The ERC for Computer-Integrated Surgical Systems and Technology headquartered at Johns Hopkins University (EEC 9731748), has made major fundamental knowledge advances necessary for achieving their engineered systems goal of developing a family of systems that will combine innovative algorithms, robotic devises, imaging systems, sensors, and human-machine interfaces to work cooperatively with surgeons in the planning and execution of surgical procedures. Center researchers have developed novel methods for segmenting deformable (i.e., malleable) anatomical structures in 2D and 3D medical images; for segmenting vascular and similar structures in medical images; and for combining analytical/numerical models with statistical methods for rapid prediction of organ deformations. These advances are of immense importance in that they provide the essential building blocks for modeling the anatomy of a person to allow far more accurate planning of surgical or other invasive treatments and providing real-time imaging during computer-assisted procedures. These discoveries provide the necessary coupling between the “virtual reality” of computer models and surgical plans to the “actual reality” of the operating room, patients, and surgeons. The increased accuracy and precision that results will lead to significant improvement in the accuracy of therapy dose pattern delivery, and tissue manipulation during procedures. Over time, analysis of data obtained from imaging many patients prior to, during, and after surgical or other invasive treatments has the potential of significantly improving surgical practice and related therapeutic treatment and shortening research trials for new procedures.