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Alternative names Return to top
Spinal tap; Ventricular puncture; Lumbar puncture; Cisternal puncture; Spinal fluid specimenDefinition Return to top
CSF collection is a procedure to obtain a specimen of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is the fluid that bathes, cushions, and protects the brain and spinal cord. It flows through the skull and spine in the subarachnoid space, which is the area inside the arachnoid membrane.How the test is performed Return to top
Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) is the most common means of collecting a specimen of CSF. You are positioned on your side with your knees curled up to your abdomen and your chin tucked in to your chest. (Occasionally this procedure is performed with the person sitting bent forward).
The skin is scrubbed, and a local anesthetic is injected over the lower spine. The spinal needle is inserted, usually between the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae.
Once the needle is properly positioned in the subarachnoid space, pressures can be measured and fluid can be collected for testing. After the sample is collected, the needle is removed, the area is cleaned, and a bandage is applied. You will be asked to remain flat, or nearly flat, for 6 to 8 hours after the test.
Lumbar puncture (with fluid collection) may also be part of other procedures, particularly a myelogram (X-ray or CT scan after dye has been inserted into the CSF).
Alternative methods of obtaining CSF are rarely used, but may be indicated if there is a problem such as lumbar deformity or infection, which would make lumbar puncture impossible or unreliable.
Cisternal puncture involves insertion of a needle below the occipital bone (back of the skull). It can be hazardous because the needle is inserted close to the brain stem.
Ventricular puncture is even more rare, but may be indicated when sampling of CSF is necessary in people with possible impending brain herniation. It is usually performed in the operating room. A hole is drilled in the skull and a needle is inserted directly into the lateral ventricle of the brain.
How to prepare for the test Return to top
You must sign a consent form. You must be prepared to remain in the hospital for at least 6 to 8 hours, and you must remain flat.How the test will feel Return to top
The position may be uncomfortable, but it is imperative that you remain in the curled position to avoid moving the needle and possibly injuring the spinal cord.
The scrub will feel cold and wet. The anesthetic will sting or burn when first injected. There will be a hard pressure sensation when the needle is inserted, and there is usually some brief pain when the needle goes through the meninges. This pain should stop in a few seconds.
Overall, discomfort is minimal to moderate. The entire procedure usually takes about 30 minutes, but it may take longer. The actual pressure measurements and fluid collection only takes a few minutes.
Why the test is performed Return to top
This test is performed to measure pressures within the cerebrospinal fluid and to collect CSF for testing. CSF collection can be a diagnostic test for many neurologic disorders, particularly infections and brain/spinal cord damage.Normal Values Return to top
Note: mg/ml = milligrams per milliliter; mEq/L = milliequivalent per liter
(See also CSF coccidioides complement fixation, CSF culture, CSF oligoclonal banding, CSF smear, CSF VDRL test.)
What abnormal results mean Return to top
Additional conditions under which the test may be performed:
What the risks are Return to top
Special considerations Return to top
This test should not be performed on people in which increased intracranial pressure is suspected. Update Date: 5/8/2003 Updated by: Elaine T. Kiriakopoulos, M.D., M.Sc., Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.
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Page last updated: 28 October 2004 |