Front Matter 

National Science Board
Letter of Transmittal
Acknowledgments
Contributors and Reviewers

Overview 

The United States in a Changing World
R&D Investment
R&D Performance, Outputs, and Capabilities
S&E Workforce Trends
Health of U.S. High Technology
Conclusion

Chapter 1. Elementary and Secondary Education 

Highlights
Introduction
Student Performance in Mathematics and Science

• Trends in Mathematics and Science Performance: Early 1970s to Late 1990s
• Recent Performance in Mathematics and Science
• International Comparisons of Mathematics and Science Performance

Mathematics and Science Coursework and Student Achievement

• Coursetaking
• Advanced Mathematics and Science Courses Offered in High Schools
• Advanced Mathematics and Science Coursetaking in High School

Curriculum Standards and Statewide Assessments

• State Curriculum Standards and Policy on Instructional Materials
• Accountability Systems and Assessments

Curriculum and Instruction

• Approaches to Teaching Mathematics and Science
• Textbooks
• Curriculum
• Instructional Practices

Teacher Quality

• Academic Abilities of Teachers
• Teacher Education and Certification
• Match Between Teacher Preparation and Assignment
• Teacher Experience

Teacher Induction, Professional Development, and Working Conditions

• New Teacher Induction
• Teacher Professional Development
• Teacher Salaries and Working Conditions

Information Technology in Schools

• IT Access at School
• IT in Math and Science Instruction
• Teacher Preparation and Training in Using IT
• IT Access at Home

Transition to Higher Education

• Immediate Transition From High School to Postsecondary Education
• Access to Postsecondary Education: An International Comparison
• Remedial Education in College

Conclusion
References

Chapter 2. Higher Education in Science and Engineering 

Highlights
Introduction
Structure of U.S. Higher Education

• Institutions Providing S&E Education
• New Modes of Instructional Delivery
• New Types of Institutions

Enrollment in Higher Education

• Overall Enrollment
• Undergraduate Enrollment in S&E
• Graduate Enrollment in S&E

Higher Education Degrees

• S&E Associate's Degrees
• S&E Bachelor's Degrees
• S&E Master's Degrees
• S&E Doctoral Degrees
• Postdocs

Foreign Doctoral Degree Recipients

• Major Countries/Economies of Origin
• Stay Rates

International S&E Higher Education

• International Degree Trends
• International Student Mobility

Conclusion
References

Chapter 3. Science and Engineering Labor Force 

Highlights
Introduction
U.S. S&E Labor Force Profile

• Section Overview
• How Large Is the U.S. S&E Workforce?
• S&E Workforce Growth
• How Are People With an S&E Education Employed?
• Employment Sectors
• Salaries
• Women and Minorities in S&E

Labor Market Conditions for Recent S&E Graduates

• Bachelor's and Master's Degree Recipients
• Doctoral Degree Recipients

Age and Retirement

• Implications for S&E Workforce
• S&E Workforce Retirement Patterns

Global S&E Labor Force and the United States

• Section Overview
• Counts of the Global S&E Labor Force
• Migration to the United States

Conclusion
References

Chapter 4. U.S. and International Research and Development: Funds and Technology Linkages 

Highlights
Introduction
National R&D Trends

• Trends in R&D Performance
• Trends in Federal R&D Funding
• Trends in Non-Federal R&D Funding
• U.S. R&D/GDP Ratio
• Sectoral Composition of R&D Performance
• Trends in R&D by Character of Work
• Industrial R&D by Industry, Firm Size, and R&D Intensity
• R&D Performance by State

Federal R&D Performance and Funding

• Federal R&D Performance
• Federal R&D Funding by National Objective
• R&D by Federal Agency
• Federal R&D Funding by Performer and Field of Science or Engineering
• Federal R&D Tax Credit

Technology Linkages: Contract R&D, Federal Technology Transfer, and R&D Collaboration

• Contract R&D
• Federal S&T Programs and Technology Transfer
• Domestic and International Technology Alliances

International R&D Trends and Comparisons

• Absolute Levels of Total R&D Expenditures
• Trends in Total R&D/GDP Ratios
• Nondefense R&D Expenditures and R&D/GDP Ratios
• International R&D by Performer, Source, and Character of Work

R&D Investments by Multinational Corporations

• Foreign-Owned R&D Spending in the United States
• U.S. MNCs and Overseas R&D Spending
• R&D Expenditure Balance

Conclusion
References

Chapter 5. Academic Research and Development 

Highlights
Introduction
Financial Resources for Academic R&D

• Academic R&D Within the National R&D Enterprise
• Major Funding Sources
• Funding by Institution Type
• Distribution of R&D Funds Across Academic Institutions
• Expenditures by Field and Funding Source
• Federal Support of Academic R&D
• Academic R&D Facilities and Equipment

Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in Academia

• Trends in Academic Employment of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers
• Retirement of S&E Doctoral Workforce
• Increasing Role of Women and Minority Groups
• Foreign-Born S&E Doctorate Holders
• Size of Academic Research Workforce
• Deployment of Academic Research Workforce
• Government Support of Academic Doctoral Researchers
• Has Academic R&D Shifted Toward More Applied Work?

Outputs of Scientific and Engineering Research: Articles and Patents

• Worldwide Trends in Article Output
• Flattening of U.S. Article Output
• Field Distribution of Articles
• Scientific Collaboration
• International Citation of S&E Articles
• Citations in U.S. Patents to S&E Literature
• Patents Awarded to U.S. Universities

Conclusion
References

Chapter 6. Industry, Technology, and the Global Marketplace 

Highlights
Introduction
U.S. Technology in the Marketplace

• Importance of High-Technology Industries
• Share of World Markets
• Global Competitiveness of Individual Industries
• Exports by High-Technology Industries
• Global Business in Knowledge-Intensive Service Industries
• U.S. Royalties and Fees Generated From Intellectual Property

New High-Technology Exporters

• National Orientation
• Socioeconomic Infrastructure
• Technological Infrastructure
• Productive Capacity
• Findings From the Four Indicators

International Trends in Industrial R&D

• R&D Performance by Industry

Patented Inventions

• U.S. Patenting
• Trends in Applications for U.S. Patents
• Technical Fields Favored by Foreign Inventors
• Patent Activity Outside the United States

Venture Capital and High-Technology Enterprise

• U.S. Venture Capital Resources
• Boom and Bust in New Venture Capital Commitments
• Venture Capital Investments by Stage of Financing

Characteristics of Innovative U.S. Firms

• Why Study IT-Based Innovation?
• Survey Results

Conclusion
References

Chapter 7. Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Understanding 

Highlights
Introduction
Information Sources, Interest, and Perceived Knowledge

• Sources of News and Information About S&T
• Public Interest in S&T
• The Public's Sense of Being Well Informed About S&T Issues

Public Knowledge About S&T

• Importance of Scientific Literacy
• Understanding Scientific Terms and Concepts
• Understanding the Scientific Process
• Technological Literacy
• Belief in Pseudoscience

Public Attitudes About Science-Related Issues

• S&T in General
• Federal Funding of Scientific Research
• S&T Role in National Security
• Biotechnology and Medical Research
• Environmental Issues
• Technological Advances
• Higher Education
• Confidence in Leadership of the Science Community
• Science Occupations

Conclusion
References

Chapter 8. State Indicators 

Chapter Overview
Types of Indicators
Data Sources and Considerations
Indicator Pages

Secondary Education
Higher Education
Workforce
Financial Research and Development Inputs
R&D Outputs
Science and Technology in the Economy

Index (available in PDF format 292K)