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| Current Bibliographies in Medicine | |
Current Bibliographies in Medicine 2000-1
Health Literacy
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Table of Contents Series Note PDF Version of This CBM Sample Citations Introduction Bibliography: II. Strategies in Health Literacy
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January 1990 through October 1999 479 Citations Prepared by 2000 February U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES National Library of Medicine Each bibliography in the Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) series covers a distinct subject area of biomedicine and is intended to fulfill a current awareness function. Citations are usually derived from searching a variety of online databases. NLM databases utilized include MEDLINE®, AVLINE®, BIOETHICSLINE®, CANCERLIT®, CATLINE®, HEALTHSTARtm, POPLINEtm, and TOXLINE®. The only criterion for the inclusion of a particular published work is its relevance to the topic being presented; the format, ownership, or location of the material is not considered. Other publications in the Current Bibliographies in Medicine series are available at no cost to anyone with Internet access through the Library's World Wide Web site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/resources.html. Comments and suggestions on this series may be addressed to: Karen Patrias, Editor PubMedTM and Internet Grateful Med® To make online searching easier and more efficient, the Library offers two user-friendly interfaces to its databases. Both PubMed and Internet Grateful Med are available from the World Wide Web. The user with Internet access need only point a compatible Web browser to the NLM Web site http://www.nlm.nih.gov. No other software at the user end is required. Searching through either PubMed or Internet Grateful Med is free-of-charge. Further information on both PubMed and Internet Grateful Med may be found at the NLM Web site given above. For those users without access to the World Wide Web, please contact the Library's Customer Service Desk at 1-888-FINDNLM (301-594-5983 international) or send e-mail for information on alternative ways to search. Beginning with the 2000 CBMs, two formats are offered: HyperText Markup Language (HTML) and Portable Document Format (PDF). PDF documents require the use of the Adobe® Acrobat® Reader, which can be downloaded from Adobe's Web site at no charge. The PDF version of this CBM can be downloaded directly from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/hliteracy.pdf. Citations are formatted according to the rules established for Index Medicus®*. Sample journal and monograph citations appear below. For journal articles written in a foreign language, the English translation of the title is placed in brackets; for monographs, the title is given in the original language. In both cases the language of publication is shown by a three letter abbreviation appearing at the end of the citation. Journal Article: Example: Order, with separating punctuation: Monograph: Example: Order, with separating punctuation: * For details of the formats used for references, see the following publication: |
Health Literacy
As we enter the twenty-first century, medical discovery is advancing at a rate unequaled in any previous time, yet Americans have not kept pace in adopting ideal health behaviors to live longer, better lives. It took over twenty-five years with a major long-term initiative by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute to get many individuals in this country to know their blood pressure level and seek appropriate treatment. Numerous efforts to eliminate smoking have achieved only moderate success, and many Americans avoid getting appropriate medical check-ups for breast, colorectal, and cervical cancer even though it might help them live longer. Is the problem that people do not know, do not want to know, or just do not care? Perhaps one answer is that they are unable to understand and process the health information available to them.
Americans are reportedly more educated today than at any time in our history. According to the 1993 National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS), the average educational attainment of US adults is above the twelfth grade level. 1 However, educational level does not necessarily translate into a corresponding level of reading or comprehension. Twenty-two percent of the 13,600 adults surveyed for the NALS struggle with such tasks as locating the expiration date on a driver's license or determining the location of a meeting on a form. Another fifty million Americans have only marginal literacy skills, as they have difficulty locating an intersection on a street map and identifying and entering background information on a social security application. Inadequate literacy is especially common among the elderly, with nearly half scoring in the lowest skill level. Unfortunately, despite our increasing education, average reading skills of adults in the United States are between the eighth and ninth grade levels. 2 Overall, among the 90 million Americans with limited literacy skills, only 15% were born outside the country and 5 % reported having a learning disability1. Literacy is also content and setting specific. An individual may have adequate understanding of material with familiar content, but struggle to comprehend information with unfamiliar vocabulary and concepts.
What is health literacy? The term was first used in a 1974 paper titled Health education as social policy. 3 In discussing health education as a policy issue affecting the health care system, the educational system, and mass communication, the author calls for minimum standards for "health literacy" for all school grade levels. This early use of the term shows there is a link between health literacy and health education. Failures in health education have certainly contributed to poor health literacy, but the roots of the health literacy problems in this country are not just in the history of our system of education. Health literacy problems have grown as patients are asked to assume more responsibility for self-care in a complex health care system. Patients' health literacy, then, can be thought of as the currency needed to negotiate this complex system.
Appropriate health literacy is also essential to health promotion, particularly as we address issues of primary prevention. A health literate individual is more apt to know how to answer the question "How do I keep myself well?" Adequate health literacy maybe of even greater importance in secondary prevention, as ineffective communication between health providers and patients can result in medical errors due to misinformation about medications and self-care instructions.
A 1999 report of the Council of Scientific Affairs of the American Medical Association 4 refers to functional health literacy as "the ability to read and comprehend prescription bottles, appointment slips, and the other essential health-related materials required to successfully function as a patient." In the largest study of health literacy to date,5 one third of English-speaking patients at two public hospitals were unable to read basic health materials. Forty-two percent of patients could not comprehend directions for taking medication on an empty stomach, 26% were unable to understand information on an appointment slip, 43% did not understand the rights and responsibilities section of a Medicaid application, and 60% did not understand a standard informed consent document. A recent study of community-dwelling Medicare managed care patients in four cities 6 found that 34% of the English speaking and 54% of the Spanish speaking patients had inadequate or marginal health literacy.
With the proliferation of new media, health information is becoming voluminous. Unfortunately health information is also more fragmented and confusing due to its many different formats and its duplication in multiple locations. Educational multimedia products, electronic communication, advanced networking technologies, and distance learning are expanding and hold out the promise for increasing health literacy. Some people can use multimedia to learn interactively what they might not have learned with traditional print or oral instruction alone.
This bibliography has been compiled to help define and describe the evidence base for advancing health literacy programs by examining theories, strategies, and tactics in the published literature. For purposes of the bibliography and to further the study of health literacy, we have defined health literacy as " the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions." In compiling this bibliography a variety of government-sponsored and commercially available databases as well as the Internet were searched for candidate material published within the past ten years. In addition, a number of health education and health communication journals were manually searched. Using these sources over 3500 citations were retrieved. Those references in which health literacy contributed to the definition stated above or evaluated tactics and/or strategies to further health literacy were selected. The references were then arranged into four broad subject categories: Background; Strategies in Health Literacy; Tactics; and Ideas. Following these categories, there is a section of Internet Resources. This list is not meant to be all inclusive, but rather is intended to provide representative government and private sites which will lead the user to additional information. Finally, we have added an Appendix of citations on Readability. Generally, items in foreign languages, letters to the editor, editorials, and book chapters were eliminated. In addition, references focused on communicating with special needs populations, e.g., visually/hearing impaired and psychiatric patients, were eliminated. Most references dealing with the physician-patient relationship and truth telling were eliminated also.
The attainment of health literacy for our nation's citizens is a task of great magnitude. At this point we have only limited knowledge about which learning strategies and tactics are the most viable. We hope that this bibliography will provide a foundation for future work in health literacy and challenge others to add their efforts to it.
Scott C. Ratzan, M.D., M.P.A., M.A.
Journal of Health Communication
Academy for Educational Development
Ruth M. Parker, M.D.
Emory University School of Medicine
The compilers wish to thank Mary Ryan, Dora Smith, and Karen Patrias of the National Library of Medicine for their editorial and production assistance.
Any reproductions of this bibliography, in whole or in part, must include all credits. If you wish to cite this bibliography, the correct format is:
Selden, Catherine; Zorn, Marcia; Ratzan, Scott C.; Parker, Ruth M., compilers. Health literacy [bibliography online]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine; 2000 Feb [insert cited year month day in brackets]. [insert no. of screens or lines in brackets]. (Current bibliographies in medicine; no. 2000-1). 479 citations from January 1990 through October 1999. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/resources.html
References:
1. Kirsch I, Jungeblut A, Jenkins L, Kolstad A. Adult literacy in America: a first look at the results of the National Adult Literacy Survey. Washington: Department of Education (US), National Center for Education Statistics; 1993.
2. Stedman L, Kaestle C. Literacy and reading performance in the United States from 1880 to present. In: Kaestle C, editor. Literacy in the United States: readers and readings since 1880. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press; 1991. p. 75-128.
3. Simonds SK. Health education as social policy. Health Educ Monogr 1974;2:1-25.
4. American Medical Association, Council on Scientific Affairs, Ad Hoc Committee on Health Literacy. Health literacy: report of the Council on Scientific Affairs. JAMA 1999 Feb 10;281(6):552-7.
5. Williams MV, Parker RM, Baker DW, Parikh NS, Pitkin K, Coates WC, Nurss JR. Inadequate functional health literacy among patients at two public hospitals. JAMA 1995 Dec 6; 274(21):1677-82.
6. Gazmararian JA, Baker DW, Williams MV, Parker RM, Scott TL, Green DC, Fehrenbach SN, Ren J, Koplan JP. Health literacy among Medicare enrollees in a managed care organization. JAMA 1999 Feb 10;281(6):545-51.
I. Background
AMC Cancer Research Center; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). Beyond the brochure: alternative approaches to effective health communication. Denver (CO): The Center; 1994. 74 p. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/publica.htm
American Medical Association, Ad Hoc Committee on Health Literacy for the Council on Scientific Affairs. Health literacy: report of the Council on Scientific Affairs. JAMA 1999 Feb 10;281(6):552-7.
Baker DW. Reading between the lines - Deciphering the connections between literacy and health. J Gen Intern Med 1999 May;14(5):315-7.
Baker DW, Parker RM, Williams MV, Clark WS. Health literacy and the risk of hospital admission. J Gen Intern Med 1998 Dec;13(12):791-8. Comment in: J Gen Intern Med 1998 Dec;13(12):850-1.
Baker DW, Parker RM, Williams MV, Clark WS, Nurss J. The relationship of patient reading ability to self-reported health and use of health services. Am J Public Health 1997 Jun;87(6):1027-30.
Beitz JM. Education for health promotion and disease prevention: convince them, don't confuse them. Ostomy Wound Manage 1998 Mar;44(3A Suppl):71S-76S; discussion 77S.
Breen M. Women, literacy and action: a handbook. Toronto: Ontario Literacy Coalition; 1991 Feb. 69 p.
Buck ML. Providing patients with written medication information. Ann Pharmacother 1998 Sep;32(9):962-9.
Cate FH, Blanck PD, Makoul G. Communications in medicine: the Annenberg Washington program and a decade of making a difference [monograph on the Internet]. Washington: Northwestern University, The Annenberg Washington Program in Communications Policy Studies; c1995 [revised 1996 Mar 6; cited 2000 Feb 4]. Available from: http://www.annenberg.nwu.edu/pubs/commed/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Literacy and health in the United States: selected annotations. Atlanta: CDC; 1991 Mar. 65 p.
Cresswell PA, Tait EJ, Donaldson LJ. Nomenclature of health care organisations: the extent of public understanding. J R Soc Health 1996 Jun;116(3):180-2.
Davis TC, Arnold C, Berkel HJ, Nandy I, Jackson RH, Glass J. Knowledge and attitude on screening mammography among low-literate, low-income women. Cancer 1996 Nov 1;78(9):1912-20.
Davis TC, Crouch MA, Wills G, Miller S, Abdehou DM. The gap between patient reading comprehension and the readability of patient education materials. J Fam Pract 1990 Nov;31(5):533-8.
Davis TC, Meldrum H, Tippy PKP, Weiss BD, Williams MV. How poor literacy leads to poor health care. Patient Care 1996 Oct 15;30(16):94-119.
Division of Adult Education and Literacy Clearinghouse bibliography of resource materials 1998 [monograph on the Internet]. Washington: Dept. of Education (US); [modified 1999 Nov 11; cited 2000 Jan 19]. Available from: http://www.ed.gov/offices/OVAE/bib98.html
Eng TR, Maxfield A, Patrick K, Deering MJ, Ratzan SC, Gustafson DH. Access to health information and support: a public highway or a private road? JAMA 1998 Oct 21;280(15):1371-5.
Farrow SC, Charny MC, Lewis PA. People's knowledge of health and disease. J Public Health Med 1990 Feb;12(1):2-8. Comment in: J Public Health Med 1991 Feb;13(1):54.
Fredrickson DD, Washington RL, Pham N, Jackson T, Wiltshire J, Jecha LD. Reading grade levels and health behaviors of parents at child clinics. Kans Med 1995 Fall;96(3):127-9.
Gazmararian JA, Baker DW, Williams MV, Parker RM, Scott TL, Green DC, Fehrenbach SN, Ren J, Koplan JP. Health literacy among Medicare enrollees in a managed care organization. JAMA 1999 Feb 10;281(6):545-51.
Giorgianni ST. Responding to the challenge of health literacy. Pfizer J [journal on the Internet]. c 1998,1999 [modified 1999 Dec 13; cited 2000 Feb 4]; document 5. Available from: http://www.pfizer.com/pfizerinc/about/pubs/journal/journal5/coverpage.html
Hanson C. Computer applications in health enhancement [monograph on the Internet]. Billings (MT): Montana State University; 1998 Oct 15 [cited 2000 Jan 19]. 16 slides. Available from: http://www.msubillings.edu/fac/hanson/mahperd/sld001.htm PowerPoint Presentation.
Health communication and literacy: an annotated bibliography [monograph on the Internet]. Montreal: Center for Literacy; [modified 1999 Jun 25; cited 2000 Jan 19]. Available from: http://www.nald.ca/province/que/litcent/Publication_Products/Hclbibli/cover.htm
Irvine C. Health and literacy compendium: an annotated bibliography of print and Web-based health materials for use with limited-literacy adults [monograph on the Internet]. Boston: World Education, Health and Literacy Initiative; 1999 [modified 1999 Jun 11; cited 2000 Jan 19]. Available from: http://easternlincs.worlded.org/health/comp/index.html
Jackson RH, Davis TC, Bairnsfather LE, George RB, Crouch MA, Gault H. Patient reading ability: an overlooked problem in health care. South Med J 1991 Oct;84(10):1172-5.
Jolly BT, Scott JL, Feied CF, Sanford SM. Functional illiteracy among emergency department patients: a preliminary study. Ann Emerg Med 1993 Mar;22(3):573-8.
Kalichman SC, Ramachandran B, Catz S. Adherence to combination antiretroviral therapies in HIV patients of low health literacy. J Gen Intern Med 1999 May;14(5):267-73. Comment in: J Gen Intern Med 1999 May;14(5):315-7.
Kanonowicz L. National project to publicize link between literacy, health. CMAJ 1993 Apr 1;148(7):1201-2. Comment in: CMAJ 1993 Nov 15;149(10):1379, 1382.
Kirsch IS, Jungeblut A, Jenkins L, Kolstad A. Adult literacy in America: a first look at the results of the National Adult Literacy Survey. Washington: Dept. of Education (US); 1993. Available from: ERIC Document Reproduction Service, Springfield, VA; No. ED358375.
Lasater L, Mehler PS. The illiterate patient: screening and management. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1998 Apr 15;33(4):163-5, 169-70.
Lee PP. Why literacy matters. Links between reading ability and health. Arch Ophthalmol 1999 Jan;117(1):100-3.
Ley P. The use and improvement of written communication in mental health care and promotion. Psychol Health Med 1998 Feb;3(1):19-53.
Logan PD, Schwab RA, Salomone JA 3rd, Watson WA. Patient understanding of emergency department discharge instructions. South Med J 1996 Aug;89(8):770-4.
Marwick C. Patients' lack of literacy may contribute to billions of dollars in higher hospital costs [news]. JAMA 1997 Sep 24;278(12):971-2.
Mayberry JF, Mayberry MK. Effective instructions for patients. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1996 May-Jun;30(3):205-8.
Mayeaux EJ Jr, Murphy PW, Arnold C, Davis TC, Jackson RH, Sentell T. Improving patient education for patients with low literacy skills. Am Fam Physician 1996 Jan;53(1):205-11.
Mazta SR, Ahelluwalia SK. Literacy campaign and health education go hand in hand [letter]. World Health Forum 1995;16(2):184-5.
Miles S, Davis T. Patients who can't read. Implications for the health care system [editorial]. JAMA 1995 Dec 6;274(21):1719-20. Comment on: JAMA 1995 Dec 6;274(21):1677-82.
Morley G. Functional health literacy: a primer. Princeton (NJ): Center for Health Care Strategies; 1997 Dec. 9 p.
Murphy PW, Davis TC, Mayeaux EJ, Sentell T, Arnold C, Rebouche C. Teaching nutrition education in adult learning centers: linking literacy, health care, and the community. J Community Health Nurs 1996;13(3):149-58.
National Work Group on Cancer and Literacy. Interview report. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute; 1993 Nov. 32 p.
National Work Group on Literacy and Health. Communicating with patients who have limited literacy skills. J Fam Pract 1998 Feb;46(2):168-76.
Perrin B. How does literacy affect the health of Canadians? A profile paper [monograph on the Internet]. Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Serivces Canada; 1998 [modified 1999 Oct 20; cited 2000 Jan 19]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hppb/healthpromotiondevelopment/pube/literacy-health/literacy.htm
Root J, Stableford S. Easy-to-read consumer communications: a missing link in Medicaid managed care. J Health Polit Policy Law 1999 Feb;24(1):1-26.
Roter DL, Rudd RE, Comings J. Patient literacy. A barrier to quality of care [editorial]. J Gen Intern Med 1998 Dec;13(12):850-1. Comment on: J Gen Intern Med 1998 Dec;13(12):791-8.
Sharf BF. Reading the vital signs: research in health care communication. Commun Monogr 1993 Mar;60(1):35-41.
Sissel PA, Hohn MD. Literacy and health communities: potential partners in practice. New Dir Adult Contin Educ 1996;70:59-71.
Spandorfer JM, Karras DJ, Hughes LA, Caputo C. Comprehension of discharge instructions by patients in an urban emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 1995 Jan;25(1):71-4.
Wallerstein N. Health and safety education for workers with low-literacy or limited-English skills. Am J Ind Med 1992;22(5):751-65.
Weiss BD. Identifying and communicating with patients who have poor literacy skills [editorial]. Fam Med 1993 Jun;25(6):369-70.
Weiss BD, Hart G, Pust RE. The relationship between literacy and health. J Health Care Poor Underserved 1991 Spring;1(4):351-63.
Williams MV, Parker RM, Baker DW, Parikh NS, Pitkin K, Coates WC, Nurss JR. Inadequate functional health literacy among patients at two public hospitals. JAMA 1995 Dec 6;274(21):1677-82. Comment in: JAMA 1995 Dec 6;274(21):1719-20; JAMA 1996 Mar 20;275(11):840.
II. Strategies in Health Literacy
II. A. Theoretical Constructs
Clear & simple: developing effective print materials for low-literate readers. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute; 1994 Dec. 65 p. Available from: http://rex.nci.nih.gov/NCI_Pub_Interface/Clear_and_Simple/HOME.HTM
Doak CC, Doak LG, Friedell GH, Meade CD. Improving comprehension for cancer patients with low literacy skills: strategies for clinicians. CA Cancer J Clin 1998 May-Jun;48(3):151-62.
Doak CC, Doak LG, Root JH. Teaching patients with low literacy skills. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Co.; 1996.
Freimuth VS, Edgar T, Fitzpatrick MA. The role of communication in health promotion. Commun Res 1993;20:509-16.
Freimuth VS, Mettger W. Is there a hard-to-reach audience? Public Health Rep 1990 May-Jun;105(3):232-8.
Gollop CJ. Health information-seeking behavior and older African American women. Bull Med Libr Assoc 1997 Apr;85(2):141-6.
Hawe P, McKenzie N, Scurry R. Randomised controlled trial of the use of a modified postal reminder card on the uptake of measles vaccination. Arch Dis Child 1998 Aug;79(2):136-40.
Hohn MD. Empowerment health education in adult literacy: a guide for public health and adult literacy practitioners, policy makers and funders [monograph on the Internet]. Washington: National Institute for Literacy; 1998 [cited 2000 Jan 19]. Available from: http://www.nifl.gov/hohn/HOHN.HTM
National health education standards [monograph on the Internet]. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; [modified 1999 Jun 24; cited 2000 Jan 19]. Available from: http://www.cancer.org/cshe/cshe.html
Rogers EM. The field of health communication today: an up-to-date report. J Health Commun 1996;1:15-23.
Rudd RE, Comings JP. Learner developed materials: an empowering product. Health Educ Q 1994 Fall;21(3):313-27.
Theory at a glance: a guide for health promotion practice [monograph on the Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute; [modified 1997 Oct 16; cited 2000 Jan 19]. Available from: http://rex.nci.nih.gov/NCI_Pub_Interface/Theory_at_glance/HOME.html
II B. Applied Communication Strategies
II. B. 1. Media
Agre P, McKee K, Gargon N, Kurtz RC. Patient satisfaction with an informed consent process. Cancer Pract 1997 May-Jun;5(3):162-7.
Anderson C, Todd J. Use of leaflets and posters. Pharm J 1994 Aug 20;253:254-6.
Davis TC, Berkel HJ, Arnold CL, Nandy I, Jackson RH, Murphy PW. Intervention to increase mammography utilization in a public hospital. J Gen Intern Med 1998 Apr;13(4):230-3. Comment in: J Gen Intern Med 1998 Nov;13(11):786.
Davis TC, Bocchini JA Jr, Fredrickson D, Arnold C, Mayeaux EJ, Murphy PW, Jackson RH, Hanna N, Paterson M. Parent comprehension of polio vaccine information pamphlets. Pediatrics 1996 Jun;97(6 Pt 1):804-10.
Davis TC, Fredrickson DD, Arnold C, Murphy PW, Herbst M, Bocchini JA. A polio immunization pamphlet with increased appeal and simplified language does not improve comprehension to an acceptable level. Patient Educ Counsel 1998;33:25-37.
el-Shazly MK, Farghaly NF, Abou Khatwa SA, Ibrahim AG. Comparative study of mothers' knowledge of children immunization before and after mass media. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 1991;66(5-6):609-24.
Lerman C, Hanjani P, Caputo C, Miller S, Delmoor E, Nolte S, Engstrom P. Telephone counseling improves adherence to colposcopy among lower-income minority women. J Clin Oncol 1992 Feb;10(2):330-3.
Maynard AM. Preparing readable patient education handouts. J Nurses Staff Dev 1999 Jan-Feb;15(1):11-8.
Plimpton S, Root J. Materials and strategies that work in low literacy health communication. Public Health Rep 1994 Jan-Feb;109(1):86-92.
Ratzan SC, Payne JG, Massett HA. Effective health message design. Am Behav Sci 1994 Nov;38(2):294-309.
Sitthi-amorn C, Ngamvithayapongse J. The role of media and communication in improving the use of drugs and other technologies. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 1998 Winter;14(1):71-80.
Struempler BJ, Marshall AC. Gem no. 293. Using low-literacy newsletters to provide nutrition education for limited-resource individuals. J Nutr Educ 1999 Jan-Feb;31(1):60C-61C .
Tracey P. Limited literacy: challenge to patient education. Pharm Exec 1998 Mar;18:88-90, 92.
Wallack L. Media advocacy: a strategy for empowering people and communities. J Public Health Policy 1994 Winter;15(4):420-36.
Wingand RT. Health information dissemination in the information age: Media, messages and roles. Communications 1994;19(2-3):209-22.
II. B. 2. Negotiation/Policy
Batalden PB, Cronenwett LR, Brown LL, Moffatt C, Serrell NP. Collaboration in improving care for patients: how can we find out what we haven't been able to figure out yet? Jt Comm J Qual Improv 1998 Oct;24(10):609-18.
Blenkinsopp A, Bashford J, Dickinson D. Partnership with patients: health professionals need to identify how much information patients want. BMJ 1998 Aug 8;317:413-4.
Braddock CH 3rd, Fihn SD, Levinson W, Jonsen AR, Pearlman RA. How doctors and patients discuss routine clinical decisions. Informed decision making in the outpatient setting. J Gen Intern Med 1997 Jun;12(6):339-45. Comment in: J Gen Intern Med 1997 Jun;12(6):397-8.
Bradley EH, Rizzo JA. Public information and private search: evaluating the Patient Self-Determination Act. J Health Polit Policy Law 1999 Apr;24(2):239-73.
Brownson K. Literacy: a problem that managers must handle. Hosp Mater Manage Q 1998 Aug;20(1):37-47.
Buetow S. Four strategies for negotiated care. J R Soc Med 1998 Apr;91(4):199-201. Comment in: J R Soc Med 1998 Aug;91(8):454.
Degner LF, Sloan JA. Decision making during serious illness: what role do patients really want to play? J Clin Epidemiol 1992 Sep;45(9):941-50.
Fisch M, Unverzagt F, Hanna M, Bledsoe P, Menke C, Cornetta K. Information preferences, reading ability, and emotional changes in outpatients during the process of obtaining informed consent for autologous bone-marrow transplantation. J Cancer Educ 1998 Summer;13(2):71-5.
Geissler B. Literacy-health partnerships that work. Adult Learn 1994 Jul-Aug;5(6):21-2, 26.
Needlman R, Fried LE, Morley DS, Taylor S, Zuckerman B. Clinic-based intervention to promote literacy. A pilot study. Am J Dis Child 1991 Aug;145(8):881-4.
Smith-Nonini S. "Popular" health and the state: dialectics of the peace process in El Salvador. Soc Sci Med 1997 Mar;44(5):635-45.
III. Tactics
III. A. New Technologic Interventions
Ah-Fat FG, Sharma MC, Damato BE. Taping outpatient consultations: a survey of attitudes and responses of adult patients with ocular malignancy. Eye 1998;12(Pt 5):789-91.
Bader SA, Braude RM. "Patient informatics": creating new partnerships in medical decision making. Acad Med 1998 Apr;73(4):408-11.
Brown SJ, Lieberman DA, Germeny BA, Fan YC, Wilson DM, Pasta DJ. Educational video game for juvenile diabetes: results of a controlled trial. Med Inform (Lond) 1997 Jan-Mar;22(1):77-89.
Eng TR, Gustafson DH, editors. Wired for health and well-being: the emergence of interactive health communication [monograph on the Internet]. Washington: Dept. of Health and Human Services (US), Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Science Panel on Interactive Health Communication; 1999 Apr [modified 1999 Dec 13; cited 2000 Jan]. Available from: http://www.scipich.org/pubs/finalreport.htm
Evans JH, Collier J, Crook I, Garrud P, Harris P, MacKinlay DR, Redsell SA. Using multimedia for patient information--a program about nocturnal enuresis. Br J Urol 1998 May;81 Suppl 3:120-2.
Ferguson T. Health online and the empowered medical consumer. Jt Comm J Qual Improv 1997 May;23(5):251-7.
Green MJ, Fost N. An interactive computer program for educating and counseling patients about genetic susceptibility to breast cancer. J Cancer Educ 1997 Winter;12(4):204-8.
Houts PS, Bachrach R, Witmer JT, Tringali CA, Bucher JA, Localio RA. Using pictographs to enhance recall of spoken medical instructions. Patient Educ Couns 1998 Oct;35(2):83-8.
Kenny T, Wilson RG, Purves IN, Clark J Sr, Newton LD, Newton DP, Moseley DV. A PIL for every ill? Patient information leaflets (PILs): a review of past, present and future use. Fam Pract 1998 Oct;15(5):471-9.
Krishna S, Balas EA, Spencer DC, Griffin JZ, Boren SA. Clinical trials of interactive computerized patient education: implications for family practice. J Fam Pract 1997 Jul;45(1):25-33.
Mandl KD, Katz SB, Kohane IS. Social equity and access to the World Wide Web and E-mail: implications for design and implementation of medical applications. Proc AMIA Symp 1998:215-9.
McLean DD. Use of computer-based technology in health physical education, recreation, and dance. In: ERIC digests [database on the Internet]. Washington: Dept. of Education (US), ERIC Clearinghouse on Teaching and Teacher Education; 1996 Feb [cited 2000 Jan 15]. [3.5 p.]. Available from: http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed390874.html Also available from ERIC, Washington, DC; ED390874.
Morowitz HJ. Scientific literacy. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1995 Nov 15;30(11):17-8.
Murphy KR. Computer-based patient education. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1998 Apr;31(2):309-17.
Patyk M, Gaynor S, Kelly J, Ott V. Touch-screen computerized education for patients with brain injuries. Rehabil Nurs 1998 Mar-Apr;23(2):84-7.
Sechrest RC, Henry DJ. Computer-based patient education: observations on effective communication in the clinical setting. J Biocommun 1996;23(1):8-12.
Skinner H, Morrison M, Bercovitz K, Haans D, Jennings MJ, Magdenko L, Polzer J, Smith L, Weir N. Using the Internet to engage youth in health promotion. Promot Educ 1997 Dec;4(4):23-5.
III. B. Educational Programs
Adult Literacy and Basic Skills Unit. Making it happen: improving basic skills within the Health Service. London: The Unit; 1994 Mar.
Almquist NL, Bisson S, Wynia A. Bringing an early pediatric literacy program to the clinic setting. J Pediatr Health Care 1998 Sep-Oct;12(5):276-9.
Association for the Advancement of Health Education. National Health Education Standards: achieving health literacy. Washington: The Association; 1995. 90 p. Available from: ERIC Document Reproduction Service, Springfield, VA; No. ED386418.
Austin PE, Matlack R 2nd, Dunn KA, Kesler C, Brown CK. Discharge instructions: do illustrations help our patients understand them? Ann Emerg Med 1995 Mar;25(3):317-20.
Berger D, Inkelas M, Myhre S, Mishler A. Developing health education materials for inner-city low literacy parents. Public Health Rep 1994 Mar-Apr;109(2):168-72.
Business Council for Effective Literacy. Basic skills and the health care industry. New York: The Council; 1993 May. 13 p. (BCEL brief).
California Healthy Kids Resource Center [homepage on the Internet]. Hayward (CA): The Center; c1998-2000 [cited 2000 Jan 20]. Available from: http://www.hkresources.org/ Funded by the California State Department of Education.
California State Dept. of Education. Health framework for California public schools kindergarten through grade twelve. Sacramento (CA): California Dept. of Education, Bureau of Publications; 1994. 245 p.
Carman PS, Van Horn B, Grumm M. Rosalie's neighborhood. A health literacy series for parents with young children. Washington: National Institute for Literacy Clearinghouse; 1997. 230 p.
Cedraschi C, Reust P, Lorenzi-Cioldi F, Vischer TL. The gap between back pain patients' prior knowledge and scientific knowledge and its evolution after a back school teaching programme: a quantitative evaluation. Patient Educ Couns 1996 Apr;27(3):235-46.
Child safety: a healthy start. Teacher's guide. Albany (NY): New York State Education Dept.; 1996. 87 p.
Community Outreach Education Program [homepage on the Internet]. Research Triangle Park (NC): National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; [updated 1999 Jun 25; cited 2000 Jan 19]. Available from: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/centers/coep/coepcver.htm
Corrarino JE, Walsh PJ, Anselmo D. A program to educate woman who test positive for the hepatitis B virus during the perinatal period. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 1999 May-Jun;24(3):151-5.
Curran-Everett D. Hearts, lungs, and children: a physiologist returns to kindergarten. Am J Physiol 1995 Dec;269(6 Pt 3):S32-6.
Davidhizar R, Bechtel G, Dowd SB. Patient education: a mandate for health care in the 21st century... part 1. J Nucl Med Technol 1998 Dec;26(4):235-41, 243-4.
de Oliveira MA, Bruno VF, Ballini LS, BritoJardim JR, Fernandes AL. Evaluation of an educational program for asthma control in adults. J Asthma 1997;34(5):395-403.
Delp C, Jones J. Communicating information to patients: the use of cartoon illustrations to improve comprehension of instructions. Acad Emerg Med 1996 Mar;3(3):264-70. Comment in: Acad Emerg Med 1996 Mar;3(3):200-1.
Educational programs that work: the catalog of the National Diffusion Network [monograph on the Internet]. Washington: Dept. of Education (US); 1995 [cited 2000 Jan 19]. Available from: http://www.ed.gov/pubs/EPTW/eptw9/ Section 9, Health/Physical Education.
Exercise: benefits for body and mind. Teacher's guide. Albany (NY): New York State Education Dept.; 1993. 36 p. Available from: ERIC Document Reproduction Service, Springfield, VA; No. ED362758.
Fain JA. Assessing nutrition education in clients with weak literacy skills. Nurse Pract Forum 1994 Mar;5(1):52-5.
Fallowfield L, Lipkin M, Hall A. Teaching senior oncologists communication skills: results from phase I of a comprehensive longitudinal program in the United Kingdom. J Clin Oncol 1998 May;16(5):1961-8.
Fouad MN, Kiefe CI, Bartolucci AA, Burst NM, Ulene V, Harvey MR. A hypertension control program tailored to unskilled and minority workers. Ethn Dis 1997 Autumn;7(3):191-9.
Garden AL, Merry AF, Holland RL, Petrie KJ. Anaesthesia information--what patients want to know. Anaesth Intensive Care 1996 Oct;24(5):594-8.
Harlander C, Ruccione K. Fotoplatica: an innovative teaching method for families with low literacy and high stress. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 1993 Jul;10(3):112-4.
Harper P, Van Riper S. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator: a patient education model for the illiterate patient. Crit Care Nurse 1993 Apr;13(2):55-9.
Hartman TJ, McCarthy PR, Park RJ, Schuster E, Kushi LH. Focus group responses of potential participants in a nutrition education program for individuals with limited literacy skills. J Am Diet Assoc 1994 Jul;94(7):744-8.
Hartman TJ, McCarthy PR, Park RJ, Schuster E, Kushi LH. Results of a community-based low-literacy nutrition education program. J Community Health 1997 Oct;22(5):325-41.
Health education and adult literacy [homepage on the Internet]. Boston: World Education, Inc.; [modified 2000 Jan 5; cited 2000 Jan 19]. Available from: http://www.worlded.org/us/health/heal/
Health literacy for all students: the Rhode Island health education framework [monograph on the Internet]. Narragansett (RI): Rhode Island Dept. of Elementary and Secondary Education; [modified 1998 Jun 24; cited 2000 Jan 20]. Available from: http://www.ri.net/RIDE/health/Framework.html
HealthLinks [homepage on the Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Massachusetts Corporation for Educational Telecommunications; c1996 [modified 1999 Apr 27; cited 2000 Jan 20]. Available from: http://www.mcet.edu/healthlinks/ Funded by the U.S. Dept. of Education.
Hollis NE, Canterbury MA. Health care consumer education: alternative teaching methods. Home Care Provid 1996 May-Jun;1(3):143-5.
Howard-Pitney B, Winkleby MA, Albright CL, Bruce B, Fortmann SP. The Stanford Nutrition Action Program: a dietary fat intervention for low-literacy adults. Am J Public Health 1997 Dec;87(12):1971-6.
Macario E, Emmons KM, Sorensen G, Hunt MK, Rudd RE. Factors influencing nutrition education for patients with low literacy skills. J Am Diet Assoc 1998 May;98(5):559-64.
Massachusetts comprehensive health curriculum framework [monograph on the Internet]. Boston: Massachusetts Dept. of Education; 1999 Oct [cited 2000 Jan 20]. Available from: http://www.doe.mass.edu/frameworks/health99/toc.html
National Institute for Literacy. Literacy for health: improving health in the inner city: final report and curriculum modules. Chicago: University of Illinois; 1994 Feb 7. 203 p. Available from: ERIC Document Reproduction Service, Springfield, VA; No. ED404436.
NIEHS Center of Excellence [homepage on the Internet]. Piscataway (NJ): Rutgers, The State University; [modified 1999 Dec 6; cited 2000 Feb 11]. Available from: http://www.eohsi.rutgers.edu/niehs/niehs.html
Norton M, Horne T. The wholeness of the individual: linking literacy and health through participatory education. Alberta J Educ Res 1998 Summer;44(2):245-47.
OCPS core curriculum: HEALTH [monograph on the Internet]. Orlando (FL): Orange County Public Schools; 1999 [modified 1999 Dec 19; cited 2000 Jan 19]. Available from: http://www.ocps.k12.fl.us/framework/hl/index.htm
Revell L. Understanding, identifying, and teaching the low-literacy patient. Semin Perioper Nurs 1994 Jul;3(3):168-71.
Roberts-Gray C, Solomon T, Gottlieb N, Kelsey E. Heart Partners: a strategy for promoting effective diffusion of school health promotion programs. J Sch Health 1998 Mar;68(3):106-10.
Rudd RE, Zacharia C, Daube K. Integrating health and literacy: adult educators' experiences. Boston (MA): NCSALL/World Education; 1998. 20 p. (NCSALL Reports; no.5).
Schinnow L. Literacy and health education. Final Report. Marshalltown (IA): Iowa Valley Community Coll. District; 1990 Nov. 110 p. Available from: ERIC Document Reproduction Service, Springfield, VA; No. ED345042.
Science + literacy: drug education partnership. Project & materials [monograph on the Internet]. Washington: American Association for the Advancement of Science; [modified 1998 Oct 15; cited 2000 Feb 10]. Available from: http://ehrweb.aaas.org/ehr/scilit/500.htm
Smith NL, Croft JB, Heath GW, Cokkinides V. Changes in cardiovascular disease knowledge and behavior in a low-education population of African-American and white adults. Ethn Dis 1996 Autumn;6(3-4):244-54.
Summerfield LM. National standards for school health education. In: ERIC digests [database on the Internet]. Washington: Dept. of Education (US), ERIC Clearinghouse on Teaching and Teacher Education; 1995 Oct [revised 1996 Jul 11; cited 2000 Jan 31]. [10 screens]. Available from: http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digests/ed387483.html
Weiss BD, Reed RL, Kligman EW. Literacy skills and communication methods of low-income older persons. Patient Educ Couns 1995 May;25(2):109-19.
Winkleby MA, Howard-Pitney B, Albright CA, Bruce B, Kraemer HC, Fortmann SP. Predicting achievement of a low-fat diet: a nutrition intervention for adults with low literacy skills. Prev Med 1997 Nov-Dec;26(6):874-82.
Zweifler J, Gonzalez AM. Teaching residents to care for culturally diverse populations. Acad Med 1998 Oct;73(10):1056-61.
III. C. Readability Indices (Applied)
Bartek PA . Increasing subject comprehension of the informed consent form. Drug Inf J 1995;29(1):91-8.
Bjorn E, Rossel P, Holm S. Can the written information to research subjects be improved?--an empirical study. J Med Ethics 1999 Jun;25(3):263-7.
Busselman KM, Holcomb CA. Reading skill and comprehension of the dietary guidelines by WIC participants. J Am Diet Assoc 1994 Jun;94(6):622-5.
Butow P, Brindle E, McConnell D, Boakes R, Tattersall M. Information booklets about cancer: factors influencing patient satisfaction and utilization. Patient Educ Couns 1998 Feb;33(2):129-41.
Cardinal BJ, Seidler TL. Readability and comprehensibility of the "exercise lite" brochure. Percept Mot Skills 1995 Apr;80(2):399-402.
Cooley ME, Moriarty H, Berger MS, Selm-Orr D, Coyle B, Short T. Patient literacy and the readability of written cancer educational materials. Oncol Nurs Forum 1995 Oct;22(9):1345-51. Comment in: Oncol Nurs Forum 1996 Apr;23(3):421.
Davis TC, Holcombe RF, Berkel HJ, Pramanik S, Divers SG. Informed consent for clinical trials: a comparative study of standard versus simplified forms. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998 May 6;90(9):668-74. Comment in: J Natl Cancer Inst 1998 May 6;90(9):644-5.
Davis TC, Mayeaux EJ, Fredrickson D, Bocchini JA Jr, Jackson RH, Murphy PW. Reading ability of parents compared with reading level of pediatric patient education materials. Pediatrics 1994 Mar;93(3):460-8.
Directory of plain language health information [monograph on the Internet]. Ottawa: Canadian Public Health Association, National Literacy and Health Program; 1999 [modified 2000 Jan 13; cited 2000 Jan 20]. Available from: http://www.pls.cpha.ca/
Dixon E, Park R. Do patients understand written health information? Nurs Outlook 1990 Nov-Dec;38(6):278-81.
Dowe MC, Lawrence PA, Carlson J, Keyserling TC. Patients' use of health-teaching materials at three readability levels. Appl Nurs Res 1997 May;10(2):86-93.
Ebrahimzadeh H, Davalos R, Lee PP. Literacy levels of ophthalmic patient education materials. Surv Ophthalmol 1997 Sep-Oct;42(2):152-6.
Estey A, Musseau A, Keehn L. Comprehension levels of patients reading health information. Patient Educ Couns 1991;18(2):165-9.
Estey A, Musseau A, Keehn L. Patient's understanding of health information: a multihospital comparison. Patient Educ Couns 1994 Aug;24(1):73-8.
Farley D . Making it easier to read prescriptions. FDA Consum 1995 Jul-Aug;29:25-7.
Fisher E. Low literacy levels in adults: implications for patient education. J Contin Educ Nurs 1999 Mar-Apr;30(2):56-61.
French KS, Larrabee JH. Relationships among educational material readability, client literacy, perceived beneficence, and perceived quality. J Nurs Care Qual 1999 Aug;13(6):68-82.
Graber MA, Roller CM, Kaeble B. Readability levels of patient education material on the World Wide Web. J Fam Pract 1999 Jan;48(1):58-61.
Hochhauser M. Informed consent and patient's rights documents: A right, a rite, or a rewrite? Ethics Behav 1999;9(1):1-20.
Jolly BT, Scott JL, Sanford SM. Simplification of emergency department discharge instructions improves patient comprehension. Ann Emerg Med 1995 Oct;26(4):443-6.
Jubelirer SJ, Linton JC, Magnetti SM. Reading versus comprehension: implications for patient education and consent in an outpatient oncology clinic. J Cancer Educ 1994;9(1):26-9.
Meade CD, Howser DM. Consent forms: how to determine and improve their readability. Oncol Nurs Forum 1992 Nov-Dec;19(10):1523-8.
Michielutte R, Bahnson J, Dignan MB, Schroeder EM. The use of illustrations and narrative text style to improve readability of a health education brochure. J Cancer Educ 1992;7(3):251-60.
Overland JE, Hoskins PL, McGill MJ, Yue DK. Low literacy: a problem in diabetes education. Diabet Med 1993 Nov;10(9):847-50.
Philipson SJ, Doyle MA, Gabram SG, Nightingale C, Philipson EH. Informed consent for research: a study to evaluate readability and processability to effect change. J Investig Med 1995 Oct;43(5):459-67.
Reid JC, Ringenberg QS, Kardash CM, Robinson RD, Scholes R, Kunz C. Why are some pamphlets hard for patients to read? Mo Med 1994 Sep;91(9):589-92.
TenHave TR, Van Horn B, Kumanyika S, Askov E, Matthews Y, Adams-Campbell LL. Literacy assessment in a cardiovascular nutrition education setting. Patient Educ Couns 1997 Jun;31(2):139-50.
III. D. Special Populations
Baker FM, Johnson JT, Velli SA, Wiley C. Congruence between education and reading levels of older persons. Psychiatr Serv 1996 Feb;47(2):194-6.
Bushnell FK. Self-care teaching for congestive heart failure patients. J Gerontol Nurs 1992 Oct;18(10):27-32.
Calabro K, Taylor WC, Kapadia A. Pregnancy, alcohol use and the effectiveness of written health education materials. Patient Educ Couns 1996 Dec;29(3):301-9.
Carlsson ME, Strang PM. How patients with gynecological cancer experience the information process. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 1998 Dec;19(4):192-201.
Christensen RC, Grace GD. The prevalence of low literacy in an indigent psychiatric population. Psychiatr Serv 1999 Feb;50(2):262-3.
Christensen TP, Ascione FJ, Bagozzi RP. Understanding how elderly patients process drug information: a test of a theory of information processing. Pharm Res 1997 Nov;14(11):1589-96.
Communicating with older people. Nurs Stand 1997 Jan 8;11(16):48-54; quiz 55-6.
Davis TC, Jackson RH, George RB, Long SW, Talley D, Murphy PW, Mayeaux EJ, Truong T. Reading ability in patients in substance misuse treatment centers. Int J Addict 1993 May;28(6):571-82.
DiFlorio I. Mothers' comprehension of terminology associated with the care of a newborn baby. Pediatr Nurs 1991 Mar-Apr;17(2):193-6.
Forcinio H . Packaging solutions that help patient compliance. Pharm Technol 1993 Mar;17:44, 46, 48, 50.
Gazmararian JA, Parker RM, Baker DW. Reading skills and family planning knowledge and practices in a low-income managed-care population. Obstet Gynecol 1999 Feb;93(2):239-44.
Guidry JJ, Fagan P, Walker V. Cultural sensitivity and readability of breast and prostate printed cancer education materials targeting African Americans. J Natl Med Assoc 1998 Mar;90(3):165-9.
Hayes KS. Randomized trial of geragogy-based medication instruction in the emergency department. Nurs Res 1998 Jul-Aug;47(4):211-8.
Hosey GM, Freeman WL, Stracqualursi F, Gohdes D. Designing and evaluating diabetes education material for American Indians. Diabetes Educ 1990 Sep-Oct;16(5):407-14.
Hussey LC. Overcoming the clinical barriers of low literacy and medication noncompliance among the elderly. J Gerontol Nurs 1991 Mar;17(3):27-9.
Jackson RH, Davis TC, Murphy P, Bairnsfather LE, George RB. Reading deficiencies in older patients. Am J Med Sci 1994 Aug;308(2):79-82.
Johnson ME, Fisher DG, Davis DC, Cagle HH. Reading abilities of drug users in Anchorage, Alaska. J Drug Educ 1995;25(1):73-80.
Kistin N, Benton D, Rao S, Sullivan M. Breast-feeding rates among black urban low-income women: effect of prenatal education. Pediatrics 1990 Nov;86(5):741-6.
Low-literacy patient education handouts [monograph on the Internet]. San Francisco: University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Homeless Clinic; 1995 [modified 1998 Nov 11; cited 2000 Jan 20]. Available from: http://itsa.ucsf.edu/~hclinic/handouts.dir/lowlit.dir/lowlit.html
Magyari T. Designing public education brochures to reach low literate and minority persons. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 1990;26(2):217-21.
Magyari T. The role of the genetic counselor in a unique preconception substance-use education program for low-literate minority women. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 1990;26(3):179-84.
McElveen KA. Communicating with children: could you use some help? MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 1997 Mar-Apr;22(2):108-11.
McGuire LC. Remembering what the doctor said: organization and adults' memory for medical information. Exp Aging Res 1996 Oct-Dec;22(4):403-28.
Moon RY, Cheng TL, Patel KM, Baumhaft K, Scheidt PC. Parental literacy level and understanding of medical information. Pediatrics 1998 Aug;102(2):e25. Available from: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/102/2/e25
Morra ME. Future trends in patient education. Semin Oncol Nurs 1991 May;7(2):143-5.
Morrow DG, Hier CM, Menard WE, Leirer VO. Icons improve older and younger adults' comprehension of medication information. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 1998 Jul;53(4):P240-54.
Morrow DG, Leirer VO, Andrassy JM, Hier CM, Menard WE. The influence of list format and category headers on age differences in understanding medication instructions. Exp Aging Res 1998 Jul-Sep;24(3):231-56.
Mrvos R, Dean BS, Krenzelok EP. Illiteracy: a contributing factor to poisoning. Vet Hum Toxicol 1993 Oct;35(5):466-8.
Murphy PW, Davis TC. When low literacy blocks compliance. RN 1997 Oct;60(10):58-63; quiz 64.
Murphy PW, Davis TC, Jackson RH, Decker BC, Long SW. Effects of literacy on health care of the aged: implications for health professionals. Educ Gerontol 1993 Jun;19(4):311-16.
Patterson C, Teale C. Influence of written information on patients' knowledge of their diagnosis. Age Ageing 1997 Jan;26(1):41-2.
Price JH, Everett SA. Developing cancer pamphlets for economically disadvantaged African Americans. Patient Educ Couns 1996 Jul;28(2):159-67.
Weinrich SP, Weinrich MC, Boyd MD, Atwood J, Cervenka B. Teaching older adults by adapting for aging changes. Cancer Nurs 1994 Dec;17(6):494-500.
Weiss BD, Coyne C. Communicating with patients who cannot read. N Engl J Med 1997 Jul 24;337(4):272-4.
Wilson FL. Measuring patients' ability to read and comprehend: a first step in patient education. Nursingconnections 1995 Winter;8(4):17-25.
Wilson FL, McLemore R. Patient literacy levels: a consideration when designing patient education programs. Rehabil Nurs 1997 Nov-Dec;22(6):311-7.
III. E. Client Communication
Benbassat J, Pilpel D, Tidhar M. Patients' preferences for participation in clinical decision making: a review of published surveys. Behav Med 1998 Summer;24(2):81-8.
Chapple A, Campion P, May C. Clinical terminology: anxiety and confusion amongst families undergoing genetic counseling. Patient Educ Couns 1997 Sep-Oct;32(1-2):81-91.
Crane JA. Patient comprehension of doctor-patient communication on discharge from the emergency department. J Emerg Med 1997 Jan-Feb;15(1):1-7.
Davidhizar R, Giger JN. When touch is not the best approach. J Clin Nurs 1997 May;6(3):203-6.
Hornberger J, Itakura H, Wilson SR. Bridging language and cultural barriers between physicians and patients. Public Health Rep 1997 Sep-Oct;112(5):410-7.
Kai J. Parents' difficulties and information needs in coping with acute illness in preschool children: a qualitative study. BMJ 1996 Oct 19;313(7063):987-90. Comment in: BMJ 1996 Oct 19;313(7063):954-5; BMJ 1997 Feb 1;314(7077):373; BMJ 1997 Feb 1;314(7077):373-4.
Liaw ST, Young D, Farish S. Improving patient-doctor concordance: an intervention study in general practice. Fam Pract 1996 Oct;13(5):427-31.
Mandl KD, Kohane IS, Brandt AM. Electronic patient-physician communication: problems and promise. Ann Intern Med 1998 Sep 15;129(6):495-500.
McMahon SR, Rimsza ME, Bay RC. Parents can dose liquid medication accurately. Pediatrics 1997 Sep;100(3 Pt 1):330-3.
Olson RM, Blank D, Cardinal E, Hopf G, Chalmers RK. Understanding medication-related needs of low-literacy patients. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 1996 Jul;NS36(7):424-9.
Physician-patient communication in the emergency department. Part 2: Communication strategies for specific situations. SAEM Task Force on Physician-Patient Communication. Acad Emerg Med 1996 Dec;3(12):1146-53.
III. F. Disease/Content Specific (e.g., diabetes, tobacco)
Bauman A. The comprehensibility of asthma education materials. Patient Educ Couns 1997 Dec;32(1 Suppl):S51-9.
Brown SA. Meta-analysis of diabetes patient education research: variations in intervention effects across studies. Res Nurs Health 1992 Dec;15(6):409-19.
Chan A, Woodruff RK. Communicating with patients with advanced cancer. J Palliat Care 1997 Autumn;13(3):29-33.
Ciampa C. Tobacco education in low-literacy individuals. Indiana Med 1996 Mar-Apr;89(2):188-92.
Day JL, Rayman G, Hall L, Davies P. 'Learning Diabetes'--a multi-media learning package for patients, carers and professionals to improve chronic disease management. Med Inform (Lond) 1997 Jan-Mar;22(1):91-104.
Doak LG, Doak CC, Meade CD. Strategies to improve cancer education materials. Oncol Nurs Forum 1996 Sep;23(8):1305-12.
Drass JA, Feldman RH. Knowledge about hypoglycemia in young women with type I diabetes and their supportive others. Diabetes Educ 1996 Jan-Feb;22(1):34-8.
Foltz A, Sullivan J. Reading level, learning presentation preference, and desire for information among cancer patients. J Cancer Educ 1996 Spring;11(1):32-8.
Hallowell N, Murton F, Statham H, Green JM, Richards MP. Women's need for information before attending genetic counselling for familial breast or ovarian cancer: a questionnaire, interview, and observational study. BMJ 1997 Jan 25;314(7076):281-3.
Hill J. A practical guide to patient education and information giving. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1997 Feb;11(1):109-27.
Jacobson TA, Thomas DM, Morton FJ, Offutt G, Shevlin J, Ray S. Use of a low-literacy patient education tool to enhance pneumococcal vaccination rates. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999 Aug 18;282(7):646-50.
Kicklighter JR, Stein MA. Factors influencing diabetic clients' ability to read and comprehend printed diabetic diet material. Diabetes Educ 1993 Jan-Feb;19(1):40-6.
Larson I, Schumacher HR. Comparison of literacy level of patients in a VA arthritis center with the reading level required by educational materials. Arthritis Care Res 1992 Mar;5(1):13-6.
Lerman C, Schwartz MD, Miller SM, Daly M, Sands C, Rimer BK. A randomized trial of breast cancer risk counseling: interacting effects of counseling, educational level, and coping style. Health Psychol 1996 Mar;15(2):75-83.
Meade CD, McKinney WP, Barnas GP. Educating patients with limited literacy skills: the effectiveness of printed and videotaped materials about colon cancer. Am J Public Health 1994 Jan;84(1):119-21.
Michielutte R, Alciati MH, el Arculli R. Cancer control research and literacy [editorial]. J Health Care Poor Underserved 1999 Aug;10(3):281-97.
Millar WJ. Reaching smokers with lower educational attainment. Health Rep 1996 Autumn;8(2):11-9(Eng); 13-22(Fre).
Nurss JR, el-Kebbi IM, Gallina DL, Ziemer DC, Musey VC, Lewis S, Liao Q, Phillips LS. Diabetes in urban African Americans: functional health literacy of municipal hospital outpatients with diabetes. Diabetes Educ 1997 Sep-Oct;23(5):563-8.
O'Loughlin JL, Lampron GP, Sacks-Silver GE. Evaluation of a smoking cessation guide for low income, functionally illiterate women: a pilot study. Can J Public Health 1990 Nov-Dec;81(6):471-2.
O'Neill P, Humphris GM, Field EA. The use of an information leaflet for patients undergoing wisdom tooth removal. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996 Aug;34(4):331-4.
Olver IN, Turrell SJ, Olszewski NA, Willson KJ. Impact of an information and consent form on patients having chemotherapy. Med J Aust 1995 Jan 16;162(2):82-3. Comment in: Med J Aust 1995 Aug 7;163(3):161.
Parker RM, Williams MV, Baker DW, Nurss JR. Literacy and contraception: exploring the link. Obstet Gynecol 1996 Sep;88(3 Suppl):72S-77S.
Perez Escamilla R, Himmelgreen D, Segura Millan S, Gonzalez A, Mendez I, Haldeman L. Research and professional briefs. Knowledge of folic acid and neural tube defects among inner-city residents: have they heard about it? J Am Diet Assoc 1999 Jan;99(1):80-3.
Pierce JP, Lee L, Gilpin EA. Smoking initiation by adolescent girls, 1944 through 1988. An association with targeted advertising. JAMA 1994 Feb 23;271(8):608-11. Comment in: JAMA 1994 Feb 23;271(8):629-30.
Reid JC, Klachko DM, Kardash CA, Robinson RD, Scholes R, Howard D. Why people don't learn from diabetes literature: influence of text and reader characteristics. Patient Educ Couns 1995 Feb;25(1):31-8.
Robinson JK, Rigel DS, Amonette RA. What promotes skin self-examination? J Am Acad Dermatol 1998 May;38(5 Pt 1):752-7.
Roche RA, Stovall CE, Suarez L, Goldman DA, Wright SA, Mendez MC. Language differences in interpretation of breast cancer health messages. J Cancer Educ 1998 Winter;13(4):226-30.
Ryan EB, Butler RN. Communication, aging, and health: toward understanding health provider relationships with older clients. Health Commun 1996;8(3):191-97.
Williams MV, Baker DW, Honig EG, Lee TM, Nowlan A. Inadequate literacy is a barrier to asthma knowledge and self-care. Chest 1998 Oct;114(4):1008-15.
Williams MV, Baker DW, Parker RM, Nurss JR. Relationship of functional health literacy to patients' knowledge of their chronic disease. A study of patients with hypertension and diabetes. Arch Intern Med 1998 Jan 26;158(2):166-72.
Wilson SR, Scamagas P, German DF, Hughes GW, Lulla S, Coss S, Chardon L, Thomas RG, Starr Schneidkraut N, Stancavage FB, et al. A controlled trial of two forms of self-management education for adults with asthma. Am J Med 1993 Jun;94(6):564-76. Comment in: Am J Med 1993 Jun;94(6):561-3; Am J Med 1995 May;98(5):517-8.
Wolfe C, Doherty I, Raju KS, Holtom R, Richardson P. First steps in the development of an information and counselling service for women with an abnormal smear result. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1992 Jul 24;45(3):201-6.
Yasenchak PA, Bridle MJ. A low-literacy skin care manual for spinal cord injury patients. Patient Educ Couns 1993 Nov;22(1):1-5.
IV. Ideas
IV. A. Theory
Adelsward V, Sachs L. The meaning of 6.8: numeracy and normality in health information talks. Soc Sci Med 1996 Oct;43(8):1179-87.
Alonzo AA, Reynolds NR. Responding to symptoms and signs of acute myocardial infarction--how do you educate the public?: a social-psychologic approach to intervention. Heart Lung 1997 Jul-Aug;26(4):263-72.
Cameron C. Patient compliance: recognition of factors involved and suggestions for promoting compliance with therapeutic regimens. J Adv Nurs 1996 Aug;24(2):244-50.
Coyne IT. Parent participation: a concept analysis. J Adv Nurs 1996 Apr;23(4):733-40.
Emden C. Theoretical perspectives on narrative inquiry. Collegian 1998 Apr;5(2):30-5.
Gallagher SM. Powerlessness as a factor in health defeating behavior. Ostomy Wound Manage 1997 Mar;43(2):34-8, 40, 42.
Gesler WM. Words in wards: language, health and place. Health Place 1999 Mar;5(1):13-25.
Lipkin M Jr. Patient education and counseling in the context of modern patient-physician-family communication. Patient Educ Couns 1996 Jan;27(1):5-11.
Parle M, Maguire P, Heaven C. The development of a training model to improve health professionals' skills, self-efficacy and outcome expectancies when communicating with cancer patients. Soc Sci Med 1997 Jan;44(2):231-40.
Patterson RE, Kristal AR, White E. Do beliefs, knowledge, and perceived norms about diet and cancer predict dietary change? Am J Public Health 1996 Oct;86(10):1394-400.
Rudd R, Zahner L, Banh M. Findings from a National Survey of State Directors of Adult Education. Boston (MA): NCSALL/World Education; 1999. 20 p. (NCSALL reports; no. 9).
Sandiford P, Cassel J, Sanchez G, Coldham C. Does intelligence account for the link between maternal literacy and child survival? Soc Sci Med 1997 Oct;45(8):1231-9.
Tecce Decarlo MJ. Health literacy: a participatory curriculum enacted in the United States and Honduras [dissertation]. State College (PA): University of Pennsylvania; 1997. 272 p.
IV. B. Measurement Techniques
Baker DW, Williams MV, Parker RM, Gazmararian JA, Nurss J. Development of a brief test to measure functional health literacy. Patient Educ Couns 1999 Sept;38:33-42.
Brez SM, Taylor M. Assessing literacy for patient teaching: perspectives of adults with low literacy skills. J Adv Nurs 1997 May;25(5):1040-7.
Brown JA, Nederend SE, Hays RD, Short PF, Farley DO. Special issues in assessing care of Medicaid recipients. Med Care 1999 Mar;37(3 Suppl):MS79-88.
Clark NM, Gong M, Schork MA, Maiman LA, Evans D, Hurwitz ME, Roloff D, Mellins RB. A scale for Assessing Health Care Providers' Teaching and Communication Behavior regarding asthma. Health Educ Behav 1997 Apr;24(2):245-56.
Davis TC, Crouch MA, Long SW, Jackson RH, Bates P, George RB, Bairnsfather LE. Rapid assessment of literacy levels of adult primary care patients. Fam Med 1991 Aug;23(6):433-5.
Davis TC, Long SW, Jackson RH, Mayeaux EJ, George RB, Murphy PW, Crouch MA. Rapid estimate of adult literacy in medicine: a shortened screening instrument. Fam Med 1993 Jun;25(6):391-5.
Davis TC, Michielutte R, Askov EN, Williams MV, Weiss BD. Practical assessment of adult literacy in health care. Health Educ Behav 1998 Oct;25(5):613-24.
Devins GM, Binik YM, Mandin H, Letourneau PK, Hollomby DJ, Barre PE, Prichard S. The Kidney Disease Questionnaire: a test for measuring patient knowledge about end-stage renal disease. J Clin Epidemiol 1990;43(3):297-307.
Eyre SL. The vernacular term interview: eliciting social knowledge related to sex among adolescents. J Adolesc 1997 Feb;20(1):9-27.
Hanson-Divers EC. Developing a medical achievement reading test to evaluate patient literacy skills: a preliminary study. J Health Care Poor Underserved 1997 Feb;8(1):56-69.
Hayes RP, Baker DW. Methodological problems in comparing English-speaking and Spanish-speaking patients' satisfaction with interpersonal aspects of care. Med Care 1998 Feb;36(2):230-6.
Hornberger J, Thom D, MaCurdy T. Effects of a self-administered previsit questionnaire to enhance awareness of patients' concerns in primary care. J Gen Intern Med 1997 Oct;12(10):597-606.
Mehta S, Binns HJ. What do parents know about lead poisoning? The Chicago Lead Knowledge Test. Pediatric Practice Research Group. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998 Dec;152(12):1213-8.
Murphy PW, et al. Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM): a quick reading test for patients. J Read 1993 Oct;37(2):124-30.
Nurss JR, Baker DW, Davis TC, Parker RM, Williams MV. Difficulties in functional health literacy screening in Spanish-speaking adults. J Read 1995 May;38(8):632-37.
Parikh NS, Parker RM, Nurss JR, Baker DW, Williams MV. Shame and health literacy: the unspoken connection. Patient Educ Couns 1996 Jan;27(1):33-9.
Parker RM, Baker DW, Williams MV, Nurss JR. The test of functional health literacy in adults: a new instrument for measuring patients' literacy skills. J Gen Intern Med 1995 Oct;10(10):537-41.
Weiss BD, Reed R, Kligman EW, Abyad A. Literacy and performance on the Mini-Mental State Examination. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995 Jul;43(7):807-10.
Witte K. Preventing teen pregnancy through persuasive communications: realities, myths, and the hard-fact truths. J Community Health 1997 Apr;22(2):137-54.
IV. C. Communicating Risk
Ball LK, Evans G, Bostrom A. Risky business: challenges in vaccine risk communication. Pediatrics 1998 Mar;101(3 Pt 1):453-8.
Bottorff JL, Ratner PA, Johnson JL, Lovato CY, Joab SA. Communicating cancer risk information: the challenges of uncertainty. Patient Educ Couns 1998 Jan;33(1):67-81.
Brooks KL, DeJoy DM. Hazard and risk communication aspects of in-use medication information leaflets. Int J Cognit Ergon 1998;2(1-2):75-92.
Bruhn CM. Consumer concerns: motivating to action. Emerg Infect Dis 1997 Oct-Dec;3(4):511-5.
Castaldini M, Saltmarch M, Luck S, Sucher K. The development and pilot testing of a multimedia CD-ROM for diabetes education. Diabetes Educ 1998 May-Jun;24(3):285-6, 291-2, 295-6.
Connelly NA, Knuth BA. Evaluating risk communication: examining target audience perceptions about four presentation formats for fish consumption health advisory information. Risk Anal 1998 Oct;18(5):649-59.
Deahl ST 2nd, Kromer ME. A taxonomy for lay risk perceptions of dentistry. J Public Health Dent 1996 Summer;56(4):213-8.
Edwards A, Matthews E, Pill R, Bloor M. Communication about risk: diversity among primary care professionals. Fam Pract 1998 Aug;15(4):296-300.
Edwards A, Matthews E, Pill R, Bloor M. Communication about risk: the responses of primary care professionals to standardizing the 'language of risk' and communication tools. Fam Pract 1998 Aug;15(4):301-7.
Edwards A, Pill R, Stott N. Communicating risk. Use of standard terms is unlikely to result in standard communication [letter]. BMJ 1996 Dec 7;313(7070):1483. Comment on: BMJ 1996 Sep 28;313(7060):799-802.
Edwards A, Prior L. Communication about risk--dilemmas for general practitioners. The Department of General Practice Working Group, University of Wales College of Medicine. Br J Gen Pract 1997 Nov;47(424):739-42.
Freeman TR, Bass MJ. Risk language preferred by mothers in considering a hypothetical new vaccine for their children. CMAJ 1992 Oct 1;147(7):1013-7.
Kavanagh AM, Broom DH. Embodied risk: my body, myself? Soc Sci Med 1998 Feb;46(3):437-44.
Lieu TA, Glauber JH, Fuentes-Afflick E, Lo B. Effects of vaccine information pamphlets on parents' attitudes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994 Sep;148(9):921-5.
Malenka DJ, Baron JA, Johansen S, Wahrenberger JW, Ross JM. The framing effect of relative and absolute risk. J Gen Intern Med 1993 Oct;8(10):543-8. Comment in: J Gen Intern Med 1994 Apr;9(4):237.
Mann CE. Searching for HIV/AIDS information on the World Wide Web. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 1999 Mar-Apr;10(2):79-81.
Mechanic D. Public trust and initiatives for new health care partnerships. Milbank Q 1998;76(2):281-302.
Paskett ED, Tatum C, Wilson A, Dignan M, Velez R. Use of a photoessay to teach low-income African American women about mammography. J Cancer Educ 1996 Winter;11(4):216-20.
Reynolds DL, Chambers LW. Healthy communications: producing a health report (Infowatch) for monitoring and promoting health in local communities. Can J Public Health 1992 Jul-Aug;83(4):271-3.
Wadey V, Frank C. The effectiveness of patient verbalization on informed consent. Can J Surg 1997 Apr;40(2):124-8. Comment in: Can J Surg 1997 Apr;40(2):86.
IV. D. Cross-Cultural/Cultural Competency
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women. ACOG committee opinion. Cultural competency in health care. Number 201, March 1998. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1998 Jul;62(1):96-9.
Baker DW, Hayes R, Fortier JP. Interpreter use and satisfaction with interpersonal aspects of care for Spanish-speaking patients. Med Care 1998 Oct;36(10):1461-70.
Baker DW, Parker RM, Williams MV, Coates WC, Pitkin K. Use and effectiveness of interpreters in an emergency department. JAMA 1996 Mar 13;275(10):783-8.
Barrett B, Shadick K, Schilling R, Spencer L, del Rosario S, Moua K, Vang M. Hmong/medicine interactions: improving cross-cultural health care. Fam Med 1998 Mar;30(3):179-84.
Blackford J, Street A, Parsons C. Breaking down language barriers in clinical practice. Contemp Nurse 1997 Mar;6(1):15-21.
Breckenridge L. Family mental health and education at the refugee women's alliance: A working bibliography of resources. Seattle (WA): Refugee Women's Alliance (Seattle); 1992 Apr. 30 p. Available from: ERIC Document Reproduction Service, Springfield, VA; No. ED359836.
Burhansstipanov L, Barry KC, compilers. Cancer education resources for American Indians and Alaska Natives. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute, Cancer Information Service; 1994 Jan. Supplement to Native American monograph no. 1: Documentation of the cancer research needs of American Indians and Alaska Natives. Available from: ERIC Document Reproduction Service, Springfield, VA; No. ED398012.
Chachkes E, Christ G. Cross cultural issues in patient education. Patient Educ Couns 1996 Jan;27(1):13-21.
Champion VL, Scott CR. Reliability and validity of breast cancer screening belief scales in African American women. Nurs Res 1997 Nov-Dec;46(6):331-7.
Cheek J, Fuller J, Gilchrist S, Maddock A, Ballantyne A. Vietnamese women and Pap smears: issues in promotion. Aust N Z J Public Health 1999 Feb;23(1):72-6.
Corkery E, Palmer C, Foley ME, Schechter CB, Frisher L, Roman SH. Effect of a bicultural community health worker on completion of diabetes education in a Hispanic population. Diabetes Care 1997 Mar;20(3):254-7.
David RA, Rhee M. The impact of language as a barrier to effective health care in an underserved urban Hispanic community. Mt Sinai J Med 1998 Oct-Nov;65(5-6):393-7.
Dhooper SS, Tran TV. Understanding and responding to the health and mental health needs of Asian refugees. Soc Work Health Care 1998;27(4):65-82.
Downs K, Bernstein J, Marchese T. Providing culturally competent primary care for immigrant and refugee women. A Cambodian case study. J Nurse Midwifery 1997 Nov-Dec;42(6):499-508.
Fitzgibbon ML, Stolley MR, Avellone ME, Sugerman S, Chavez N. Involving parents in cancer risk reduction: a program for Hispanic American families. Health Psychol 1996 Nov;15(6):413-22.
Jackson JC, Rhodes LA, Inui TS, Buchwald D. Hepatitis B among the Khmer. Issues of translation and concepts of illness. J Gen Intern Med 1997 May;12(5):292-8.
Lobell M, Bay RC, Rhoads KV, Keske B. Barriers to cancer screening in Mexican-American women . Mayo Clin Proc 1998 Apr;73(4):301-8. Comment in: Mayo Clin Proc 1998 Apr;73(4):386-8; Mayo Clin Proc 1998 Jul;73(7):705.
Longo PJ, Donahue V. Amplifying the health literacy of migrant farmworkers. Richmond (VA): Virginia Adult Educators Research Network; 1997. 29 p.
Lyons GK, Woodruff SI, Candelaria JI, Rupp JW, Elder JP. Development of a protocol to assess dietary intake among Hispanics who have low literacy skills in English. J Am Diet Assoc 1996 Dec;96(12):1276-9.
Nuestra familia: primaria para adultos. Segunda parte. Edicion experimental [Our family: primer for adults. Part two. Experimental edition]. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional para la Educacion de los Adultos; 1990. 652 p. (Spa). Available from: ERIC Document Reproduction Service, Springfield, VA; No. ED392298.
Poss JE. The meanings of tuberculosis for Mexican migrant farmworkers in the United States. Soc Sci Med 1998 Jul;47(2):195-202.
Sadler GR, Nguyen F, Doan Q, Au H, Thomas AG. Strategies for reaching Asian Americans with health information. Am J Prev Med 1998 Apr;14(3):224-8.
Sarwar Z. Helping Asian women to understand the menopause. Community Nurse 1998 Apr;4(3):12-3.
Schur CL, Albers LA. Language, sociodemographics, and health care use of Hispanic adults. J Health Care Poor Underserved 1996 May;7(2):140-58.
Setness PA. Culturally competent healthcare [editorial]. Postgrad Med 1998 Feb;103(2):13-6. Comment in: Postgrad Med 1998 Jun;103(6):38.
Tuffnell DJ, Nuttall K, Raistrick J, Jackson TL. Use of translated written material to communicate with non-English speaking patients. BMJ 1994 Oct 15;309(6960):992.
Weidmer B, Brown J, Garcia L. Translating the CAHPS 1.0 survey instruments into Spanish. Med Care 1999 Mar;37(3 Suppl):MS89-96.
IV. E. International Experiences
Connor JV. Environmental education in the developing world. New York: UNICEF Programs Publications; 1990. 25 p.
de Almeida MD, Graca P, Lappalainen R, Giachetti I, Kafatos A, Remaut de Winter A, Kearney JM. Sources used and trusted by nationally-representative adults in the European Union for information on healthy eating. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997 Jun;51 Suppl 2:S16-22.
Dexter ER, LeVine SE, Velasco PM. Maternal schooling and health-related language and literacy skills in rural Mexico. Comp Educ Rev 1998 May;42(2):139-62.
Gopaldas T, Christian PS, Abbi RD, Gujral S. Does growth monitoring work as it ought to in countries of low literacy? J Trop Pediatr 1990 Dec;36(6):322-7.
Gordon D. MDs' failure to use plain language can lead to the courtroom. CMAJ 1996 Oct 15;155(8):1152-4.
Gupta MC, Mehrotra M, Arora S, Saran M. Relation of childhood malnutrition to parental education and mothers' nutrition related KAP. Indian J Pediatr 1991 Mar-Apr;58(2):269-74.
Gupta VM. Communication: cornerstone to success in implementation of health programmes. Indian J Public Health 1996 Jul-Sep;40(3):62-7.
LeVine RA, Dexter E, Velasco P, LeVine S, Joshi AR, Stuebing KW, Tapia Uribe FM. Maternal literacy and health care in three countries: a preliminary report. Health Transit Rev 1994 Oct;4(2):186-91.
M'Jamtu-Sie N. Health information for the grass roots. World Health Forum 1996;17(3):277-82.
McAuliffe JF, Falcao L, Duncan B. Understanding of growth monitoring charts by literate and illiterate mothers in northeast Brazil. J Trop Pediatr 1993 Dec;39(6):370-2.
Medel Anonuevo C. Women reading the world - policies and practices of literacy in Asia. Hamburg (Germany): United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Institute for Education; 1996. 129 p. (UIE studies; 6).
Moriyama M, Harnisch DL, Matsubara S. The development of graphic symbols for medical symptoms to facilitate communication between health care providers and receivers. Tohoku J Exp Med 1994 Dec;174(4):387-98.
Najera Aguilar P, Lazcano Ponce EC, de Ruiz PA, Ramirez Sanchez T, Cantoral Uriza L, Hernandez Avila M. Factors associated with Mexican women's familiarity with the purpose of the Pap test. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1996 Dec;30(4):348-53.
Ngoh LN, Shepherd MD. Design, development, and evaluation of visual aids for communicating prescription drug instructions to nonliterate patients in rural Cameroon. Patient Educ Couns 1997 Jul;31(3):245-61. Corrected and republished article originally printed in Patient Educ Couns 1997 Mar;30(3):257-70.
Nishino Y, Schunck M. Single Thai women's interpersonal communication and mass media reception on AIDS. AIDS Educ Prev 1997 Apr;9(2):181-200.
Nutbeam D. Promoting health and preventing disease: an international perspective on youth health promotion. J Adolesc Health 1997 May;20(5):396-402.
Petridou E, Skalkidis Y, Pailopoulos V, Pailopoulos Z, Toupadaki N, Tzonou A. Adaptation of the European Code Against Cancer (ECAC) to the cultural needs of low income women in Greece: comparative effectiveness of health education approaches. Soz Praventivmed 1990;35(6):220-4.
Pitts M, McMaster J, Hartmann T, Mausezahl D. Lay beliefs about diarrhoeal diseases: their role in health education in a developing country. Soc Sci Med 1996 Oct;43(8):1223-8.
Puchner LD. Early childhood, family, and health issues in literacy: international perspectives. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, National Center on Adult Literacy; 1993 Jun. 40 p. (LRC/NCAL international paper; IP93-2). Available from: ERIC Document Reproduction Service, Springfield, VA; No. ED360522.
Rahman M, Islam MA, Mahalanabis D. Mothers' knowledge about vaccine preventable diseases and immunization coverage in a population with high rate of illiteracy. J Trop Pediatr 1995 Dec;41(6):376-8.
Sanwal AK, Kumar S, Sahni P, Nundy S. Informed consent in Indian patients. J R Soc Med 1996 Apr;89(4):196-8.
Seow A, Wong ML, Smith WC, Lee HP. Beliefs and attitudes as determinants of cervical cancer screening: a community-based study in Singapore. Prev Med 1995 Mar;24(2):134-41.
Smitasiri S, Dhanamitta S. Nutri-action analysis as a research strategy to improve nutrition information, education and communication interventions in Asia. Biomed Environ Sci 1996 Sep;9(2-3):290-5.
Smith CA. Women's acquisition of literacy skills and health knowledge in Nepal: a comparative study of nonformal education approaches [dissertation]. Amherst (MA): University of Massachusetts; 1997. 267 p.
Songwathana P, Manderson L. Perceptions of HIV/AIDS and caring for people with terminal AIDS in southern Thailand. AIDS Care 1998 Jun;10 Suppl 2:S155-65.
Steinberg S. Childbearing research: a transcultural review. Soc Sci Med 1996 Dec;43(12):1765-84.
Vander Stichele RH, Bogaert MG. European legislation and research projects regarding patient education for medication. Drug Inf J 1995;29(1):285-90.
Wang C, Burris MA, Ping XY. Chinese village women as visual anthropologists: a participatory approach to reaching policymakers. Soc Sci Med 1996 May;42(10):1391-400.
Work DR. Improving drug labels with pictograms. Int Pharm J 1990 Jul-Aug;4:153-7.
V. Internet Resources
DATABASES
NALD: National Adult Literacy Database [database on the Internet]. Fredericton (New Brunswick, Canada): National Adult Literacy Database, Inc. [revised 2000 Jan 7; cited 2000 Jan 18]. Available from: http://www.nald.ca/index.htm Use search function to locate specific health resources.
LISTSERV
Literacy NIFL-Health Forum [listserv on the Internet]. Washington: National Institute for Literacy; [revised 1999 Jan 26; cited 2000 Jan 18]. Available from: http://novel.nifl.gov/nifl-health/
ORGANIZATIONS
American Association for the Advancement of Science [homepage on the Internet]. Washington: The Association; c1998 [revised 2000 Jan 5; cited 2000 Jan 15]. Available from: http://www.aaas.org See specifically Project 2061 and EHR programs.
HealthCOMM: health communication around the world [homepage on the Internet]. Annandale (VA): National Communication Association; [updated 1999 Dec 10; cited 2000 Jan 15]. Available from: http://www.sla.purdue.edu/healthcomm/
Health Literacy Center: specializing in plain English communication [homepage on the Internet]. Biddleford (ME): University of New England; [revised 1999 Jun 7; cited 2000 Jan 15]. Available from: http://www.une.edu/com/othrdept/hlit/index.htm
NCHE: National Center for Health Education [homepage on the Internet]. New York: The Center; 1997 [revised 1999 Oct 18; cited 2000 Jan 15]. Available from: http://www.nche.org/
Literacy Online [homepage on the Internet]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania; c1999 [updated 1999 Nov 1; cited 2000 Feb 15]. Available from: http://www.literacyonline.org/
National LINCS [homepage on the Internet]. Washington: National Institute for Literacy; [revised 1999 Dec 10; cited 2000 Jan 15]. Available from: http://www.nifl.gov/
National Literacy and Health Program [homepage on the Internet]. Ottawa: Canadian Public Health Association; [updated 1999 Mar 3; cited 2000 Jan 18]. Available from: http://www.nlhp.cpha.ca/
National Network for Health [homepage on the Internet]. Washington: Dept. of Agriculture (US); [updated 1999 Nov 24; cited 2000 Jan 15]. Available from: http://www.nnh.org
SciPICH: Science Panel on Interactive Communication and Health [homepage on the Internet]. Washington: The Panel; [updated 1999 Nov 22; cited 2000 Jan 15]. Available from: http://www.scipich.org/ Sponsored by the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services
U.S. Department of Education [homepage on the Internet]. Washington: The Department; [revised 2000 13 Jan; cited 2000 Jan 18]. Available from: http://www.ed.gov/
World education [homepage on the Internet]. Boston: World Education; [revised 2000 Jan 5; cited 2000 Jan 15] Available from: http://www.worlded.org/
Appendix: Readability
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Hobbie C. Maximizing healthy communication: readability of parent educational materials. J Pediatr Health Care 1995 Mar-Apr;9(2):92-3.
Hochhauser M. Can patients understand their consent forms? Benders Health Care Law Mon 1997 Apr: 8-10.
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MacDiarmid SA, Goodson TC, Holmes TM, Martin PR, Doyle RB. An assessment of the comprehension of the American Urological Association Symptom Index. J Urol 1998 Mar;159(3):873-4.
Macey BA, Bouman CC. An evaluation of validity, reliability, and readability of the Critical Care Family Needs Inventory. Heart Lung 1991 Jul;20(4):398-403. Comment in: Heart Lung 1992 Mar;21(2):199-200.
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Melman ST, Kaplan JM, Caloustian ML, Weinberger JA, Smith J, Anbar RD. Readability of the childhood immunization information forms. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994 Jun;148(6):642-4.
Merritt SL, Gates MA, Skiba K. Readability levels of selected hypercholesterolemia patient education literature. Heart Lung 1993 Sep-Oct;22(5):415-20.
Message on a bottle. Manuf Chem 1994 Oct;65:17, 19-20.
Michielutte R, Bahnson J, Beal P. Readability of the public education literature on cancer prevention and detection. J Cancer Educ 1990;5(1):55-61.
Morgan PP. Illiteracy can have major impact on patients' understanding of health care information. CMAJ 1993 Apr 1;148(7):1196-7. Comment in: CMAJ 1993 Nov 15;159(10):1379, 1382.
Mumford ME. A descriptive study of the readability of patient information leaflets designed by nurses. J Adv Nurs 1997 Nov;26(5):985-91.
Murphy J, Gamble G, Sharpe N. Readability of subject information leaflets for medical research. N Z Med J 1994 Dec 14;107(991):509-10.
Newton JT. The readability and utility of general dental practice patient information leaflets: an evaluation. Br Dent J 1995 May 6;178(9):329-32.
Nieto L. Medicine labeling: future becomes clear. Chem Drug 1993 Jul;240:67.
Nunn DS. Ampul labeling-way forward. Pharm J 1992 Mar 14;248:361-3.
Ormrod J, Robinson M. How readable are health education leaflets? Health Visit 1994 Dec;67(12):424-5.
Ott BB, Hardie TL. Readability of advance directive documents. Image J Nurs Sch 1997 Spring;29(1):53-7.
Ott BB, Hardie TL. Readability of written materials: implications for critical care nurses. Dimens Crit Care Nurs 1995 Nov-Dec;14(6):328-34.
Owens PM, Johnson EM, Frost CD, Porter KA, O'Hare E. Reading, readability, and patient education materials. Cardiovasc Nurs 1993 Mar-Apr;29(2):9-13.
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Last updated: 07 March 2002
First published: 07 March 2002
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