
  November 27, 1998

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Stroke Outcomes

• Hospitalization for stroke among adults aged >65 years—United States, 2000
  June 27, 2003
   
• State–specific mortality from stroke and distribution of place of death—United States, 1999
  May 24, 2002
   
• Age–specific excess deaths associated with stroke among racial/ethnic minority populations—United States, 1997
  February 11, 2000

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Multiple Risk Factors

• Declining prevalence of no known major risk factors for heart disease and stroke among adults—United States, 1991–2001
  January 16, 2004
   
• Health status of American Indians compared with other racial/ethnic minority populations—selected states, 2001–2002
  November 28, 2003
   
• Prevalence of healthy lifestyle characteristics—Michigan, 1998 and 2000
  September 7, 2001
   
• Prevalence of selected cardiovascular disease risk factors among American Indians and Alaska Natives—United States, 1997
  June 2, 2000
   
• Self–assessed health status and selected behavioral risk factors among persons with and without health–care coverage—United States, 1994–1995
  March 13, 1998
   
• Prevalence of adults with no known major risk factors for coronary heart disease—Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1992
  February 4, 1994

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Individual Risk Factors

Blood Pressure:

• State–specific trends in self–reported blood pressure screening and high blood pressure—United States, 1991–1999
  May 31, 2002

Cholesterol:

• State–specific trends in high blood cholesterol awareness among persons screened—United States, 1991–1999
  September 7, 2001
   
• State–specific cholesterol screening trends—United States, 1991–1999
  August 25, 2000

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Diabetes:

• Self–reported heart disease and stroke among adults with and without diabetes—United States, 1999–2001
  November 7, 2003
   
• Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in adults—United States, 1999–2000
  September 5, 2003
   
• Diabetes prevalence among American Indians and Alaska Natives and the overall population—United States, 1994–2002
  August 1, 2003
   
• Major cardiovascular disease (CVD) during 1997–1999 and major CVD hospital discharge rates in 1997 among women with diabetes
  November 2, 2001

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Smoking:

• Cigarette smoking among adults—United States, 2002
  May 28, 2004
   
• Prevalence of cigarette use among 14 racial/ethnic populations—United States, 1999–2001
  January 30, 2004
   
• State–specific prevalence of current cigarette smoking among adults—United States, 2002
  January 9, 2004
   
• Prevalence of current cigarette smoking among adults and changes in prevalence of current and same day smoking—United States, 1996–2001
  April 11, 2003
   
• Trends in cigarette smoking among high school students–United States, 1991–2001
  May 17, 2002
   
• State–specific prevalence of current cigarette smoking among adults, and policies and attitudes about secondhand smoke—United States, 2000
  December 14, 2001
   
• Cigarette smoking in 99 metropolitan areas—United States, 2000
  December 14, 2001
   
• Achievements in public health 1990–1999: tobacco use—United States, 1900–1999
  November 5, 1999
   
• State–specific prevalence among adults of current cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use and per capita tax–paid sales of cigarettes—United States, 1997
  November 6, 1998

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Nutrition:

• Trends in intake of energy and macronutrients—United Sates, 1971–2000
  February 6, 2004
   
• Achievements in public health, 1900–1999: safer and healthier foods
  October 15, 1999

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Overweight/Obesity:

• State–specific prevalence of obesity among adults with disabilities—eight states and the District of Columbia, 1998–1999
  September 13, 2002
   
• Prevalence of overweight among third– and sixth–grade children—New York City, 1996
  November 20, 1998
   
• Update: prevalence of overweight among children, adolescents, and adults—United States, 1988–1994
  March 7, 1997

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Physical Activity:

• Prevalence of no leisure–time physical activity—35 states and the District of Columbia, 1988–2002
  February 6, 2004
   
• Prevalence of physical activity including lifestyle activities among adults—United States, 2000–2001
  August 15, 2003
   
• Physical activity levels among children aged 9–13 years—United States, 2002
  August 22, 2003
   
• Prevalence of leisure–time and occupational physical activity among employed adults—United States, 1990
  May 19, 2000
   
• Prevalence of leisure–time physical activity among overweight adults—United States, 1998
  April 21, 2000
   
• Prevalence of leisure–time physical activity among persons with arthritis and other rheumatic conditions—United States, 1990–1991
  May 9, 1997
   
• Monthly estimates of leisure–time physical inactivity—United States, 1994
  May 9, 1997

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Issues Related to Primary Prevention, Secondary Prevention, or Treatment

• Awareness of stroke warning signs—17 states and the U.S. Virgin Islands, 2001
  May 7, 2004
   
• Receipt of cardiac rehabilitation services among heart attack survivors—19 states and the District of Columbia, 2001
  November 7, 2003
   
• Self–reported concern about food security associated with obesity—Washington, 1995–1999
  September 5, 2003
   
• Barriers to children walking and biking to school—United States, 1999
  August 16, 2002
   
• School transportation modes—Georgia, 2000
  August 16, 2002
   
• Prevalence of health–care providers asking older adults about their physical activity levels—United States, 1998
  May 17, 2002
   
• Point–of–purchase tobacco environments and variation by store type—United States, 1999
  March 8, 2002
   
• Use of FDA–approved pharmacologic treatments for tobacco dependence—United States, 1984–1998
  July 28, 2000
   
• Physician advice and individual behaviors about cardiovascular disease risk reduction—seven states and Puerto Rico, 1997
  February 5, 1999
   
• Neighborhood safety and the prevalence of physical inactivity—selected states, 1996
  February 26, 1999
   
• Self–reported physical inactivity by degree of urbanization—United States, 1996
  December 25, 1998
   
• Prevalence of aspirin use to prevent heart disease—Wisconsin, 1991 and Michigan, 1994
  June 6, 1997
   
• Adults taking action to control their blood pressure—United States, 1990
  July 22, 1994

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Program or Policy Interventions

• Impacts of a smoking ban on restaurant and bar revenues—El Paso, Texas 2002
  February 27, 2004
   
• State Medicaid coverage for tobacco–dependence treatments—United States, 1994–2002
  January 30, 2004
   
• Preemptive state tobacco–control laws—United States, 1982–1998
  June 25, 1999
   
• Effectiveness of school–based programs as a component of a statewide tobacco control initiative—Oregon, 1999–2000
  August 10, 2001
   
• Decline in cigarette consumption following implementation of a comprehensive tobacco prevention and education program—Oregon, 1996–1998
  February 26, 1999

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Adverse Events Resulting in Cardiovascular Diseases

• Cardiac deaths after a mass smallpox vaccination campaign—New York City, 1947
  October 3, 2003
   
• Update: adverse events following civilian smallpox vaccination—United States, 2003
  February 13, 2004
   
• Update: adverse events following smallpox vaccination—United States, 2003
  April 4, 2003
   
• Supplemental recommendations on adverse events following smallpox vaccine in the pre–event vaccination program: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
  April 4, 2003
   
• Cardiac adverse events following smallpox vaccination—United States, 2003
  March 28, 2003
   
• Adverse events and deaths associated with laboratory errors at a hospital—Pennsylvania, 2001
  August 24, 2001
   
• Cardiac valvulopathy associated with exposure to fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services interim public health recommendations, November 1997
  November 14, 1997
   
• Adverse events associated with ephedrine–containing products—Texas, December 1993–September 1995
  August 16, 1996

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Impact of Cardiovascular Diseases or Risk Factors

• Cigarette smoking–attributable morbidity—United States, 2000
  September 5, 2003
   
• Annual smoking–attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and economic costs—United States, 1995–1999
  April 12, 2002
   
• Influence of homicide on racial disparity in life expectancy—United States, 1998
  September 14, 2001
   
• Prevalence of disabilities and associated health conditions among adults—United States, 1999
  February 23, 2001
   
• Medical–care expenditures attributable to cigarette smoking—United States, 1993
  July 8, 1994

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This page last reviewed September 15, 2004

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