This program includes much of the Agricultural Research Service's fundamental research that is necessary for practical advances, but is too far upstream to provide direct solutions for practical problems.  The research focuses on mechanistic understanding of specific plant processes and properties.  The knowledge and tools developed can be used to improve functions and properties of plants. This program is divided into three components: Analysis and Modification of Plant Genomes (functional genomics, focusing on the molecular end of the spectrum; technology for modifying plant genomes); Biological Processes that Determine Plant Productivity and Quality (mechanisms of plant growth and development, photosynthesis, productivity, and environmental responses that relate processes and attributes of the whole organism to their genetic and metabolic underpinnings and provide the context for molecular manipulations); and Mechanisms of Plant Interactions with Other Organisms (plant defensive reactions to pests and pathogens, emphasizing those that reduce the need for applied pesticides; interactions with beneficial organisms; secondary metabolism and products). Together, the results of the research approaches under this National Program provide a continuum of understanding of plant function from genes to phenotype (plant attributes and performance).

During 2002, there were many important discoveries and advances, some of which are described below.  By no means do these selected accomplishments capture the important achievements of the entire research program.  Instead, they highlight the type of activities carried out under this program and the type of benefits that result.  The advances are grouped by program components.