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What is the National Public Health Performance Standards Program (NPHPSP)?
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The NPHPSP is supported through a partnership of national public health
organizations that have worked collaboratively to establish national
performance standards. The standards identify the optimal level of
performance for state and local public health systems (all organizations
that contribute to public health in a given area) and governing bodies.
The NPHPSP seeks to ensure that strong effective public health systems
are in place to deliver essential public health services.
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What are the mission and goals of the NPHPSP?
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To improve the quality of public health practice and the performance of public health systems by:
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Providing performance standards for public health systems and encouraging their
widespread use;
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Engaging and leveraging national, state, and local partnerships to build a
stronger foundation for public health preparedness;
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Promoting continuous quality improvement of public health systems; and
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Strengthening the science base for public health practice improvement.
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Who is part of the NPHPSP partnership? Who developed the standards?
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The development, oversight and implementation of the NPHPSP are collaborative efforts
of seven national partners:
These partners represent the organizations and individuals who will use the assessment
instruments. Through working groups and field test sites, hundreds of representatives
from these organizations were involved in developing, reviewing, testing, and refining
the assessment instruments. Their feedback assured that the final NPHPSP instruments
are practice-oriented and user-friendly.
Representatives from other organizations, such as academic partners from the Association
of Schools of Public Health and experts from the Council of State and Territorial
Epidemiologists, also helped in developing the instruments.
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What instruments are provided within the NPHPSP?
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The NPHPSP includes a set of three instruments:
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The
State Public Health System Performance Assessment Instrument (State
Instrument) focuses on the state public health system, which includes state
public health agencies and other partners that contribute to public health
services at the state level.
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Each instrument lays out standards that public health systems or governing
entities should strive to achieve. For each standard, there are questions
to which users respond in determining how well they meet that standard.
The instruments are web-based to facilitate data entry of responses and
automated analysis of results. The NPHPSP instruments (available in both
PDF and web-based interactive format) and supporting documents are located
at
www.phppo.cdc.gov/nphpsp/
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Where were the NPHPSP instruments tested?
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The instruments were reviewed and/or tested in hundreds of state and local
jurisdictions. The table below indicates involvement in the testing process.
States are listed in chronological order of their participation in testing the
instruments.
State
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State Instrument
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Local Instrument
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Governance Instrument
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Texas
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No
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61
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No
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Florida
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Yes
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67
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No
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Ohio
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No
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11
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No
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Missouri
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Yes
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50
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No
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Minnesota
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Yes
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55
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Yes
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Mississippi
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Yes
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81
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Yes*
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Hawaii
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Yes
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8
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No
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New York
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No
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57
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No
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Massachusetts
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No
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No
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5
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* State level only.
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What concepts or principles were used in developing the NPHPSP instruments?
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These four concepts helped to frame the NPHPSP instruments into their
current format:
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They are designed around the ten Essential Public Health Services.
These ten activities describe the full range of public health
responsibilities. The Essential Services provide a framework to
describe and examine the breadth of public health practice,
performance, and infrastructure capability needed within both the
state and local public health systems.
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The standards focus on the overall public health system, rather than
a single organization. A public health system includes all public,
private, and voluntary entities that contribute to public health
activities within a given area. By focusing on the public health
system, the contributions of all entities are recognized in assessing
the provision of EPHS. Entities within a public health system can
include hospitals, physicians, managed care organizations,
environmental agencies, social service and community-based organizations,
educational and religious institutions and many others. All play a role
in working to improve the public's health.
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The standards describe an optimal level of performance, rather than provide
minimum expectations. This assures that the standards can be used for
continuous quality improvement. The standards will stimulate performance
and infrastructure improvement in public health systems.
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The standards are explicitly intended to support a process of quality improvement.
System partners should use the assessment process and results as a guide for learning
about public health activities throughout the system and determining how to improve
services. The standards can also be used to advocate for improvements to better serve
populations within a public health system.
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What are the Essential Public Health Services?
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The Essential Public Health Services were developed in 1994 by the Core Public Health
Functions Steering Committee as a method for better identifying and describing the core
processes used in public health to promote health and prevent disease. The Steering
Committee developed the Public Health in America statement, which outlines those actions
that must be undertaken to fulfill the vision, mission, and purpose of public health.
The Essential Services are set forth as part of the overall Public Health in America
statement. (See
http://www.phppo.cdc.gov/nphpsp/10EssentialPHServices.asp
for more information on the development and content of Public Health in America.)
The Essential Services are:
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Monitor health status to identify community health problems.
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Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community.
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Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues.
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Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems.
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Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts.
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Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety.
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Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health
care when otherwise unavailable.
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Assure a competent public health and personal healthcare workforce.
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Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based
health services.
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Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems.
A more complete description of the activities associated with each Essential Service is presented
in the performance standards found in each of the assessment instruments.
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How will the information obtained from implementing the NPHPSP be used?
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First, the instruments are intended to be used by public health systems and governing entities
to assess current activities and identify areas and methods for continuous quality improvement.
The standards can aid state and local health officials in conducting a comprehensive assessment
of public health practice (e.g., to answer, "What public health activities are we doing
well or not doing well in our community or in our state? How can we improve?").
Second, the NPHPSP will provide federal agencies and national organizations with a better
understanding of the public health capacities and activities in local and state jurisdictions
across the nation. Results obtained from completing the NPHPSP instruments can provide a
national profile of preparedness and data identifying where the nation's public health
infrastructure needs to be strengthened. These findings will help local, state, and national
policymakers make better and more effective policy and resource decisions that will improve the
nation's public health as a whole.
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What is the value of using the NPHPSP?
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The NPHPSP provides valuable guidance for policy and public health leaders. The
standards describe the optimal levels of capacity and performance needed to effectively
deliver the Essential Services, which are the underlying practices needed to conduct any
public health action. Through the NPHPSP assessment process, state and local public
health systems and governing bodies identify capacity and performance strengths and
weaknesses and develop plans to make desired system improvements.
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By creating stronger public health systems, the NPHPSP also will help to improve the
capacity of public health systems to deal with emergency preparedness and response issues.
To effectively improve emergency preparedness and response, day-to-day public health
capabilities must be strong in order to assist in identifying emergency situations and to
provide the needed surge capacity of public health personnel and resources during times
of emergency response.
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Other typical but important benefits that have been reported by those who have used the NPHPSP are:
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Improves organizational and community communication and collaboration,
by bringing partners to the same table.
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Educates participants about public health and the interconnectedness of activities,
which can lead to a higher appreciation and awareness of the many activities related
to improving the public's health.
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Builds and strengthens the diverse network of partners within state and local public health
systems, which can lead to more cohesion among partners, better coordination of activities
and resources, and less duplication of services.
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Identifies strengths and weaknesses that can be addressed in quality improvement efforts.
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Provides a benchmark for public health practice improvements, by providing a "gold standard"
to which public health systems can aspire.
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What is the public health system?
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Public health systems are commonly defined as "all public, private, and voluntary entities that
contribute to the delivery of essential public health services within a jurisdiction."
Public health systems can also be described as a network of entities with differing roles,
relationships, and interactions. All these entities contribute to the public's health and
well-being throughout the community or state.
Some of the organizations and sectors that are involved in the public health system - either
at the state or local level - include:
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Public health agencies, such as the state or local health department, which
serve as the governmental entity for public health and play a major role in
creating and ensuring the existence of a strong public health system.
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Healthcare providers such as hospitals, physicians, community health centers,
mental health organizations, laboratories, and nursing homes, which provide preventive,
curative, and rehabilitative care.
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Public safety organizations such as police, fire and emergency medical services. Their
work is often focused on preventing and coping with injury and other emergency
health-related situations.
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Human service and charity organizations such as food banks, public assistance agencies,
and transportation providers, which assist people to access healthcare and receive other
health-enhancing services.
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Educational and youth development organizations such as schools, faith institutions, youth
centers, and other groups that assist with informing, educating, and preparing children to
make informed decisions and act responsively regarding health and other life choices and to
be productive contributors to society.
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Recreational and arts-related organizations that contribute to the physical and mental
well-being of the community and those who live, work, and play in it.
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Economic and philanthropic organizations such as employers, community development organizations,
zoning boards, and community and business foundations that provide resources necessary for
individuals and organizations to survive and thrive in the community.
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Environmental agencies or organizations, which contribute to, enforce laws related to, or advocate
for a healthy environment.
The concept of the public health system assures that the contributions of all entities are recognized in
assessing the provision of public health services.
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What is the role of the public health agency within the public health system?
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The governmental public health agency - both at the state and local levels - is a
major contributor and leader in the public health system, but these governmental
agencies cannot provide the full spectrum of Essential Services alone. However,
the public health agency plays a critical role in creating and assuring the existence
and quality of a comprehensive public health system. As such, the governmental public
health agency is often the leader and convener in conducting the NPHPSP process.
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Can the NPHPSP be used to evaluate or assess public health
agencies, programs, or organizations?
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The NPHPSP is not intended to serve as an evaluation of program or agency performance or
capacity. It is an assessment of overall system performance and how current performance
and capacity measure up against optimal benchmarks. NPHPSP results represent the collective
performance of all organizational participants in the public health system and should not be
interpreted to reflect any single agency, organization, or program. State and local public
health systems should use the information as a planning tool for quality improvement.
The local public health governance instrument is unique in that it focuses on the governing
body ultimately accountable for public health at the local level. Examples of governing
bodies include local boards of health, county councils, or commissions. A governing body
has legal authority over the primary governmental public health agency within the local
public health system, usually defined as the health department.
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How do I access the NPHPSP instruments?
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The NPHPSP instruments and all supporting materials can be found on the CDC website at
www.phppo.cdc.gov/nphpsp/
The instruments also can be found on the websites of the partner organizations. The state instrument
is available on ASTHO's website at www.astho.org;
the local instrument is available on NACCHO's website at
www.naccho.org; and the governance instrument
is available on NALBOH's website at www.nalboh.org.
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The complete instruments are available for download in a PDF format using Adobe
Acrobat. Use the PDF file to review the standards and plan how the instrument
will be used within your public health system or governing body. A few printed
copies are available from CDC. One copy is being sent to all state and local
public health agencies and governing bodies.
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What do the NPHPSP instruments look like?
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Instruments can be accessed by clicking on
www.phppo.cdc.gov/nphpsp/. Each of the instruments shares the same format. The
10 Essential Public Health Services
provide the framework for the instruments, so there are 10 sections or "chapters" - one for each
Essential Service. Then, each Essential Service section is divided into several indicators, which are essentially
titles for the subsections of each Essential Service. The indicators identify major components, activities, or
practice areas of the Essential Service. Associated with each indicator are model standards (written in paragraph
and bullet format) that describe aspects of optimal performance. Each model standard is followed by a series of
assessment questions that serve as measures of performance. Each question / measure is associated with four different
response options, which the public health system or governing entity uses to determine its level of performance.
The state and local instruments also include two summary questions at the end of each indicator section.
Respondents are asked to think about the model standard as a whole and use a four-point scale to assess the
percentage of the model standard that:
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Is achieved by the public health system collectively, and
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Is the direct contribution of the public health agency.
The four responses are
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0-25%
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26-50%
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51-75%
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76-100%
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How do systems or governing entities get started in using the NPHPSP?
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First, notify the NPHPSP staff at CDC of your interest or commitment to
the process. This will allow us to assist you throughout the entire process,
as well as alert you to any connections with other NPHPSP users that can be made
in your state or region. NPHPSP staff can be contacted at 1-800-PHPPO49 or
1-800-747-7649.
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To use any of the assessment instruments, begin by reviewing the instrument(s) and the
supporting materials (e.g., the User Guide). These documents can be accessed at
www.phppo.cdc.gov/nphpsp/.
You will need to think carefully about how you want to approach the assessment process.
It can be a lengthy undertaking, and careful preparation will assure that time is well
spent. Resources, such as the User Guide and this FAQ document, can help you to think
through the entire process.
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It is recommended, but not required, that state and local public health systems and governing bodies
conduct a coordinated assessment process using all three NPHPSP instruments. The assessments can be
conducted more or less simultaneously. Through such an approach, orientation and technical assistance
activities can be provided more effectively. In addition, assessment results will provide a picture of
a consistent point in time for all respondents throughout the state. Much can be learned from analyzing
the aggregate data and developing cross-cutting improvement plans.
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Once we have made a commitment to undertake the process, what are the
steps to using the NPHPSP instruments?
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After the convening agency fully understands the NPHPSP instrument and has identified a desire to
initiate the assessment, there are some key steps to undertake:
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Identify and recruit participants - You'll first need to begin by bringing together the necessary partners.
The User Guide has a special section devoted to identifying and recruiting partners. You can also use the
Essential Services as a framework for identifying organizations or individuals which should be included. Local
public health systems that are implementing the MAPP process should already have a broad-based group convened
to oversee MAPP's implementation. (See the section "
What is MAPP and how does it relate to the NPHPSP?"
for more information.)
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Orient participants - Before jumping into the performance assessment discussions, you should consider
providing a brief overview of the NPHPSP, the Essential Public Health Services and the purpose of
completing the assessment instrument. This ensures that participants understand the process and the
outcomes and benefits that should result. See
www.phppo.cdc.gov/nphpsp/
for materials useful in orienting participants.
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The next step is to discuss and complete the assessment instrument. This will differ for each instrument;
for example, the completion of the local instrument may require two to five 2- to 3-hour meetings. One way
to reduce the time spent in this process is to ensure that participants receive information in advance of
the meeting. Keep in mind that it may take several sessions to respond to the entire instrument. The User
Guide offers specific suggestions and creative examples for working through the instrument and developing
consensus responses.
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After completing the assessment, submit results to the limited access CDC website. CDC recommends that
the governmental public health agency serve as the lead organization in submitting the instrument responses.
To reach the point where you begin submitting data, you will first need a User ID and survey password from
CDC. For a User ID and a description of how to navigate the web-based instrument, call the CDC help-line
at 1-800-PHPPO49 or 1-800-747-7649. If you're doing this through a statewide coordinated process, you should
also be able to get a User ID and instructions from the lead contact at the state health department.
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Once we have submitted our data, what will we receive back from CDC?
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CDC generates an automated report for users. A sample report
is available on the CDC website. The report includes:
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A narrative describing the NPHPSP, data limitations, and suggestions for using the results for quality improvement purposes.
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A variety of tables, charts, and graphs that summarize and display the performance scores.
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Downloadable files with the raw responses and scores.
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When can we expect our data and summary reports to be returned to us?
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Completion of data entry is signaled through use of a "submit button" on
the limited access data collection site. Once the data are submitted, it will
trigger an automated analysis and reporting process. The resulting report will
be available for download from the CDC website within three days after data are
submitted. Additional time may be required if problems are identified in our quality
assurance review. Such problems may include incomplete data submission or Internet
and other hardware failures.
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What aggregate information will be available to states that are implementing a
coordinated statewide approach?
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If state and local public health systems and governing entities conduct a coordinated assessment
process using more than one NPHPSP instrument, a timeline should be identified for completing the
assessments and submitting data. For example, the state and local participants may decide that
all responses should be submitted within three months from the start date. It is critical for
all jurisdictions to submit their data in a timely manner, so that the aggregate numbers reflect
those of the entire state.
CDC will send summary reports to the state contact indicating all scores. In addition, scores
will be aggregated to indicate the average local public health system score for each section of
the local instrument. CDC also can work with states to provide aggregate information for the
district or regional level. The statewide aggregate reports can be produced within one week
after all respondents have completed entering data.
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How often should the NPHPSP assessment process be conducted?
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Jurisdictions will be encouraged to use the instruments every few years
(e.g., a three-year cycle) so that improvements and changes can be tracked
over time. This will allow time to establish and implement systems improvement
plans and address capacity and performance issues.
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What technical assistance resources are available for NPHPSP users?
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Various products and resources are available to assist state and local public health systems
and governing bodies in their assessment process. Unless otherwise stated, all documents
below can be found at www.phppo.cdc.gov/nphpsp/.
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NPHPSP Assessment Instruments - designed to assess state public health systems, local public health systems,
and public health governing bodies.
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Glossary - provides further detail regarding terminology and acronyms used within the three instruments.
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User Guide - a document with instructions for use of the NPHPSP instruments.
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Frequently Asked Questions - provides responses to frequently asked questions.
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PowerPoint presentation - assists public health leaders in educating others about the NPHPSP assessment
process.
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MAPP - a community strategic planning process that includes four assessments - one of which
uses the NPHPSP local instrument - and guides communities through a health improvement process.
Online at www.naccho.org.
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On-line technical assistance resources for quality improvement - an on-line document providing
Internet links to a variety of resources that NPHPSP users can access in their efforts to
improve performance in each Essential Service. See:
State Public Health System Performance Improvement Resources: http://www.phf.org/ PerformanceTools/ NPHPSP_State_PI.htm
Local Public Health System Performance Improvement Resources: http://www.phf.org/ PerformanceTools/ NPHPSPtools-EPHS.pdf
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Educational materials - folders, fact sheets, and other promotional materials that can assist
public health leaders in initiating the NPHPSP assessment process in their state or
community.
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CDC Help Line - a help line with direct access to CDC staff supporting use of the NPHPSP.
Contact Us: Phone: 1-800-PHPPO49 (1-800-747-7649) or Email: phpsp@cdc.gov
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What types of direct training or orientation support can be provided to NPHPSP users?
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State and local public health systems should consider implementing the performance
assessment instruments through a coordinated statewide approach. Using the instruments
simultaneously or during a closely coordinated time period can create opportunities to
coordinate orientation activities, technical assistance, and improvement planning at the
state and local levels. In fact, some states are using funding from the CDC Bioterrorism
(BT) Grant Program to support their statewide efforts.
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CDC and NPHPSP partners can provide on-site orientation and training to states supporting
statewide implementation of the NPHPSP instruments. The logistics of the training can be
determined based on the needs of the state. Different formats, such as in-state
videoconferencing, regional meetings, or a statewide orientation conference, can be
considered.
In addition, CDC and NPHPSP partners have put together a "NPHPSP Training Workshop" workshop that
will be provided periodically. Local liaisons in state health departments, public health
institute representatives, and others can receive comprehensive training about the NPHPSP.
In turn, these individuals will be prepared to provide training to colleagues or can serve
as the primary coordinator of a statewide effort. Having a knowledgeable contact within the
state is valuable and provides the opportunity for NPHPSP users to hear information about
the assessment process from a colleague. Such state-based personnel will receive ongoing
assistance from CDC and NPHPSP partners throughout NPHPSP activities.
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Is the NPHPSP connected to BT and emergency preparedness and response activities?
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Yes, the NPHPSP is strongly connected with the concepts of emergency preparedness and response.
It is also specifically identified in the CDC Grant Program, Public Health Preparedness and
Response for BT.
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First, the NPHPSP instruments, by helping to improve public health infrastructure, will create stronger
public health systems that will be better prepared to provide surge capacity response and deal with emergency
situations, whether biological, chemical, natural, etc.
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Second, the instruments specifically address some areas of emergency preparedness as basic responsibilities
of public health. For example, under Essential Service #2 (the second section of each instrument), the
standards address activities such as:
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Surveillance systems to assure identification and surveillance of health threats and health hazards;
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Development, maintenance, and testing of emergency response plans;
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Investigation and response to public health emergencies; and
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Laboratory support for investigation of health threats.
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Other Essential Service sections also address critical activities required for strong emergency
preparedness, such as mobilization of system partners, public health workforce development, and
enforcement of laws and regulations.
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Third, the NPHPSP is specifically mentioned in the CDC grant guidance (Public Health Preparedness
and Response for BT) as an activity that may be considered under Focus Area A (Preparedness Planning
and Readiness Assessment). See www.bt.cdc.gov
for more information.
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What is MAPP and how does it relate to the NPHPSP?
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MAPP is the acronym for Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnerships.
Developed by NACCHO and CDC and released in February 2001, it is a web-based tool
designed to guide communities through a health improvement process.
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To access this tool, go to NACCHO's website at
www.naccho.org and click
on the link for "Tools."
Additionally, a 24-page Field Guide provides a shorter
overview of MAPP and can be found in the publications section of the NACCHO website.
Through the MAPP process, system and community partners are guided through a strategic
planning process that includes a set of four assessments. The assessments allow
partners to develop a community health improvement plan based on a diverse set of
information:
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Community Themes and Strengths Assessment - identifies issues that interest
the community, perceptions about quality of life, and community assets.
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Community Health Status Assessment - assesses data about health status, quality
of life, and risk factors in the community.
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Forces of Change Assessment - identifies forces that are or may affect the
community or the local public health system.
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Local Public Health System Assessment - measures the capacity and performance of
the local public health system - all organizations and entities that contribute
to the public's health.
The tool used within this fourth assessment is the NPHPSP Local Instrument. This assessment
helps community partners determine the system's areas for improvement which should be included as
part of the overall MAPP action plan. It also provides information about system strengths and
capacities, which will help the community to determine its capability to accomplish its health
improvement plan.
Local public health systems should strongly consider using the NPHPSP local instrument as part of a
broader MAPP process. MAPP provides the framework and process for improving upon strengths and
weaknesses and therefore assures that the results of the performance assessment are actively used.
Also, because MAPP includes three other assessments in addition to the information collected in the
local public health system assessment, the community health improvement plan truly addresses the
gamut of strengths, weaknesses, challenges and opportunities that exist in the community.
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How does the NPHPSP fit with accreditation efforts?
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Many states are interested in or involved with accreditation of public health agencies. The NPHPSP
focuses on the overall public health system, rather than a specific organization. For this reason,
the NPHPSP is able to serve as a complementary - rather than redundant - program to state accreditation
efforts. For example, a state can use its accreditation program to look at specific activities within
local public health agencies but also use the NPHPSP to look at system-wide activities at the state and
local levels.
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There has also been discussion of a national accreditation system. Because the NPHPSP focuses
on the system, rather than a specific organization, it could not be used in its current format.
However, the NPHPSP does provide a potential research and monitoring system for moving in the
direction of accreditation.
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It will provide national partners with information about current
performance and capacities at the state and local levels. It can also serve as a basis for a
future accreditation system, if so desired. Once the NPHPSP has been in use for several years
and is recognized as a successful monitoring system for public health systems, a set of questions
or criteria could be incorporated to specifically address public health agencies.
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