NASA continued to build a solid RESEARCH COMMUNITY of Microgravity Researchers for the coming space station era. During FY 1995, three new NASA Research Announcements (NRAs) were released, and researchers were selected from proposals received in response to an FY 1994 announcement. The principal investigators chosen from these NRAs will form the core of the program at the beginning of the space station era. The number of principal investigators increased almost 20 percent over FY 1994, the number of journal articles increased 41 percent, and the number of technical presentations increased 30 percent. The total number of tasks funded grew from 316 in FY 1994 to 347 in FY 1995. The Space Studies Board of the National Research Council released a report on Microgravity Research Opportunities in the 1990s defining priorities for the microgravity research program in the coming years; this report is a follow-on to the National Research Council's 1992 report entitled Toward a Microgravity Research Strategy.
Continuing strides made in international and INTER-GOVERNMENTAL cooperation. The Space Shuttle made two historic linkups with the Mir space station in June and November of 1995. Data from microgravity equipment placed on Mir are currently being analyzed by NASA microgravity scientists and engineers. Planning for International Space Station facilities continued with respect to the Biotechnology Facility, the Space Station Furnace Facility, the Fluids and Combustion Facility, and a newly planned Low-Temperature Microgravity Physics Facility. In the microgravity combustion science area, interactions between NASA and the New Energy and Technology Development Organization of Japan were further expanded, with testing by US investigators in the Japanese Microgravity Facility in Hokkaido. Cooperation with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) continued to yield useful results through cooperative use of NASA's bioreactor technology. NASA worked with the National Eye Institute towards the anticipated transfer of NASA technology involving the use of laser light scattering to detect early signs of the onset of cataract formation.
Second United States Microgravity Laboratory (USML-2) and other shuttle missions YIELDED significant results for microgravity experiments. USML-2 yielded a wealth of microgravity data. In the fluid physics area, the Surface Tension Convection Experiment again provided researchers with the perfect opportunity to examine flows caused by surface tension differences. Experiments on silicone drops with entrapped air bubbles, conducted in the Drop Physics Module, confirmed the expectation that a bubble would move to the center of an oscillating drop in a low-gravity environment due to fluid motion. In the materials science area, USML-2 provided the conditions for growing the thinnest and smoothest mercury cadmium telluride film ever grown. USML-2 was also the first mission to have the Microgravity Acceleration Work Station on board, helping scientists to guide the shuttle crew in making small orientation changes to improve crystal growth conditions. In the biotechnology area, over 1,500 protein samples were flown on USML-2, far surpassing accomplishments on any previous shuttle mission. USML-2 Glovebox experiments also yielded important results in the areas of fuel droplet combustion, thermocapillary flows, equilibrium liquid-vapor interfaces, protein crystal growth, zeolite crystal growth, colloidal disorder-order transitions, and particle dispersion. The February 1995 STS-63 and March 1995 STS-67 Shuttle missions also provided excellent protein crystals. The Solid Surface Combustion Experiment successfully completed its multi-mission protocol on the STS-63 mission with burning of polymethylmethacrylate samples in a highly oxygenated atmosphere. In addition, two Microgravity Smoldering Combustion tests were conducted on the September, 1995 STS-69 Shuttle mission.
Microgravity research program expands Education and Outreach activities. In FY 1995, approximately 3,000 sites requested materials and information regarding "Putting the Tgee!' in Microgravity" national television broadcast. This program was developed by NASA's Education Division as one of four programs in its "Explorations in Science, Mathematics & Technology" series for pre-college audiences. The live broadcast involved interactive communication via telephone and NASA Spacelink, an electronic database of space-related information, and several NASA scientists and educators at three uplink sites. Microgravity News, which provides quarterly updates on NASA's Microgravity Science Research Program, has been reaching increasing numbers of people in the past year. The December 1995 mailing list included almost 2500 subscribers, up from 934 in January 1995. The Microgravity Science Research Program World Wide Web Home Page has been updated to provide a seamless connection to NASA's "Microgravity Science Information System." The hyperlink includes access to a Catalog of Flight Hardware, Alternate Carriers for Experiments, Space Station Flight Hardware, Spacelab Hardware, and the International Standard Payload Rack Vibration Analysis.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1: Introduction SECTION 2: Program Goals for FY 1995 SECTION 3: Program Approach for FY 1995 SECTION 4: Microgravity Research Conducted in FY 1995 SECTION 5: Technology, Hardware, and Education Outreach SECTION 6: Program Resources for FY 1995 SECTION 7: Program Status
The Microgravity Science Research Program is a natural extension of traditional Earth-based laboratory science, in which experiments performed benefit from the stable, long-duration microgravity environment available in orbiting spacecraft. The microgravity environment affords substantially reduced buoyancy forces, hydrostatic pressures, and sedimentation rates, allowing gravity-related phenomena and phenomena masked by gravity on Earth to be isolated and controlled, and permitting measurements to be made with an accuracy that cannot be obtained on Earth.
The Microgravity Science Research Program conducts a program of basic and applied research in five areas:
Experiments in these areas are typically directed at providing a better understanding of gravity-dependent physical phenomena and exploration of phenomena made obscure by the effects of gravity. Scientific results are used to challenge or validate contemporary scientific theories, to identify and describe new experimental techniques that are unique to the low-gravity environment, and to engender the development of new theories explaining unexpected results. These results and the improved understanding accompanying them can lead to improvements in combustion efficiency and fire safety, to reduction of combustion-generated pollutants, to new technologies in industries as varied as medicine, chemical processing, and materials processing, to development or improvement of pharmaceuticals, and to expansion of fundamental knowledge in a broad range of science disciplines that will become the foundation for science and technology discoveries in the future.
A complementary document to this annual report is the "Microgravity Science and Applications Program Tasks and Bibliography for FY 1995," NASA Technical Memorandum 4735, March 1996. Detailed information on the research tasks funded by the microgravity program during FY 1995 are listed in that report, which serves as an excellent reference for supplementary information to this annual report. Also of interest is the RNASA Microgravity Science and Applications Program Strategic PlanS issued in June of 1993, a guide for development and implementation of the Microgravity Science Research Program plans and activities to the year 2000. Another complementary document is NASA's Microgravity Technology Report, first published in December 1995, summarizing advanced technology development and technology transfer activities through FY 1994. A second edition covering FY 1995 activities will be published in early summer, 1996.
Table 1.1 summarizes information from the program task book which may be of particular interest to the reader. Data for FY 1992, FY 1993, and FY 1994 are shown for comparison with FY 1995 information.
Table 1.1 FY 1992 through 1995 Research Task Summary: Overview Information and Statistics
FY 1992 | FY 1993 | FY 1994 | FY 1995 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
_______________________________________________________________________________________ | ||||
Total Number of Principal Investigators | 144 | 196 | 243 | 290 |
Total Number of Co-Investigators | * | 268 | 252 | 286 |
Total Number of Research Tasks | 144 | 243 | 315 | 347 |
Total Number of Bibliographic Listings | 559 | 767 | 944 | 1,200 |
69 | 110 | 145 | 140 | |
302 | 446 | 371 | 526 | |
6 | 6 | 13 | 11 | |
178 | 201 | 391 | 509 | |
4 | 5 | 24 | 14 | |
Total Number of Patents Applied for or Awarded | 7 | 7 | 4 | 1 |
Number of Graduate Students Funded | 242 | 329 | 434 | 534 |
Number of Graduate Degrees Based on MSAD-funded Research | 61 | 61 | 125 | 178 |
Number of States With Funded Research (including District of Columbia) | 32 | 32 | 36 | 34 |
FY Microgravity Science & Applications Budget (in millions) | 120.8 | 179.3 | 188.0 | 163.5 |
* Information not collected. |
Microgravity Science & Applications Research Tasks and Types Responsibilities by Center | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Center, Types of Research | Ground | Flight | Advanced Technology Development | Center Totals | |||||||||||||||
(by Fiscal Year) | '92 | '93 | '94 | '95 | '92 | '93 | '94 | '95 | '92 | '93 | '94 | '95 | '92 | '93 | '94 | '95 | |||
____________________________________________________________________________________________ | |||||||||||||||||||
Jet Propulsion Laboratory | 13 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 19 | 39 | 39 | 36 | |||
Johnson Space Center | 2 | 11 | 10 | 34 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 10 | 35 | |||
Langley Research Center | 4 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 8 | 5 | 5 | |||
Lewis Research Center | 45 | 87 | 130 | 125 | 19 | 29 | 35 | 32 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 69 | 121 | 171 | 163 | |||
Marshall Space Flight Center | 19 | 36 | 62 | 76 | 18 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 39 | 63 | 91 | 107 | |||
Goddard Space Flight Center | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |||
NASA Headquarters | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
Research Task Totals | 91 | 168 | 233 | 266 | 43 | 64 | 69 | 65 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 16 | 144 | 243 | 315 | 347 |
To use the microgravity environment of space as a tool to advance
knowledge; to use space as a laboratory to explore the nature of
physical phenomena, contributing to progress in science and technology
on Earth; and to study the role of gravity in technological processes,
building a scientific foundation for understanding the consequences of
gravitational environments beyond Earth's boundaries.
The Microgravity Science Research Program goals for FY 1995 were to:
Goal 1: Further advance a research program focused in the areas of
biotechnology, combustion science, fluid physics, materials science, and
selected investigations in low temperature microgravity physics.
Goal 2: Foster an interdisciplinary community to promote synergism in
carrying out the research program.
Goal 3: Enable research through the development of an appropriate
infrastructure of ground-based facilities, diagnostic capabilities, and
flight facilities/opportunities to meet science requirements.
Goal 4: Promote the exchange of scientific knowledge and technological
advances among academic, governmental and industrial communities and
disseminate results to public and educational institutions.
Goal 5: Increase United States research opportunities in space through
international cooperative efforts.
2: PROGRAM GOALS FOR FY 1995
The NASA Microgravity Science Research Program during FY 1995 was
evolved and implemented using a plan that integrated science,
applications, technology development, and technology transfer
objectives. Microgravity research forms a key component of NASA's Human
Exploration and Development of Space strategic enterprise. The
Program's mission during this period was:
Protein Crystal Growth Vapor-Diffusion Flight Hardware and Facility | |||
---|---|---|---|
Dr. Daniel C. Carter | NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) | Huntsville | AL |
Protein Crystal Growth in Microgravity | |||
Dr. Lawrence J. DeLucas | University of Alabama, Birmingham | Birmingham | AL |
Electrophoretic Separation of Cells and Particles from Rat Pituitary | |||
Dr. Wesley C. Hymer | Pennsylvania State University | University Park | PA |
Growth, Metabolism, and Differentiation of MIP-101 Carcinoma Cells | |||
Dr. J. M. Jessup | Harvard Medical School | Boston | MA |
Membrane Transport Phenomena | |||
Mr. Larry Mason | Lockheed Martin | Denver | CO |
An Observable Protein Crystal Growth Flight Apparatus | |||
Dr. Alexander McPherson, Jr. | University of California, Riverside | Riverside | CA |
Enhanced Dewar Program | |||
Dr. Alexander McPherson, Jr. | University of California, Riverside | Riverside | CA |
Electrophoresis Technology | |||
Dr. Robert S. Snyder | NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) | Huntsville | AL |
Investigation of Protein Crystal Growth Mechanisms in Microgravity | |||
Dr. Keith B. Ward | Office of Naval Research | Washington | DC |
Ground Experiments
The Use of Bioactive Glass Particles as Microcarriers in Microgravity Environment | |||
---|---|---|---|
Prof. Portonovo S. Ayyaswamy | University of Pennsylvania | Philadelphia | PA |
Evaluation of Ovarian Tumor Cell Growth and Gene Expression | |||
Jeanne L. Becker, Ph.D. | University of South Florida | Tampa | FL |
Expansion and Differentiation of Cells in Three Dimensional Matrices Mimicking Physiological Environments | |||
Prof. Rajendra S. Bhatnagar | University of California, San Francisco | San Francisco | CA |
Quantitative, Statistical Methods for Pre-Flight Optimization, and Post-Flight Evaluation of Macromolecular Crystal Growth | |||
Prof. Charles W. Carter | University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill | Chapel Hill | NC |
Crystallographic Studies of Proteins Part II | |||
Dr. Daniel C. Carter | NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) | Huntsville | AL |
Microgravity Simulated Prostate Cell Culture | |||
Prof. Leland W. Chung | University of Virginia | Charlottesville | VA |
Noninvasive Near-Infrared Sensor for Continual Cell Glucose Measurement | |||
Dr. Gerard L. Cote | Texas A&M; University | College Station | TX |
A Comprehensive Investigation of Macromolecular Transport During Protein Crystallization | |||
Dr. Lawrence J. DeLucas | University of Alabama, Birmingham | Birmingham | AL |
Development of Robotic Techniques for Microgravity Protein Crystal Growth | |||
Dr. Lawrence J. DeLucas | University of Alabama, Birmingham | Birmingham | AL |
Macromolecular Crystallization: Physical Principles, Passive Devices, and Optimal Protocols | |||
Dr. George T. DeTitta | Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute | Buffalo | NY |
The Effect of Microgravity on the Human Skin Equivalent | |||
Dr. S. D. Dimitrijevich | Univ. of N. Texas Health Science Ctr, Fort Worth | Fort Worth | TX |
Use of Microgravity-Based Bioreactors to Study Intercellular Communication in Airway Cells | |||
Dr. Ellen R. Dirksen | University of California, Los Angeles | Los Angeles | CA |
Microgravity Thresholds for Anti-Cancer Drug Production on Conifer Cells | |||
Dr. Don J. Durzan | University of California, Davis | Davis | CA |
Laser Scattering Tomography for the Study of Defects in Protein Crystals | |||
Prof. Robert S. Feigelson | Stanford University | Stanford | CA |
Role of Fluid Shear on 3-D Bone Tissue Culture | |||
Prof. John A. Frangos | University of California, San Diego | La Jolla | CA |
Microgravity Studies of Cell-Polymer Cartilage Implants | |||
Lisa E. Freed, M.D., Ph.D. | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) | Cambridge | MA |
Microgravity Tissue Engineering | |||
Lisa E. Freed, M.D., Ph.D. | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) | Cambridge | MA |
Protein and DNA Crystal Lattice Engineering | |||
Dr. D. T. Gallagher | Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology (CARB) | Rockville | MD |
Microgravity-Based Three-Dimensional Transgenic Cell Models | |||
Dr. Steve R. Gonda | NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) | Houston | TX |
Lymphocyte Invasion Into Tumor Models Emulated Under Microgravity Conditions In Vitro | |||
Thomas J. Goodwin, M.S. | NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) | Houston | TX |
Differentiation of Cultured Normal Human Renal Epithelial Cells in Microgravity | |||
Dr. Timothy G. Hammond | Tulane University | New Orleans | LA |
Excitable Cells and Growth Factors under Microgravity Conditions | |||
Dr. Charles R. Hartzell | Alfred I. duPont Institute | Wilmington | DE |
Determining the Conditions Necessary for the Development of Functional Replacement Cartilage Using a Microgravity Reactor | |||
Prof. Carole A. Heath | Iowa State University | Ames | IA |
The Effects of Microgravity on Viral Replication | |||
John H. Hughes, Ph.D. | Ohio State University | Columbus | OH |
Sensitized Lymphocytes for Tumor Therapy Grown in Microgravity | |||
Dr. Marylou Ingram | Huntington Medical Research Institutes | Pasadena | CA |
Three-Dimensional Tissue Interactions in Colorectal Cancer Metastasis | |||
Dr. J. M. Jessup | New England Deaconess Hospital | Boston | MA |
Fibril Formation by Alzheimer's Disease Amyloid in Microgravity | |||
Prof. Daniel A. Kirschner | University of Massachusetts | Lowell | MA |
Applications of Atomic Force Microscopy to Investigate Mechanisms of Protein Crystal Growth | |||
Dr. John H. Konnert | Naval Research Laboratory | Washington | DC |
Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Development and Differentiation In Vitro by Mechanical and Chemical Factors | |||
Dr. William E. Kraus | Duke University Medical Center | Durham | NC |
Neuro-endocrine Organoid Assembly in Vitro | |||
Dr. Peter I. Lelkes | University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee | Milwaukee | WI |
Formation of Ordered Arrays of Proteins at Surfaces | |||
Prof. Abraham M. Lenhoff | University of Delaware | Newark | DE |
Multidisciplinary Studies of Cells, Tissues, and Mammalian Development in Simulated Microgravity | |||
Dr. Elliot M. Levine | The Wistar Institute | Philadelphia | PA |
Analysis of Electrophoretic Transport of Macromolecules using Pulsed Field Gradient NMR | |||
Dr. Bruce R. Locke | Florida State University | Tallahassee | FL |
Ground-Based Program for the Physical Analysis of Macromolecular Crystal Growth | |||
Prof. Alexander J. Malkin | University of California, Riverside | Riverside | CA |
Thyroid Follicle Formation in Microgravity: Three-Dimensional Organoid Construction in a Low-Shear Environment | |||
Andreas Martin, M.D. | Mount Sinai School of Medicine | New York | NY |
Biological Particle Separation in Low Gravity | |||
Dr. D. J. Morri | Purdue University | West Lafayette | IN |
Continuous, Noninvasive Monitoring of Rotating Wall Vessels and Application to the Study of Prostate Cancer | |||
Prof. David W. Murhammer | University of Iowa | Iowa City | IA |
Crystallization Studies in Microgravity of an Integral Membrane Protein: The Photosynthetic Reaction Center | |||
Dr. James R. Norris | Argonne National Laboratory | Argonne | IL |
Insect-Cell Cultivation in Simulated Microgravity | |||
Prof. Kim O'Connor | Tulane University | New Orleans | LA |
Insect-Cell Cultivation in the NASA High Aspect Rotating-Wall Vessel | |||
Prof. Kim O'Connor | Tulane University | New Orleans | LA |
Use of Rotating Wall Vessel (RWV) to Facilitate Culture of Norwalk Virus | |||
Dr. Paul E. Oefinger | University of Texas Medical School at Houston | Houston | TX |
Shear Sensitivities of Human Bone Marrow Cultures | |||
Dr. Bernhard O. Palsson | University of California, San Diego | La Jolla | CA |
Microgravity and Immunosuppression: A Ground-Based Model in the Slow Turning Lateral Vessel Bioreactor | |||
Dr. Neal R. Pellis | NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) | Houston | TX |
Isolation of the Flow, Growth and Nucleation Rate, and Microgravity Effects on Protein Crystal Growth | |||
Dr. Marc L. Pusey | NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) | Huntsville | AL |
Microgravity Crystallization of Avian Egg White Ovostatin | |||
Dr. Marc L. Pusey | NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) | Huntsville | AL |
Stem Cell Expansion in Rotating Bioreactors | |||
Dr. Peter J. Quesenberry | University of Massachusetts | Worcester | MA |
Study of Crystallization and Solution Properties of Redesigned Protein Surfaces | |||
Prof. David C. Richardson | Duke University Medical Center | Durham | NC |
Convective Flow Effects on Protein Crystal Growth and Diffraction Resolution | |||
Prof. Franz E. Rosenberger | University of Alabama, Huntsville | Huntsville | AL |
Nucleation and Convection Effects in Protein Crystal Growth | |||
Prof. Franz E. Rosenberger | University of Alabama, Huntsville | Huntsville | AL |
Enhancement of Cell Function in Culture by Controlled Aggregation Under Microgravity Conditions | |||
Prof. W. M. Saltzman | Johns Hopkins University | Baltimore | MD |
Culture of Porcine Islet Tissue: Evaluation of Microgravity Conditions | |||
Dr. David W. Scharp | Washington University School of Medicine | St. Louis | MO |
Robotic Acquisition and Cryogenic Preservation of Single Crystals of Macromolecules for X-Ray Diffraction | |||
Craig D. Smith, Ph.D. | University of Alabama, Birmingham | Birmingham | AL |
Influence of Microgravity Conditions on Gene Transfer Into Expanded Populations of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells | |||
Dr. F. M. Stewart | University of Massachusetts | Worcester | MA |
Mechanisms for Membrane Protein Crystallization: Analysis by Small Angle Neutron Scattering | |||
Dr. David M. Tiede | Argonne National Laboratory | Argonne | IL |
Preparation and Analysis of RNA Crystals | |||
Dr. Paul Todd | University of Colorado, Boulder | Boulder | CO |
Development of Microflow Biochemical Sensors for Space Biotechnology | |||
Dr. Bruce Towe | Arizona State University | Tempe | AZ |
Experimental Studies of Protein Crystal Growth Under Simulated Low Gravity Conditions | |||
Dr. Eugene H. Trinh | Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) | Pasadena | CA |
Two-Dimensional Protein Crystallization at Interfaces | |||
Prof. Viola Vogel | University of Washington | Seattle | WA |
Automation of Protein Crystallization Experiments: Crystallization by Dynamic Control of Temperature | |||
Dr. Keith B. Ward | Office of Naval Research | Washington | DC |
Thermal Optimization of Growth and Quality of Protein Crystals | |||
Dr. John M. Wiencek | University of Iowa | Iowa City | IA |
A Rational Approach for Predicting Protein Crystallization | |||
Dr. W. W. Wilson | Mississippi State University | Mississippi State | MS |
Search for a Dilute Solution Property to Predict Protein Crystallization | |||
Dr. W. W. Wilson | Mississippi State University | Mississippi State | MS |
Phase Shifting Interferometric Analysis of Protein Crystal Growth Boundaries and Convective Flows | |||
Mr. William K. Witherow | NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) | Huntville | AL |
Characterization of Solvation Potentials Between Small Particles | |||
Dr. Charles F. Zukoski | University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign | Urbana | IL |
Overview
The Microgravity Combustion Research Program currently includes research in the areas of Premixed Gas Flames, Gaseous Diffusion Flames, Droplet/Spray Combustion, Surface Combustion, Smoldering, and Combustion Synthesis. In addition, a number of advanced diagnostic instrumentation technologies are being developed for various experimental studies in the limited confines available for most microgravity experiments.
In the area of premixed gas combustion, NASA supports experimental and modeling studies of the effects of gravity on flammability limits, flame stability and extinction, low-flow turbulent flames, and laminar flame structure and shape. Modeling activities include simplified analytical approaches aimed at elucidating mechanisms and detailed numerical analysis aimed at quantifying them. To date, several discoveries, all important to hazard control and basic combustion science and made possible only via microgravity experiments, have been made in this area. Activities in the area of gaseous diffusion flames include study of the effects of gravity on soot formation, relationships between chemical kinetic time scales and flow time scales, flammability limits and burning rates, and structure of gas-jet diffusion flames.
In the area of combustion of fuel droplets, particles, and sprays, research includes examining combustion of single-component and multicomponent spherical droplets as well as ordered arrays of fuel droplets and of sprays for improved understanding of the interactions of combustion of individual droplets in sprays. Several new droplet combustion phenomena have been revealed in drop tower microgravity testing; these are expected to lead to major improvements in design of combustors utilizing liquid fuels.
In addition, NASA supported several experimental and analytical studies of the spread of flames across solid and liquid fuel surfaces, both in quiescent oxidizer environments and with low velocity flows; benefits here lie mainly in the area of fire safety. Experimental and analytical studies of smoldering combustion which should have significant impact on prevention of unwanted fires, both on the ground and in space are also supported.
A relatively new area of combustion is the combustion synthesis of materials; one subcategory of particular interest is referred to as Self-deflagrating High -temperature Synthesis. Gravity fields can have major impact on this process, through buoyancy-induced flow effects on heat transport processes and through gravity-driven flow of liquid-phase intermediates through a porous solid matrix prior to cool-down/freezing of the product behind the reaction front. Since the crystal morphology of the final product (which strongly affects its properties) tends to be very sensitive to the temperature-time history seen during the passing of the Self-deflagrating High -temperature Synthesis combustion wave, these gravity-dependent effects can have major effects on the product produced.
To date, the work in microgravity combustion has demonstrated major differences in structures of various types of flames from that seen in normal gravity. Besides the practical implications of these results to combustion efficiency (energy conservation), pollutant control (environmental considerations), and flammability (fire safety), these studies establish that better mechanistic understanding of individual processes making up the overall combustion process can be obtained by comparing of results gathered in microgravity and normal gravity tests. Examples of spin-off technologies developed in this program include:
In response to a Combustion Science NASA Research Announcement, NRA-95-OLMSA-03, released in May 1995, NASA received 110 proposals. It is expected that a total of about 20 projects, 15-17 in the ground-based program, and 3-5 in the flight definition program will be funded in FY 1996.
Meetings, Awards, Publications
The Third International Microgravity Combustion Workshop was held in Cleveland, Ohio, from April 11-13, 1995. This was a very successful meeting with approximately 70 presentations (approximately 10 from international participants, with the remainder from investigators funded by the NASA Microgravity Combustion Science Program) being heard by an audience of about 230 scientists/engineers. At this meeting, each registrant received a Videotape describing the facilities and operational methods employed at NASA's Lewis Research Center for the Microgravity Combustion Program aimed at familiarizing with assets available to program investigators.
NASA participated in the SPACE T95 conference in Japan in October 1995. An overview of the NASA combustion science program was presented. NASA officials also visited Japanese microgravity drop towers at Hokkaido and Nagoya.
Flight Experiments
Although most work to date has been centered on ground-based studies, involving analytical modeling activities and testing in drop towers at NASA's Lewis Research Center and in aircraft flying parabolic trajectories, limited testing has been carried out on Sounding Rockets and the Shuttle. During late 1994 and early 1995, the seventh and eighth flights of the Solid Surface Combustion Experiment were completed for Dr. Robert Altenkirch (Washington State University) during the STS-63 and STS-64 Shuttle missions, with samples of Rplexi-glasS type material being burnt in various oxygen-nitrogen atmospheres under quiescent conditions. Computer image enhancement techniques are being employed to analyze the film records of these experiments, described in more detail in another paper at this meeting, with the images and recorded temperature data being compared with computer simulations of the flame spreading process to provide new insights into the flame spreading process.
Two Sounding Rocket tests on the Spread Across Liquids program of Dr. Howard Ross (Lewis Research Center) were successfully carried out in November 1994 and August 1995. Each flight provided approximately six minutes of microgravity time (during which three experimental burns were accomplished) for investigation of the flame spread characteristics across a deep pool of liquid fuel in a microgravity environment, with particle imaging velocimetry, rainbow schlieren, and flame spread data being obtained for comparison with model predictions.
The Microgravity Smoldering Combustion Experiment of Dr. Carlos Fernandez-Pello, University of California-Berkeley flew for the first time as a Getaway Special Canister payload on the STS-69 Shuttle mission in mid-1995. In addition, an experiment on Dr. Forman WilliamsU (University of California at San Diego) Fiber-Supported Droplet Combustion was carried out in the Shuttle Glovebox on the Second United States Microgravity Laboratory mission in September 1995.
Three other Glovebox investigations: Forced Flow Flame Spreading Test, Comparative Soot Diagnostics, and Radiative Ignition and Transition to Flame Spread Investigation are scheduled for flight on the Third United States Microgravity Payload in early 1996. Major efforts are also being expended on the development of flight hardware for Dr. WilliamsU Droplet Combustion Experiment, Dr. Paul Ronney's (University of Southern California) Study of Flameballs at Low Lewis Numbers Experiment, and Dr. Gerard Faeth's (University of Michigan) Laminar Soot Processes in Flames Experiment all scheduled to fly on Microgravity Spacelab-1 in early 1997. In addition, Dr. Yousef Bahadori's Turbulent Gas Jet Diffusion Flame experiment is tentatively scheduled to go to flight in mid-1996.
The FY 1995 ground and flight tasks for combustion science are listed in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2 Combustion Science Tasks Funded by MSAD in FY 1995
Flight Experiments
Scientific Support for an Orbiter Middeck Experiment on Solid Surface Combustion | |||
---|---|---|---|
Prof. Robert A. Altenkirch | Washington State University | Pullman | WA |
Low-Velocity, Opposed-Flow Flame Spread in a Transport-Controlled, Microgravity Environment | |||
Prof. Robert A. Altenkirch | Washington State University | Pullman | WA |
Reflight of the Solid Surface Combustion Experiment with Emphasis on Flame Radiation Near Extinction | |||
Prof. Robert A. Altenkirch | Washington State University | Pullman | WA |
Gravitational Effects On Laminar, Transitional, and Turbulent Gas-Jet Diffusion Flames | |||
Dr. M. Y. Bahadori | Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) | Torrance | CA |
Sooting Effects in Reduced Gravity Droplet Combustion (SEDC) | |||
Prof. Mun Y. Choi | University of Illinois, Chicago | Chicago | IL |
Candle Flames in Microgravity | |||
Dr. Daniel L. Dietrich | NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) | Cleveland | OH |
Investigation of Laminar Jet Diffusion Flames in Microgravity: A Paradigm for Soot Processes in Turbulent Flames | |||
Prof. Gerard M. Faeth | University of Michigan | Ann Arbor | MI |
Unsteady Diffusion Flames: Ignition, Travel, and Burnout | |||
Dr. Frank Fendell | TRW | Redondo Beach | CA |
Fundamental Study of Smoldering Combustion in Microgravity | |||
Prof. A. C. Fernandez-Pello | University of California, Berkeley | Berkeley | CA |
Ignition and the Subsequent Transition to Flame Spread in Microgravity | |||
Dr. Takashi Kashiwagi | National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) | Gaithersburg | MD |
Studies of Premixed Laminar and Turbulent Flames at Microgravity | |||
Prof. Paul D. Ronney | University of Southern California | Los Angeles | CA |
Ignition and Flame Spread of Liquid Fuel Pools | |||
Dr. Howard D. Ross | NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) | Cleveland | OH |
Combustion of Solid Fuel in Very Low Speed Oxygen Streams | |||
Prof. James S. T'ien | Case Western Reserve University | Cleveland | OH |
Droplet Combustion Experiment | |||
Prof. Forman A. Williams | University of California, San Diego | La Jolla | CA |
Ground Experiments
Effects of Energy Release on Near Field Flow Structure of Gas Jets | |||
---|---|---|---|
Prof. Ajay K. Agrawal | University of Oklahoma | Norman | OK |
Radiative Extinction of Diffusion Flames | |||
Prof. Arvind Atreya | University of Michigan | Ann Arbor | MI |
Multicomponent Droplet Combustion in Microgravity: Soot Formation, Emulsions, Metal-Based Additives, and the Effect of Initial Droplet Diameter | |||
Prof. C. T. Avedisian | Cornell University | Ithica | NY |
Development of Advanced Diagnostics for Characterization of Burning Droplets in Microgravity | |||
Dr. William D. Bachalo | Aerometrics, Inc. | Sunnyvale | CA |
Ignition and Combustion of Bulk Metals | |||
Prof. Melvyn C. Branch | University of Colorado, Boulder | Boulder | CO |
Ignition and Combustion of Bulk Metals in Microgravity (Ground-Based Experiment) | |||
Prof. Melvyn C. Branch | University of Colorado, Boulder | Boulder | CO |
Modeling of Microgravity Combustion Experiments - Phase II | |||
Prof. John D. Buckmaster | University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign | Urbana | IL |
Buoyancy Effects on the Structure and Stability of Burke-Schumann Diffusion Flames | |||
Prof. L.- D. Chen | University of Iowa | Iowa City | IA |
Gravitational Effects on Premixed Turbulent Flames | |||
Dr. Robert K. Cheng | Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory | Berkeley | CA |
Gravitational Effects on Premixed Turbulent Flames: Microgravity Flame Structures | |||
Dr. Robert K. Cheng | Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory | Berkeley | CA |
Combustion of Interacting Droplet Arrays in a Microgravity Environment | |||
Dr. Daniel L. Dietrich | NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) | Cleveland | OH |
Internal and Surface Phenomena in Heterogeneous Metal Combustion | |||
Dr. Edward L. Dreizin | AeroChem Research Laboratories, Inc. | Princeton | NJ |
Flame-Vortex Interactions Imaged in Microgravity | |||
Prof. James F. Driscoll | University of Michigan | Ann Arbor | MI |
Aerodynamic, Unsteady, Kinetic, and Heat Loss Effects on the Dynamics and Structure of Weakly-Burning Flames in Microgravity | |||
Prof. Fokion N. Egolfopoulos | University of Southern California | Los Angeles | CA |
Effects of Gravity on Sheared and Nonsheared Turbulent Nonpremixed Flames | |||
Prof. Said E. Elghobashi | University of California, Irvine | Irvine | CA |
Combustion of Electrostatic Sprays of Liquid Fuels in Laminar and Turbulent Regimes | |||
Prof. Alessandro Gomez | Yale University | New Haven | CT |
Three-Dimensional Flow in a Microgravity Diffusion Flame | |||
Prof. Jean R. Hertzberg | University of Colorado, Boulder | Boulder | CO |
Unsteady Numerical Simulations of the Stability and Dynamics of Flames in Microgravity | |||
Dr. K. Kailasanath | Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) | Washington | DC |
Sooting Turbulent Jet Diffusion Flames | |||
Prof. Jerry C. Ku | Wayne State University | Detroit | MI |
Soot and Radiation Measurements in Microgravity Turbulent Jet Diffusion Flames | |||
Prof. Jerry C. Ku | Wayne State University | Detroit | MI |
Studies of Flame Structure in Microgravity | |||
Prof. Chung K. Law | Princeton University | Princeton | NJ |
Chemical Inhibitor Effects on Diffusion Flames in Microgravity | |||
Dr. Gregory T. Linteris | National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) | Gaithersburg | MD |
Structure and Dynamics of Diffusion Flames in Microgravity | |||
Prof. Moshe Matalon | Northwestern University | Evanston | IL |
Filtration Combustion for Microgravity Applications: (1) Smoldering, (2) Combustion Synthesis of Advanced Materials | |||
Prof. Bernard J. Matkowsky | Northwestern University | Evanston | IL |
Combustion of PTFE: The Effect of Gravity on Ultrafine Particle Generation | |||
Prof. J. T. McKinnon | Colorado School of Mines | Golden | CO |
Premixed Turbulent Flame Propagation in Microgravity | |||
Prof. Suresh Menon | Georgia Institute of Technology | Atlanta | GA |
A Fundamental Study of the Combustion Syntheses of Ceramic-Metal Composite Materials Under Microgravity Conditions - Phase II | |||
Prof. John J. Moore | Colorado School of Mines | Golden | CO |
Flow and Ambient Atomosphere Effects on Flame Spread at Microgravity | |||
Prof. Paul D. Ronney | University of Southern California | Los Angeles | CA |
Combustion Research | |||
Dr. Howard D. Ross | NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) | Cleveland | OH |
Reduced Gravity Combustion with 2-Component Miscible Droplets | |||
Prof. Benjamin D. Shaw | University of California, Davis | Davis | CA |
Quantitative Measurement of Molecular Oxygen in Microgravity Combustion | |||
Dr. Joel A. Silver | Southwest Sciences, Inc. | Sante Fe | NM |
Numerical Modeling of Flame-Balls in Fuel-Air Mixtures | |||
Prof. Mitchell D. Smooke | Yale University | New Haven | CT |
Interactions Between Flames on Parallel Solid Surfaces | |||
Dr. David L. Urban | NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) | Cleveland | OH |
Gasless Combustion Synthesis from Elements Under Microgravity: A Study of Structure-Formation Processes | |||
Prof. Arvind Varma | University of Notre Dame | Nortre Dame | IN |
Studies of Wind-Aided Flame Spread Over Thin Cellulosic Fuels in Microgravity | |||
Prof. Indrek S. Wichman | Michigan State University | East Lansing | MI |
High Pressure Droplet Combustion Studies | |||
Prof. Forman A. Williams | University of California, San Diego | La Jolla | CA |
High-Pressure Combustion of Binary Fuel Sprays | |||
Prof. Forman A. Williams | University of California, San Diego | La Jolla | CA |
Laser Diagnostics for Fundamental Microgravity Droplet Combustion Studies | |||
Dr. Michael Winter | United Technologies Research Center | East Hartford | CT |
Combustion of a Polymer (PMMA) Sphere in Microgravity | |||
Dr. Jiann C. Yang | National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) | Gaithersburg | MD |
The primary objective of the microgravity fluid physics program is to conduct a comprehensive research program on fluid dynamics and transport phenomena where fundamental behavior is limited or affected by the presence of gravity, and where low-gravity experiments allow insight into that behavior. For example, a low-gravity environment results in greatly reduced density-driven convection flows and allows the study of other forms of convection such as flows driven by magneto/electrodynamics, surface tension gradients, or other interfacial phenomena. Investigations of these phenomena result in the basic scientific and practical knowledge needed to design effective and reliable space-based systems and facilities that rely on fluid processes. Another objective of the fluid physics program is to assist other microgravity disciplines, such as materials science or combustion science, by developing an understanding of the gravity-dependent fluid phenomena that underlie their experimental observations. The fluid physics program continued to make major advances in FY 1995. The fluid physics NASA Research Announcement released in the fall of 1994, which included both fluid physics and low-temperature microgravity physics, generated more than 354 proposals. External peer review panels evaluated 251 of these proposals in the area of fluid physics in November 1995, with NASA ultimately accepting 84 proposals for funding.
A NASA partnership with NIH is using laser light scattering to detect early signs of the onset of cataract formation; discussions with managers from the National Eye Institute have led to the decision to proceed with development of a prototype diagnostic tool. After successful demonstration, the National Eye Institute is interested in obtaining the technology for use in a large scale clinical trial. Work at NASA's Lewis Research Center demonstrated a capability for measurement of the size distribution of a protein in the eye that is related to the early development stages of cataracts. The NASA microgravity research program is also collaborating with researchers at the National Eye Institute using protein crystal growth technology to determine the structures of important proteins related to the signal pathway for sight.
Scientists at NASA's Lewis Research Center developed a Stereo Imaging Velocimetry system for fluid physics experiments that is now being used by LTV Steel to study fluid flow for LTV's continuous casting processes. LTV requested NASA assistance in measuring velocities and flow patterns in their scale water models of the submerged entry nozzle and mold of a continuous casting machine, with an ultimate goal of developing new nozzle designs and casting practices to optimize flow in the mold and reduce flow induced defects in as-cast slabs.
Professor Jungho Kim at the University of Denver, as part of his microgravity program sponsored research on boiling heat transfer, developed a microscale heater using technologies adapted from integrated circuit fabrication. This device offers scientists studying the process of boiling new insights into the detailed physical mechanisms by which bubbles form, grow, and depart from heater surfaces. The long-term goal of the research is to contribute to more efficient and reliable heat transfer technologies for applications both on Earth and in space.
At the University of Colorado, Prof. Noel Clark reported obtaining the first unambiguous evidence for longitudinal ferroelectricity in a liquid crystal. His team obtained this result in a freely suspended film of an antiferroelectric liquid crystal material. This discovery will enable the first measurement of longitudinal polarization and a detailed comparison of longitudinal and transverse liquid crystal polarization.
Professor Hallinan, of the University of Dayton, showed that surface tension driven flows can enhance the heat transfer effectiveness of devices that rely on evaporative phase change. His experiments examined use of a binary mixture of pentane and decane, a non-volatile solute, as the working fluid and demonstrated that addition of about 1.5% decane significantly enhanced the heat transport relative to pure pentane. This procedure also increased the stability of the interfacial film producing a more steady heat transfer performance.
Meetings, Awards, Publications
Dr. Harold Swinney, fluid physics principal investigator and a member of the Microgravity Fluid Physics Discipline Working Group, was selected as the 1995 recipient of the American Physical Society Fluid Dynamics Prize. Professor Swinney's efforts were the first to bridge the gap between nonlinear dynamic systems theory and laboratory investigations. Dr. Swinney currently holds the Sid Richardson Foundation Regents Chair in Physics at the University of Texas at Austin.
Prof. Eric W. Kaler, a principal investigator in the area of fluid physics from the University of Delaware, won the 1995 Curtis McGraw award, a national award for engineering work for those under 40 years old, for "research excellence" from the American Association for Engineering Education.
Professor Gareth McKinley of Harvard University was honored with the 1994 British Society of Rheology Annual Award in April 1995 in Wales, Great Britain, for his contributions to the field of Non-Newtonian Rheology.
Flight Experiments
The Second United States Microgravity Laboratory had several fluid physics experiments on board. Dr. Taylor Wang of Vanderbilt University examined two new aspects of drop phenomena: the fissioning of rotating drops and the centering mechanism in shell drops. Dr. Wang used the Drop Physics Module, a rectangular chamber where samples are positioned and manipulated by sound waves and levitated acoustically, to test mathematical theories that describe the physics of fissioning atoms. Dr. Wang also studied shell drops (drops with one large bubble inside) that may have future applications for medicine.
Dr. Robert Apfel of Yale University used the Drop Physics Module to study the influence of surfactants (substances that migrate toward the free surfaces of liquids and reduce surface tension) on the behavior of drops. Dr. John Hart of the University of Colorado used his Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell to gain new insights into atmospheric thermal convection currents. Dr. Simon Ostrach of Case Western University used the Surface Tension Driven Convection Experiment apparatus to examine thermocapillary flows, which are obscured by gravity on Earth. Dr. Ostrach successfully observed and characterized the transition from steady to time-dependent flow that has been of substantial controversy in the fluid dynamics community and of great interest to crystal growers who use the floating zone process. Glovebox experiments conducted on the Second United States Microgravity Laboratory included the Colloidal Disorder-Order Transition experiment, the Interface Configuration Experiment, and the Oscillatory Thermocapillary Flow experiment.
The FY 1995 ground and flight tasks for fluid physics are listed in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3 Fluid Physics Tasks Funded by MSAD in FY 1995
Flight Experiments
Surface Controlled Phenomena | |||
---|---|---|---|
Prof. Rober E. Apfel | Yale University | New Haven | CT |
Critical Viscosity of Xenon | |||
Dr. Robert F. Berg | National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) | Gaithersburg | MD |
The Dynamics of Disorder-Order Transitions in Hard Sphere Colloidal Dispersions | |||
Prof. Paul M. Chaikin | Princeton University | Princeton | NJ |
Critical Dynamics of Fluids | |||
Prof. Richard A. Ferrell | University of Maryland | College Park | MD |
Microscale Hydrodynamics Near Moving Contact Lines | |||
Prof. Stephen Garoff | Carnegie Mellon University | Pittsburgh | PA |
Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell | |||
Dr. John E. Hart | University of Colorado, Boulder | Boulder | CO |
Interfacial Phenomena in Multilayered Fluid Systems | |||
Prof. Jean N. Koster | University of Colorado, Boulder | Boulder | CO |
Extensional Rheology of Non-Newtonian Materials | |||
Prof. Gareth H. McKinley | Harvard University | Cambridge | MA |
Pool Boiling Experiment | |||
Prof. Herman Merte, Jr. | University of Michigan | Ann Arbor | MI |
Surface Tension-Driven Convection Experiment (STDCE-1, STDCE-2) | |||
Prof. Simon Ostrach | Case Western Reserve University | Cleveland | OH |
Modeling and New Experiment Definition for the VIBES | |||
Prof. Robert L. Sani | University of Colorado, Boulder | Boulder | CO |
Studies in Electrohydrodynamics | |||
Dr. Dudley A. Saville | Princeton University | Princeton | NJ |
Mechanics of Granular Materials | |||
Dr. Stein Sture | University of Colorado, Boulder | Boulder | CO |
Thermocapillary Migration and Interactions of Bubbles and Drops | |||
Prof. R. S. Subramanian | Clarkson University | Potsdam | NY |
Drop Dynamics Investigation | |||
Prof. Taylor G. Wang | Vanderbilt University | Nashville | TN |
Physics of Colloid in Space | |||
Dr. David A. Weitz | University of Pennsylvania | Philadelphia | PA |
Ground Experiments
Study of Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer in Reduced Gravities | |||
---|---|---|---|
Dr. Davood Abdollahian | S. Levy, Inc. | Campbell | CA |
Colloids & Nucleation | |||
Prof. Bruce J. Ackerson | Oklahoma State University | Stillwater | OK |
Stability Limits and Dynamics of Nonaxisymmetric Liquid Bridges | |||
Prof. J. Iwan D. Alexander | University of Alabama, Huntsville | Huntsville | AL |
Investigations of Multiple-Layer Convection | |||
Prof. C. D. Andereck | Ohio State University | Columbia | OH |
Electrokinetic Transport of Heterogeneous Particles in Suspensions | |||
Prof. John L. Anderson | Carnegie Mellon University | Pittsburgh | PA |
Experimental Study of Liquid Jet Impingement in Microgravity: The Hydraulic Jump | |||
Prof. C. T. Avedisian | Cornell University | Ithica | NY |
Studies on the Response of Emulsions to Externally-Imposed Electric and Velocity Fields: Electrohydrodynamic Deformation and Interaction of a Pair of Drops | |||
Prof. James C. Baygents | University of Arizona | Tucson | AZ |
Marangoni Effects in Boiling of Binary Fluid Mixtures Under Microgravity | |||
Prof. Van P. Carey | University of California, Berkeley | Berkeley | CA |
Marangoni Instability Induced Convection in Evaporating Liquid Droplets | |||
Dr. An-Ti Chai | NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) | Cleveland | OH |
Rewetting of Monogroove Heat Pipe in Space Station Radiators | |||
Prof. S. H. Chan | University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee | Milwaukee | WI |
Marangoni and Double-Diffusive Convection in a Fluid Layer Under Microgravity | |||
Prof. Chuan F. Chen | University of Arizona | Tucson | AZ |
Transport Phenomena in Stratified Flow in the Presence and Absence of Gravity | |||
Prof. Norman Chigier | Carnegie Mellon University | Pittsburgh | PA |
Bubble Dynamics, Two-Phase Flow, and Boiling Heat Transfer in Microgravity | |||
Prof. Jacob N. Chung | Washington State University | Pullman | WA |
Reactive Fluids Experiment: Chemical Vapor Deposition | |||
Dr. Ivan O. Clark | NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) | Hampton | VA |
Microgravity Particle Dynamics | |||
Dr. Ivan O. Clark | NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) | Hampton | VA |
Studies of Freely Suspended Liquid Crystal Bubbles | |||
Prof. Noel A. Clark | University of Colorado, Boulder | Boulder | CO |
Fluid Interface Behavior Under Low- and Reduced-Gravity Conditions | |||
Prof. Paul Concus | University of California, Berkeley | Berkeley | CA |
Convection and Morphological Stability During Directional Solidification | |||
Dr. Sam R. Coriell | National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) | Gaithersburg | MD |
Microphysics of Close Approach and Film Drainage and Rupture During Drop Coalescence | |||
Prof. Robert H. Davis | University of Colorado, Boulder | Boulder | CO |
Phase Segregation Due to Simultaneous Migration and Coalescence | |||
Prof. Robert H. Davis | University of Colorado, Boulder | Boulder | CO |
Interaction and Aggregation of Colloidal Biological Particles and Droplets in Electrically-Driven Flows | |||
Prof. Robert H. Davis | University of Colorado, Boulder | Boulder | CO |
Theory of Solidification | |||
Prof. Stephen H. Davis | Northwestern University | Evanston | IL |
Microgravity Foam Structure and Rheology | |||
Prof. Douglas J. Durian | University of California, Los Angeles | Los Angeles | CA |
The Influence of Gravity on Nucleation, Growth, Stability and Structure in Ordering Soft-Spheres | |||
Prof. Alice P. Gast | Stanford University | Stanford | CA |
Plasma Dust Crystallization | |||
Prof. John A. Goree | University of Iowa | Iowa City | IA |
Fluid Mechanics of Capillary Elastic Instabilities in the Microgravity Environment | |||
Prof. James B. Grotberg | Northwestern University | Evanston | IL |
Effects of Convection on the Thermocapillary Motion of Deformable Drops | |||
Prof. Hossein Haj-Hariri | University of Virginia | Charlottesville | VA |
Evaporation from a Meniscus within a Capillary Tube in Microgravity | |||
Prof. Kevin P. Hallinan | University of Dayton | Dayton | OH |
Interfacial Transport and Micellar Solubilization Processes | |||
Prof. T. A. Hatton | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) | Cambridge | MA |
Critical Phenomena, Electrodynamics, and Geophysical Flows | |||
Dr. John Hegseth | University of New Orleans | New Orleans | LA |
Nonlinear, Resonance-Controlled Bifurcation Structure of Oscillating Bubbles | |||
Dr. R G. Holt | Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) | Pasadena | CA |
Thermocapillary Instabilities and g-Jitter Convection | |||
Prof. George M. Homsy | Stanford University | Stanford | CA |
Turbidity of a Binary Mixture Very Close to the Critical Point | |||
Prof. Donald T. Jacobs | The College of Wooster | Wooster | OH |
Kinetic and Transport Phenomena in a Microgravity Environment | |||
Prof. David Jasnow | University of Pittsburgh | Pittsburgh | PA |
Surfactant-Based Critical Phenomena in Microgravity | |||
Prof. Eric W. Kaler | University of Delaware | Newark | DE |
Instability of Velocity and Temperature Fields in the Vicinity of a Bubble on a Heated Surface | |||
Dr. Mohammad Kassemi | Ohio Aerospace Institute | Cleveland | OH |
Stabilization of Thermocapillary Convection by Means of Nonplanar Flow Oscillations | |||
Prof. Robert E. Kelly | University of California, Los Angeles | Los Angeles | CA |
Microgravity Heat Transfer Mechanisms in the Nucleate Pool Boiling and Critical Heat Flux Regimes Using a Novel Array of Microscale Heaters | |||
Prof. Jungho Kim | University of Denver | Denver | CO |
Molecular Dynamics of Fluid-Solid Systems | |||
Prof. Joel Koplik | City College of New York | New York | NY |
Fluid Dynamics and Solidification of Metallic Melts (FDSMM) | |||
Prof. Jean N. Koster | University of Colorado, Boulder | Boulder | CO |
Thermocapillary Convection in Floating Zones under Simulated Reduced Gravity | |||
Prof. Sindo Kou | University of Wisconsin, Madison | Madison | WI |
Analysis of Phase Distribution Phenomena in Microgravity Environments | |||
Prof. Richard T. Lahey | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute | Troy | NY |
Nonlinear Drop Dynamics and Chaotic Phenomena | |||
Dr. L. G. Leal | University of California, Santa Barbara | Santa Barbara | CA |
Oscillatory Cross-Flow Electrophoresis: Application to Production Scale Separations | |||
Dr. David T. Leighton | University of Notre Dame | South Bend | IN |
Low Dimensional Models for Thermocapillary Convective Flows in Crystal Growth Processes | |||
Prof. A. Liakopoulos | Lehigh University | Bethlehem | PA |
Absolute and Convective Instability of a Liquid Jet at Microgravity | |||
Prof. Sung P. Lin | Clarkson University | Potsdam | NY |
Magnetorheological Fluids in Microgravity | |||
Prof. Jing Liu | California State University, Long Beach | Long Beach | CA |
Cross Effects in Microgravity Flows | |||
Prof. Sudarshan K. Loyalka | University of Missouri, Columbia | Columbia | MO |
Controlling the Mobility of a Fluid Particle in Space by Using Remobilizing Surfactants | |||
Prof. Charles Maldarelli | City University of New York | New York | NY |
Stabilization and Low Frequency Oscillations of Capillary Bridges with Modulated Acoustic Radiation Pressure | |||
Prof. Philip L. Marston | Washington State University | Pullman | WA |
Study of Disturbances in Fluid-Fluid Flows in Open and Closed Systems | |||
Prof. Mark J. McCready | University of Notre Dame | Notre Dame | IN |
Study of Forced Convection Nucleate Boiling in Microgravity | |||
Prof. Herman Merte, Jr. | University of Michigan | Ann Arbor | MI |
Control of Oscillatory Thermocapillary Convection in Microgravity | |||
Prof. G. P. Neitzel | Georgia Institute of Technology | Atlanta | GA |
Industrial Processes | |||
Prof. Simon Ostrach | Case Western Reserve University | Cleveland | OH |
Marangoni Effects on the Bubble Dynamics in a Pressure Driven Flow | |||
Prof. Chang-Won Park | University of Florida | Gainesville | FL |
Nonlinear Dynamics and Nucleation Kinetics in Near-Critical Liquids | |||
Prof. Alexander Z. Patashinski | Northwestern University | Evanston | IL |
Two-Phase Interfaces in Weak External Fields. | |||
Prof. Jerome K. Percus | New York University | New York | NY |
Containerless Capillary Wave Turbulence | |||
Dr. Seth J. Putterman | University of California, Los Angeles | Los Angeles | CA |
Studies of Radiation-Driven and Buoyancy-Driven Fluid Flows and Transport | |||
Prof. Paul D. Ronney | University of Southern California | Los Angeles | CA |
Fluid Creep Effects on Near-Wall Solute Transport for Non-Isothermal Ampoules and Suspended Particle Transport Coefficients | |||
Prof. Daniel E. Rosner | Yale University | New Haven | CT |
Gas Flow from Porous Media and Microgravity Battery Spills | |||
Dr. Robert T. Ruggeri | Boeing Company | Seattle | WA |
Ground Based Studies of Thermocapillary Flows in Levitated Drop | |||
Prof. Satwindar S. Sadhal | University of Southern California | Los Angeles | CA |
Effects of Gravity and Shear on the Dynamics and Stability of Particulate and Multiphase Flows | |||
Prof. Ashok S. Sangani | Syracuse University | Syracuse | NY |
Dielectric and Electrohydrodynamic Properties of Suspensions | |||
Dr. Dudley A. Saville | Princeton University | Princeton | NJ |
Electrohydrodynamic Pool Boiling in Reduced Gravity | |||
Prof. Benjamin D. Shaw | University of California, Davis | Davis | CA |
Transport Processes Research | |||
Dr. Bhim S. Singh | NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) | Cleveland | OH |
Solute Nucleation and Growth in Supercritical Fluid Mixtures | |||
Dr. Gregory T. Smedley | California Institute of Technology | Pasadena | CA |
Behavior of Unsteady Thermocapillary Flows | |||
Prof. Marc K. Smith | Georgia Institute of Technology | Atlanta | GA |
Flow-Influenced Shape Stability: Breakup in Low Gravity | |||
Prof. Paul H. Steen | Cornell University | Ithaca | NY |
Interactions of Bubbles and Drops in a Temperature Gradient | |||
Prof. R. S. Subramanian | Clarkson University | Potsdam | NY |
Instability in Surface-Tension-Driven Benard Convection | |||
Prof. Harry L. Swinney | University of Texas, Austin | Austin | TX |
Crystal Growth and Fluid Mechanics Problems in Directional Solidification | |||
Prof. Saleh Tanveer | Ohio State University | Columbus | OH |
Oscillatory/Chaotic Thermocapillary Flow Induced by Radiant Heating | |||
Dr. Robert L. Thompson | NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) | Cleveland | OH |
Light Scattering Studies of Relative Motions of Solid Particles in Turbulent Flows | |||
Prof. Penger Tong | Oklahoma State University | Stillwater | OK |
Computational Studies of Drop Collision and Coalescence | |||
Prof. Gritar Tryggvason | University of Michigan | Ann Arbor | MI |
Nonlinear Bubble Interactions in Acoustic Pressure Fields | |||
Prof. John Tsamopoulos | State University of New York, Buffalo | Buffalo | NY |
Residual Accelerations in a Microgravity Environment | |||
Prof. Jorge Viqals | Florida State University | Tallahassee | FL |
Experimental Study of the Vapor Bubble Thermosyphon | |||
Prof. Peter C. Wayner, Jr. | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute | Troy | NY |
Study of Two Phase Flow Dynamics and Heat Transfer at Reduced Gravity | |||
Prof. Larry Witte | University of Houston | Houston | TX |
Interactions Between Solidification and Compositional Convection in Alloys | |||
Prof. M. G. Worster | Northwestern University | Evanston | IL |
Nucleation and Chiral Symmetry Breaking under Hydrodynamic Flows | |||
Dr. Xiao-lun Wu | University of Pittsburgh | Pittsburgh | PA |
Oscillatory Thermocapillary Convection | |||
Prof. Abdelfattah Zebib | Rutgers University | Piscataway | NJ |
Overview
One of the goals of materials science is to study how materials form and how the forming process controls a material's properties. By careful modeling and experimentation, the mechanisms by which materials are formed can be better understood, and processing controls better designed and improved. In this way, materials scientists can design new metal alloys, semiconductors, ceramics, glasses, and polymers to improve the performance of a wide range of products.
The production processes for most materials includes steps that are very heavily influenced by the force of gravity. The opportunity to observe, monitor and study these processes in low gravity promises to increase our fundamental understanding of production processes and of their effects on the properties of the materials produced. Scientists will use these insights from low gravity and space research to improve and control the properties of materials ranging from glass and steel to semiconductors and plastics.
The goal of the microgravity materials science program during FY 1995 was to process materials under reduced gravity conditions to seek and understand quantitatively the cause and effect relationships between the processing, the structure and the properties of materials. Of particular interest was understanding the role of gravity-driven convection in the processing of such materials and polymers. Highlights of FY 1995 research include:
Meetings, Awards, Publications
The Fifth Eastern Regional Conference on Crystal Growth was held in Atlantic City, New Jersey, from October 4-7, 1994. Twelve microgravity- related papers were presented. Martin Glicksman, a principal investigator in the materials science discipline, chaired the program committee.
The Ninth International Summer School on Crystal Growth was held from June 11-16, 1995 at the National Sports Center, Papendalin, the Netherlands. The school, geared towards scientists who expect crystal growth to become an essential part of their research, focused on the fundamental and applied crystal growth areas. Dr. Iwan D. Alexander (University of Alabama at Huntsville), a principal investigator in the materials science discipline, was among the scientists who conducted sessions at the school.
The Eleventh International Conference on Crystal Growth convened in the Netherlands from June 18-23, 1995. Symposia topics included theoretical research and experimental investigations in model systems of crystals and their surfaces and the ambient phase.
Materials science researchers were also well represented at the Gordon Research Conference on Gravitational Effects on Physio-Chemical Systems held in Henniker, New Hampshire, in July 1995.
The American Association for the Advancement of Science awarded its first prize for best student paper to Sanjay Konagurthu for his materials science work to isolate the role of gravity in the formation of defects during membrane casting. Konagurthu conducted his research in conjunction with NASA materials science principal investigator Professor William Krantz (University of Colorado at Boulder).
Flight Experiments
The successful processing of the samples in the Crystal Growth Furnace in the First United States Microgravity Laboratory mission led to an additional opportunity for the same experimenters to elaborate on and refine the work done on that mission. Two of these experiments used the directional solidification method in which the furnace is slowly translated along the sample, allowing the molten material to gradually cool from one end to the other. This permits the material to grow as a single crystal from a seed crystal which is not melted. The third experiment used the vapor transport technique in which the sample is heated so that it sublimes from a solid to a gas; the vaporized material then diffuses into a cooler area of the apparatus where it condenses onto a seed crystal, with a layer of material being built up on this seed crystal. Near the end of the mission, a fourth sample was processed in the furnace to examine the growth of well understood model material under clearly defined and controlled gravity conditions. Two samples were grown, one with the residual gravity (or residual acceleration vector) in the best available orientation, and the second with a slowly varying vector.
For the Second United States Microgravity Laboratory mission, the Crystal Growth Furnace was significantly modified to incorporate Current Pulse Interface Demarcation. This technology allows a direct current of controlled time and amplitude to be pulsed through the sample at pre-determined times during the processing. This current has a small but detectable effect on the structure of the material, but has little effect on the stabilized growth conditions. Post-growth processing of the sample can delineate the effect of the current pulsing and enable the experimenter to determine the position and shape of the liquid-solid boundary throughout the solidification process. Thus a complete temporal history of the solidification of the material can be ascertained and the dynamics of solidification of material produced under low gravity conditions can be carefully compared with that produced under normal gravity.
Prof. David J. Larson Jr., of the State University of New York at Stonybrook continued the investigation titled ROrbital Processing of High Quality Cadmium Zinc Telluride Compound Semiconductors,S an experiment examining the effects of gravity on the growth and quality of alloyed compound semiconductors in an attempt to produce high quality cadmium zinc telluride crystals with fewer physical defects and more uniform distribution of chemical components than those grown on Earth. By studying space-grown crystals, Dr. Larson and his research team can identify the role of gravity in causing structural defects in the crystal system. An ultimate goal is prediction of the distribution of chemical components within a crystal, important information for improving crystal growth technology on Earth.
The Study of Dopant Segregation Behavior During the Crystal Growth of Gallium Arsenide in Microgravity experiment investigated techniques for uniformly distributing a small amount of selenium within a gallium arsenide crystal as it grows in microgravity. Growing the crystals in microgravity greatly reduces the gravitational influences that cause an un- even distribution of dopants in crystals grown on Earth. This allowed Dr. Matthiesen (the Principal Investigator) to identify more subtle influences, either confirming or denying the theories and models used to describe crystal growth on Earth. For the Second United States Microgravity Laboratory mission experiment, the growing crystals were marked every 100 to 300 seconds by electric pulsing using time-coded Current Pulse Interface Demarcation to reveal the microscopic growth rate of the crystal and the shape and location of the liquid/solid boundary, or interface, at various stages of growth.
The Second United States Microgravity Laboratory mission experiment Vapor Transport Crystal Growth of Mercury Cadmium Telluride in Microgravity experiment focused on the initial phase of vapor crystal growth in a complex alloy semiconductor. Dr. Herbert Wiedemeier and his team grew a crystalline layer of mercury cadmium telluride on a cadmium telluride substrate, or base, by the vapor crystal growth method which caused layers, or thin films, of mercury cadmium telluride to be grown on the substrate in a process called epitaxial layer growth. The resulting crystal will be analyzed to determine the effect of microgravity on the growth rate, chemical composition structural characteristics and other properties of the initial crystalline layer (determinant of subsequent atomic arrangement of the entire crystal that forms on the substrate). Performance of infrared detectors made from this material will be greatly improved when electronics manufacturers can grow crystals without structural flaws and with more uniform distribution of chemical components; better understanding of this crystal growth method will enhance ground based production of similar semiconductor materials.
The FY 1995 ground and flight tasks for materials science are listed in Table 4.4.
Table 4.4 Materials Science Tasks Funded by MSAD in FY 1995
Flight Experiments
In Situ Monitoring of Crystal Growth Using MEPHISTO | |||
---|---|---|---|
Dr. Reza Abbaschian | University of Florida | Gainesville | FL |
Coupled Growth in Hypermonotectics | |||
Dr. J. B. Andrews | University of Alabama, Birmingham | Birmingham | AL |
Effects on Nucleation by Containerless Processing | |||
Prof. Robert J. Bayuzick | Vanderbilt University | Nashville | TN |
Alloy Undercooling Experiments in Microgravity Environment | |||
Prof. Merton C. Flemings | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) | Cambridge | MA |
Compound Semiconductor Growth in Low-g Environment | |||
Dr. Archibald L. Fripp | NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) | Hampton | VA |
Melt Stabilization of PbSnTe in a Magnetic Field | |||
Dr. Archibald L. Fripp | NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) | Hampton | VA |
Gravitational Role in Liquid-Phase Sintering | |||
Prof. Randall M. German | Pennsylvania State University | University Park | PA |
Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment | |||
Prof. Martin E. Glicksman | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute | Troy | NY |
Thermophysical Properties of Metallic Glasses and Undercooled Alloys | |||
Dr. William L. Johnson | California Institute of Technology | Pasadena | CA |
Orbital Processing of High Quality Cadmium Telluride | |||
Dr. David J. Larson, Jr. | State University of New York, Stoney Brook | Stony Brook | NY |
Crystal Growth of II-VI Semiconducting Alloys by Directional Solidification | |||
Dr. Sandor L. Lehoczky | NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) | Huntsville | AL |
Growth of Solid Solution Single Crystals | |||
Dr. Sandor L. Lehoczky | NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) | Huntsville | AL |
GaAs Crystal Growth Experiment | |||
Prof. David H. Matthiesen | Case Western Reserve University | Cleveland | OH |
Diffusion Processes in Molten Semiconductors | |||
Prof. David H. Matthiesen | Case Western Reserve University | Cleveland | OH |
The Study of Dopant Segregaton Behavior During the Growth of GaAs in Microgravity | |||
Prof. David H. Matthiesen | Case Western Reserve University | Cleveland | OH |
Temperature Dependence of Diffusivities in Liquid Metals | |||
Prof. Franz E. Rosenberger | University of Alabama, Huntsville | Huntsville | AL |
Particle Engulfment and Pushing by Solidifying Interfaces | |||
Dr. Doru M. Stefanescu | University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa | Tuscaloosa | AL |
Crystal Growth of ZnSe and Related Ternary Compound Semiconductors by Physical Vapor Transport | |||
Dr. Ching-Hua Su | NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) | Huntsville | AL |
Measurement of Viscosity and Surface Tension of Undercooled Melts | |||
Dr. Julian Szekely | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) | Cambridge | MA |
Test of Magnetic Damping of Convective Flows in Microgravity | |||
Dr. Frank R. Szofran | NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) | Huntsville | AL |
Coarsening in Solid-Liquid Mixtures | |||
Prof. Peter W. Voorhees | Northwestern University | Evanston | IL |
Vapor Growth of Alloy-Type Semiconductor Crystals | |||
Dr. Heribert Wiedemeier | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute | Troy | NY |
Ground Experiments
Analysis of Residual Acceleration Effects on Transport and Segregation | |||
---|---|---|---|
Prof. J. Iwan D. Alexander | University of Alabama, Hunstville | Huntsville | AL |
Synthesis and Characterization of Single Macromolecules: Mechanistic Studies of Crystallization and Aggregation | |||
Prof. Spiro D. Alexandratos | University of Tennessee | Knoxville | TN |
A Novel Electrochemical Method for Flow Visualization | |||
Dr. Timothy J. Anderson | University of Florida | Gainesville | FL |
Foam Metallic Glasses | |||
Prof. Robert E. Apfel | Yale University | New Haven | CT |
Nucleation and Cluster Formation in Levitated Droplets | |||
Prof. Stephen Arnold | Polytechnic University, New York | Brooklyn | NY |
Studies of Nucleation and Growth of Intermetallic Compounds | |||
Prof. Robert J. Bayuzick | Vanderbilt University | Nashville | TN |
Transport Phenomena During Equiaxed Solidification of Alloys | |||
Prof. Christoph Beckermann | University of Iowa | Iowa City | IA |
Gravitational Effects on the Development of Weld-Pool and Solidification Microstructures in Metal Alloy Single Crystals | |||
Dr. Lynn A. Boatner | Oak Ridge National Laboratory | Oak Ridge | TN |
Modeling of Convection and Crystal Growth in Directional Solidification of Semiconductor and Oxide Crystals | |||
Prof. Robert A. Brown | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) | Cambridge | MA |
Microstructure Formation During Directional Solidification of Binary Alloys Without Convection: Experiment and Computation | |||
Prof. Robert A. Brown | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) | Cambridge | MA |
Evolution of Crystal and Amorphous Phase Structure During Processing of Thermoplastic Polymers | |||
Prof. Peggy Cebe | Tufts University | Medford | MA |
Optical Properties for High Temperature Materials Research | |||
Dr. Ared Cezairliyan | National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) | Gaithersburg | MD |
Microgravity Chemical Vapor Deposition | |||
Dr. Ivan O. Clark | NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) | Hampton | VA |
Glass Formation and Nucleation in Microgravity: Containerless-Processed, Inviscid Silicate/Oxide Melts (Ground-Based Studies) | |||
Dr. Reid F. Cooper | University of Wisconsin, Madison | Madison | WI |
Directional Solidification in 3He-4He Alloys | |||
Prof. Arnold Dahm | Case Western Reserve University | Cleveland | OH |
Advanced Photonic Materials Produced by Containerless Processing | |||
Dr. Delbert E. Day | University of Missouri, Rolla | Rolla | MO |
The Effect of Gravity on Natural Convection and Crystal Growth | |||
Dr. Graham D. de Vahl Davis | University of New South Wales | Sydney | AU |
Use of Synchrotron White Beam X-ray Topography for the Characterization of the Microstructural Development of Crystal - Normal Gravity Versus Microgravity | |||
Dr. Michael Dudley | State University of New York, Stony Brook | Stony Brook | NY |
Reverse Micelle Based Synthesis of Microporous Materials in Microgravity | |||
Prof. Prabir K. Dutta | Ohio State University | Columbus | OH |
Investigation of Local Effects on Microstructure Evolution | |||
Dr. Donald O. Frazier | NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) | Huntsville | AL |
Electronic Materials | |||
Mr. Thomas K. Glasgow | NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) | Cleveland | OH |
Combustion Synthesis of Materials in Microgravity | |||
Prof. Irvin Glassman | Princeton University | Princeton | NJ |
Evolution of Microstructural Distance Distributions in Normal Gravity and Microgravity | |||
Prof. Arun M. Gokhale | Georgia Institute of Technology | Atlanta | GA |
Evaluation of Microstructural Development in Undercooled Alloys | |||
Dr. Richard N. Grugel | University Space Research Association (USRA) | Huntsville | AL |
Influence of Free Convection in Dissolution | |||
Prof. Prabhat K. Gupta | Ohio State University | Columbus | OH |
Noncontact Thermal, Physical Property Measurement of Multiphase Systems | |||
Dr. Robert H. Hauge | Rice University | Houston | TX |
Microgravity Processing of Oxide Superconductors | |||
Dr. William Hofmeister | Vanderbilt University | Nashville | TN |
Non-Equilibrium Phase Transformations | |||
Dr. Kenneth A. Jackson | University of Arizona | Tucson | AZ |
Combined Heat Transfer Analysis of Crystal Growth | |||
Dr. Mohammad Kassemi | Ohio Aerospace Institute | Cleveland | OH |
Fundamentals of Thermomigration of Liquid Zones Through Solids | |||
Prof. Michael J. Kaufman | University of Florida | Gainesville | FL |
Compositional Dependence of Phase Formation and Stability | |||
Prof. Kenneth F. Kelton | Washington University | St. Louis | MO |
Solutocapillary Convection Effects on Polymeric Membrane Morphology | |||
Prof. William B. Krantz | University of Colorado, Boulder | Boulder | CO |
Containerless Property Measurement of High-Temperature Liquids | |||
Dr. Shankar Krishnan | Containerless Research, Inc. | Evanston | IL |
Noise and Dynamical Pattern Selection in Solidification | |||
Prof. Douglas A. Kurtze | North Dakota State University | Fargo | ND |
Microstructural Development during Directional Solidification of Peritectic Alloys | |||
Dr. Thomas A. Lograsso | Iowa State University | Ames | IA |
Numerical Investigation of Thermal Creep and Thermal Stress Effects in Microgravity Physical Vapor Transport | |||
Dr. Daniel W. Mackowski | Auburn University | Auburn University | AL |
Polymerizations in Microgravity: Traveling Fronts, Dispersions, Diffusion and Copolymerizations | |||
Prof. Lon J. Mathias | University of Southern Mississippi | Hattiesburg | MS |
Quantitative Analysis of Crystal Defects by Triple Crystal X-Ray Diffraction | |||
Dr. Richard J. Matyi | University of Wisconsin, Madison | Madison | WI |
The Interactive Dynamics of Convection, Flow and Directional Solidification | |||
Prof. T. Maxworthy | University of Southern California | Los Angeles | CA |
Y2BaCuO5 Segregation in YBa2Cu3O7-x During Melt Texturing | |||
Dr.. Paul J. McGinn | University of Notre Dame | Notre Dame | IN |
Interaction of Hele-Shaw Flows with Directional Solidification: Numerical Investigation of the Nonlinear Dynamical Interplay and Control Strategies | |||
Prof. Eckart H. Meiburg | University of Southern California | Los Angeles | CA |
The Synergistic Effect of Ceramic Materials Synthesis Using Vapor-Enhanced Reactive Sintering Under Microgravity Conditions | |||
Prof. John J. Moore | Colorado School of Mines | Golden | CO |
Diffusion, Viscosity, and Crystal Growth in Microgravity | |||
Prof. Allan S. Myerson | Polytechnic University, New York | Brooklyn | NY |
An Electrochemical Method to Measure Diffusivity in Liquid Metals | |||
Prof. Ranga Narayanan | University of Florida | Gainesville | FL |
Crystal Growth and Segregation Using the Submerged Heater Method | |||
Prof. A. G. Ostrogorsky | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute | Troy | NY |
Investigation of "Contactless" Crystal Growth by Physical Vapor Transport | |||
Dr. Witold Palosz | Universities Space Research Association | Huntsville | AL |
Containerless Processing for Controlled Solidification Microstructures | |||
Prof. John H. Perepezko | University of Wisconsin, Madison | Madison | WI |
Containerless Processing of Composite Materials | |||
Prof. John H. Perepezko | University of Wisconsin, Madison | Madison | WI |
Comparison of the Structure and Segregation in Dendritic Alloys Solidified in Terrestrial and Low Gravity Environments | |||
Prof. David R. Poirier | University of Arizona | Tucson | AZ |
Kinetics of Phase Transformation in Glass Forming Systems | |||
Dr. Chandra S. Ray | University of Missouri, Rolla | Rolla | MO |
The Effects of Microgravity on Vapor Phase Sintering | |||
Prof. Dennis W. Readey | Colorado School of Mines | Golden | CO |
Modeling of Detached Solidification | |||
Dr. Liya L. Regel | Clarkson University | Potsdam | NY |
Drop Tube Operation | |||
Dr. Michael B. Robinson | NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) | Huntsville | AL |
Measurement of the Optical and Radiative Properties of High-Temperature Liquid Materials by FTIR Spectroscopy | |||
Dr. Michael B. Robinson | NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) | Huntsville | AL |
Undercooling Behaving of Immiscible Metal Alloys in the Absence of Crucible Induced Nucleation | |||
Dr. Michael B. Robinson | NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) | Huntsville | AL |
Undercooling Limits in Molten Semiconductors and Metals: Structure and Superheating Dependencies | |||
Dr. Frank G. Shi | University of California, Irvine | Irvine | CA |
Double Diffusive Convection during Growth of Lead Bromide Crystals | |||
Dr. N. B. Singh | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Pittsburgh | PA |
Crystal Nucleation, Hydrostatic Tension, & Diffusion in Metal and Semiconductor Melts | |||
Prof. Frans A. Spaepen | Harvard University | Cambridge | MA |
Micro- and Macro-Segregation in Alloys Solidifying with Equiaxed Morphology | |||
Dr. Doru M. Stefanescu | University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa | Tuscaloosa | AL |
The Impaction, Spreading, and Solidification of a Partially Solidified Undercooled Drop | |||
Dr. Julian Szekely | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) | Cambridge | MA |
Microporous Membrane and Foam Production by Solution Phase Separation: Effects of Microgravity and Normal Gravity Environments on Evolution of Phase Separated Structures | |||
Dr. John M. Torkelson | Northwestern University | Evanston | IL |
Fundamentals of Mold-Free Casting Experimental and Computational Studies | |||
Prof. Gritar Tryggvason | University of Michigan | Ann Arbor | MI |
Electromagnetic Field Effects in Semiconductor Crystal Growth | |||
Dr. Martin P. Volz | NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) | Huntsville | AL |
Containerless Liquid Phase Processing of Ceramic Materials | |||
Dr. Richard Weber | Containerless Research, Inc. | Evanston | IL |
BSO/BTO Identification of Gravity Related Effects on Crystal Growth, Segregation, and Defect Formation | |||
Prof. August F. Witt | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) | Cambridge | MA |
The objective of the low-temperature microgravity physics program during FY 1995 was to provide the opportunity to test fundamental scientific theories to a level of accuracy not possible in the normal gravity environment on Earth. The research was directed at achieving measurements at new levels of resolution that would serve as standards for years to come. The low-temperature microgravity physics program encompasses research on transient and equilibrium critical phenomena, effects of boundaries on matter, superfluid hydrodynamics, quantum crystal growth and dynamics, laser cooling of atoms, and relativity and gravitational physics.
In FY 1995, the program released an NASA Research Announcement in combination with the fluid physics program. With 92 proposals received, the low-temperature microgravity physics discipline almost tripled the number of responses received in 1991. Of these proposals, 65 were in the area of low temperature physics and 27 were in laser cooling of atoms. Selections for awards will be made in FY 1996.
FY 1995 saw exciting new developments for the low temperature research capabilities for the planned International Space Station with the decision to develop a Low-Temperature Microgravity Physics Facility. This facility is planned for launch in 2002 and will be designed to be an unpressurized attached payload on the Japanese Experiment Module's Exposed Facility. Research areas supported by the Low-Temperature Microgravity Physics Facility include: studies of critical phenomena, finite size effects, non-equilibrium phenomena, superfluid hydrodynamics, and quantum crystal growth and dynamics.
The sixteen ongoing ground-based tasks have now matured to the level where they are producing many exciting new results in their investigations. The sum of all of the proceedings, journal articles, and presentations totals 85 publications by these investigators during FY 1995. Most notable amongst these reports is the announcements of the following three new discoveries:
A paper summarizing the main results from the flight of the Lambda Point Experiment was published in the prestigious journal, Physical Review Letters. The Lambda Point Experiment confirmed the validity of the Nobel Prize winning Renormalization Group theory of critical phenomena with unprecedented resolution and accuracy; this theory constitutes one of the greatest achievements of theoretical physics of the past 30 years.
Professor Randall Hulet (Rice University), a recently selected principal investigator in the Low-Temperature Microgravity Physics program, received the prestigious 1995 American Physical Society I. I. Rabi Prize in Atomic Physics. This award was for his pioneering work on statistical studies of laser-cooled atoms.
Flight Experiments
The Critical Dynamics in Microgravity Experiment team led by Dr. Robert Duncan has worked to set up an experiment probe for measuring the thermal conductivity of liquid helium very near the transition where the liquid becomes 'superfluid', i.e., where liquid helium begins to display unusual properties like zero viscosity and near-infinite thermal conductivity. The experiment will help to understand these transitions by studying the heat conduction near the transition with high precision instrumentation. The experimental probe will be used by the Critical Dynamics in Microgravity Experiment team at the University of New Mexico to demonstrate the feasibility of the measurements that were proposed for a flight experiment.
In FY 1995, the Confined Helium Experiment made a transition from instrument development to performance testing with integrated instrument and flight electronics. With assistance from Northeastern University, a design was worked out for a calorimeter that incorporates a stack of 392 thin silicon wafers to confine the liquid helium. The technique has allowed new high resolution thermometers with superior performance over those used in the Lambda Point Experiment to be constructed. Simulations of these new thermometers show that the degradation of performance caused by cosmic rays on the Lambda Point Experiment flight will be largely eliminated for the Confined Helium Experiment. Recent noise measurements of the flight thermometers have confirmed the good results seen with earlier prototype devices.
Additional tests have been performed at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory on the flight cryostat and the required performance has been verified. Preparations are now underway for the integration of the instrument into the flight cryostat, followed by a full schedule of environmental testing.
The FY 1995 ground and flight tasks for low-temperature microgravity physics are listed in Table 4.5.
Table 4.5 Low Temperature Microgravity Physics Tasks Funded by MSAD in FY 1995
Flight Experiments
Critical Dynamics in Microgravity | |||
---|---|---|---|
Dr. Robert V. Duncan | Sandia National Labs, and Univ. of New Mexico | Albuquerque | NM |
Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle (STEP) | |||
Prof. C. F. Everitt | Stanford University | Stanford | CA |
Critical Fluid Light Scattering Experiment - ZENO | |||
Prof. Robert W. Gammon | University of Maryland | College Park | MD |
Confined Helium Experiment (CHeX) | |||
Prof. John A. Lipa | Stanford University | Stanford | CA |
Ground Experiments
Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of Melting-Freezing of Helium in Microgravity | |||
---|---|---|---|
Prof. Charles Elbaum | Brown University | Providence | RI |
Ultra-Precise Measurements with Trapped Atoms in a Microgravity Environment | |||
Dr. Daniel J. Heinzen | University of Texas, Austin | Austin | TX |
Dynamics of Superfluid Helium in Low Gravity | |||
Mr. David J. Frank | Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space Co. | Palo Alto | CA |
Precise Measurements of the Density and Thermal Expansion of 4He Near the Lambda Transition | |||
Dr. Donald M. Strayer | Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) | Pasadena | CA |
Theoretical Studies of the Lambda Transition of Liquid 4He | |||
Prof. Efstratios Manousakis | Florida State University | Tallahassee | FL |
Superfluid Transition of 4He in the Presence of a Heat Current | |||
Prof. Guenter Ahlers | University of California, Santa Barbara | Santa Barbara | CA |
Equilibration in Density and Temperature Near the Liquid-Vapor Critical Point | |||
Prof. Horst Meyer | Duke University | Durham | NC |
Dynamics and Morphology of Superfluid Helium Drops in a Microgravity Environment | |||
Prof. Humphrey J. Maris | Brown University | Providence | RI |
Condensate Fraction in Superfluid Helium Droplets | |||
Prof. J. Woods Halley | University of Minnesota | Minneapolis | MN |
Effect of Confinement on Transport Properties by Making use of Heium Near the Lambda Point | |||
Prof. John A. Lipa | Stanford University | Stanford | CA |
Atom Interferometry in a Microgravity Environment | |||
Dr. Mark A. Kasevich | Stanford University | Stanford | CA |
Microgravity Test of Universality and Scaling Predictions Near the Liquid-Gas Critical Point of 3He | |||
Dr. Martin B. Barmatz | Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) | Pasadena | CA |
Nucleation of Quantized Vortices from Rotating Superfluid Drops | |||
Prof. Russell J. Donnelly | University of Oregon | Eugene | OR |
Measurement of the Heat Capacity of Superfluid Helium in a Persistent-Current State | |||
Dr. Talso C. Chui | Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) | Pasadena | CA |
Nonequilibrium Phenomena Near the Lambda Transition of 4He | |||
Dr. Talso C. Chui | Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) | Pasadena | CA |
Dynamic Measurement Near the Lambda-Point in a Low-g Simulator on the Ground | |||
Dr. Ulf E. Israelsson | Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) | Pasadena | CA |
Focused and broadly based technology development projects are designed to address scientific concerns in two directions. Focused research ensures the availability of required technologies which satisfy the science requirements and the flight applications of specific flight programs. Broadly based research is a long-term, proactive approach to meeting the needs of future projects and missions, which contribute to the technology base within the United States.
Microgravity Technology Development Goals
The goal of the Advanced Technology Development Program is to enable new scientific investigations by:
Scope of Projects
Advanced Technology Development projects encompass a broad range of technology developed activities. Project funding includes the development of diagnostic instrumentation and measurement techniques, observational instrumentation and data-recording methods, acceleration characterization and control techniques, and advancements in methodologies associated with hardware design technology.
The NASA centers involved in the Advanced Technology Development program are: the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) , Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Johnson Space Center (JSC) , Langley Research Center (LaRC), Lewis Research Center (LeRC) and Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). The projects listed below indicate the breadth of technologies covered by the program during FY 1995. A more detailed description of the projects can be found in the FY 1995 Microgravity Technology Report. Table 5.1 lists the principal investigators for the projects discussed below.
1995 Advanced Technology Development Projects
Free-Float Trajectory Management: The objective of this activity is the production of an extended, consistently reproducible acceleration setting during the stabilized low-gravity phase of the trajectory for free-float packages aboard aircraft which serve as testing units for microgravity investigations. In FY 1995 the development of the free-float test rack and aircraft-mounted control rack hardware was completed. Aircraft parameter identification studies began during the last quarter of FY 1995.
Stereo Imaging Velocimeter: Research in this area will provide a method to quantitatively measure three-dimensional fluid velocities by mapping and tracking multiple tracer particles whose locations are determined from two camera images. One use of this technology involves multipoint particle tracking during convective flow studies. A fully operational Stereo Imaging Velocimeter breadboard system was completed in FY 1995.
Real-Time X-ray Transmission Microscope for Solidification Processing: A high resolution x-ray microscope which views in situ and in real-time, the interfacial processes in metallic systems during freezing is being developed; research goals include study of solidification of metals and semiconductors and the dispersion of reinforcement particles in composites. Research and development of camera/converter technology continued in FY 1995.
Advanced Heat Pipe Technology for Furnace Element Design: Development a heat pipe which operates as an isothermal furnace liner capable of processing materials at temperatures up to 1500 C and of a furnace, with no moving parts, which can solidify or cool materials with a high degree of control are the two goals of this project. This Moving Gradient Heat Pipe Furnace will allow advances in crystal growth and other materials science investigations. In FY 1995, researchers identified the most cost-effective materials and design for fabricating the high-temperature heat pipe. The first three pipes were designed and fabrication has been initiated.
Microgravity Combustion Diagnostics: In order to improve the diagnostic techniques available to microgravity combustion scientists the following nonintrusive techniques are being investigated: two-dimensional temperature measurement, exciplex fluorescence droplet diagnostics, full-field infrared emission imaging, and velocity field diagnostics using both laser droplet velocimetry and particle image velocimetry. In FY 1995, an end-to-end calibration of the infrared sensitive staring array camera was conducted; initial low gravity testing has begun.
Small, Stable, Rugged Microgravity Accelerometer: This project is designed to produce a working accelerometer with improved performance, higher sensitivity, simplified calibration procedures and lower cost due to decreased size and mass. Experiments on smaller payloads will benefit from this miniaturized design. By the end of FY 1995, a prototype had been developed.
High-Resolution Pressure Transducer and Controller: High-resolution pressure transducers and controllers are being designed under this project to provide improved performance. These devices will be used to support both ground and flight microgravity research. Performance testing of the improved design was conducted in FY 1995.
Single Electron Transistor: This project will develop a Single Electron Transistor using niobium technology to enhance performance and allow operation at higher temperatures. One application for this technology is in read-out electronics for thermophysical measurements at low temperatures. In FY 1995, demonstration devices were fabricated.
Surface Light Scattering Instrument: This research provides a method for noninvasively measuring surface tension and viscosity and measuring temperature and surface tension gradients at a fluid surface without contact. Applications include critical point studies, free-surface phenomena experiments, and surface tension driven convection experiments. Construction of the fiber optic version of this instrument was completed and tested in FY 1995.
The Laser-Feedback Interferometer: A New, Robust, and Versatile Tool for Measurements of Fluid Physics Phenomena: This project will develop an instrument which uses a laser as both a light source and a phase detector in order to determine phenomena that are dynamic and that vary slowly over time in microscopic and macroscopic fields-of-view. This technology has applications in several scientific fields. In FY 1995 an instrument was constructed and preliminarily calibrated.
Crystal Growth Instrumentation Development: A Protein Crystal Growth Studies Cell: A user-friendly system for real-time protein crystal growth research in the microgravity environment will be developed under this project. Design analysis goals include the measurement of face growth rates, solution concentration gradients, and interfacial features of the crystals in either quiescent or direct-flow velocity solutions. The preliminary development of his system was completed and interfacing was initiated by the end of FY 1995.
High-Resolution Thermometry and Improved Readout: This project will develop a high-resolution penetration depth thermometer using a two-stage series array superconducting quantum interference device to overcome thermal fluctuation and particle radiation problems in measuring and controlling the thermodynamic state of samples. During FY 1995, Penetration Depth Thermometer (PDT) sensors were fabricated using aluminum films as the sensitive elements, testing and evaluation work continued.
Determination of Soot Volume Fraction Via Laser-Induced Incandescence: Laser-induced incandescence is being studied for use as a two-dimensional imaging diagnostic tool for the measurement of soot volume fraction. This technology offers more detailed information about combustion processes than present line-of-sight measurements. FY 1995 accomplishments include characterization of the spectral and temporal nature of the Laser-Induced Incandescence signal, as well as excitation wavelength and intensity dependencies.
Multi-Color Holography: This project tests a previously developed theory which suggests that direct simultaneous measurement of temperature and concentration variations in fluids is possible through the use of noninvasive, multi-wavelength holographic techniques. This technology offers significant reduction in the number of experiment runs necessary to validate basic science principles. Accomplishments through FY 1995 include the development of a miniature system that can fly aboard the KC 135 experimental aircraft.
Ceramic Cartridges via Sintering and Vacuum Plasma Spray: Plasma sprays are being used to form multiple layer containment cartridges for use in single crystal growth studies; this technology will have applications for manufacturing refractory crucibles and passively cooled rocket nozzles. Through FY 1995, parameter development and deposit characterization have been completed for a variety of refractory materials.
Table 5.1 Advanced Technology Development Funded by MSAD in FY 1995
Free-Float Trajectory Management ATD | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mr. A. P. Allan | University of Delaware | Wilmington | DE |
Stereo Imaging Velocimetry | |||
Dr. Mark Bethea | NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) | Cleveland | OH |
Real-Time X-Ray Microscopy for Solidification Processing | |||
Dr. Peter A. Curreri | NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) | Huntsville | AL |
Advanced Heat Pipe Technology for Furnace Element Design | |||
Dr. Donald C. Gillies | NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) | Huntsville | AL |
Microgravity Combustion Diagnostics | |||
Dr. Paul S. Greenberg | NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) | Cleveland | OH |
Small, Stable, Rugged Microgravity Accelerometer | |||
Dr. Frank T. Hartley | Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) | Pasadena | CA |
High-Resolution Pressure Transducer and Controller | |||
Dr. Ulf E. Israelsson | Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) | Pasadena | CA |
Single Electron Transistor (SET) | |||
Dr. Ulf E. Israelsson | Jet Propulsion Laboraytory (JPL) | Pasadena | CA |
Surface Light Scattering Instrument | |||
Dr. William V. Meyer | Ohio Aerospace Institute | Cleveland | OH |
The Laser Feedback Interferometer: A New, Robust, and Versatile Tool for Measurements of Fluid Physics Phenomena | |||
Dr. Ben Ovryn | Nyma, Inc. | Cleveland | OH |
Crystal Growth Instrumentation Development: A Protein Crystal Growth Studies Cell | |||
Dr. Marc L. Pusey | NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) | Huntsville | AL |
High-Resolution Thermometry and Improved SQUID Readout | |||
Dr. Peter Shirron | Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) | Greenbelt | MD |
Determination of Soot Volume Fraction Using Laser-Induced Incandescence | |||
Dr. Randall L. Vander Wal | NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) | Cleveland | OH |
Multi-Color Holography | |||
Mr. William K. Witherow | NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) | Huntsville | AL |
Ceramic Cartridges Via Sintering and Vacuum Plasma Spray | |||
Dr. Frank R. Zimmerman | NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) | Huntsville | AL |
Technology Transfer Programs
Several on-going technology transfer activities, including laser light scattering, stereo imagining velocimetry, advanced furnace, and bioreactor technologies were pursued in FY 1995. A new technology transfer program with a goal of transferring electrostatic levitation and microwave processing technologies to industry was initiated at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in FY 1995. Seven technology cooperation agreements have been signed and five technology affiliates contracts are under negotiation.
Microgravity Technology Report
In December 1995, NASA's first Microgravity Technology Report was published. This document covers technology policies, technology development, and technology transfer activities within the microgravity research programs from 1978 through FY 1994. It also describes the recent major tasks initiated under the Advanced Technology Development Program and identifies current technology requirements. Annual editions of this document will be issued beginning with FY 1995.
Table 5.2 - Shuttle Missions With Major Microgravity Equipment On-board. | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mission | Full Name | Launch Date | Flight |
SL-3 | Spacelab - 3 | April 1985 | STS-51-B |
IML-1 | International Microgravity Laboratory-1 | January 1992 | STS-42 |
USML-1 | United States Microgravity Laboratory-1 | June 1992 | STS-50 |
USMP-1 | United States Microgravity Payload-1 | October 1992 | STS-52 |
USMP-2 | United States Microgravity Payload-2 | March 1994 | STS-62 |
IML-2 | International Microgravity Laboratory-2 | July 1994 | STS-65 |
Mir-1 | Shuttle/Mir-1 | June 1995 | STS-71 |
** | Wake Shield Facility, Spartan | September 1995 | STS-69 |
USML-2 | United States Microgravity Laboratory-2 | October 1995 | STS-73 |
Mir-2 | Shuttle/Mir-2 | November 1995 | STS-74 |
USMP-3 | United States Microgravity Payload-3 | February 1996 | STS-75 |
Mir-3 | Shuttle/Mir-3 | April 1996 | STS-76 |
LMS | Life and Microgravity Spacelab | June 1996 | STS-78 |
Mir-4 | Shuttle/Mir-4 | August 1996 | STS-79 |
Mir-5 | Shuttle/Mir-5 | December 1996 | STS-81 |
MSL-1 | Microgravity Spacelab-1 | April 1997 | STS-83 |
Mir-6 | Shuttle/Mir-6 | May 1997 | STS-84 |
** | Crista-Spas-2, Japanese Experiment Module Flight Demonstration | July 1997 | STS-85 |
Mir-7 | Shuttle/Mir-7 | September 1997 | STS-86 |
USMP-4 | United States Microgravity Payload-4 | October 1997 | STS-87 |
** Middeck and Get-Away-Special MicrogravityPayloads Only.
Advanced Automated Directional Solidification Furnace: This instrument is a modified Bridgman-Stockbarger furnace for directional solidification and crystal growth (USMP -3,-4).
Combustion Module-1: This module is being developed for performance of multiple combustion experiments in space; the first two experiments will be the Laminar Soot Processes experiment and the Structure of Flame Balls at Low Lewis Number experiment. (MSL-1).
Critical Fluid Light Scattering Experiment: This apparatus provides a micro-Kelvin controlled thermal environment and dynamic light scattering and turbidity measurements for critical fluid experiments (USMP- 2, - 3).
Critical Viscosity of Xenon: This apparatus provides a precision controlled thermal environment (micro-Kelvin) and an oscillating screen viscometer to enable viscosity measurements for critical fluids (STS-85).
Crystal Growth Furnace: This instrument is a modified Bridgman-Stockbarger furnace for crystal growth from a melt or vapor (USML- 1, -2).
Biotechnology System: This instrument is composed of a rotating wall vessel Rbioreactor,S a control computer, a fluid supply system, and a refrigerator for sample storage (Mir).
Drop Physics Module: This apparatus is designed to investigate the surface properties of various suspended liquid drops, to study surface and internal features of drops that are being vibrated and rotated, and to test a new technique for measuring surface tension between two immiscible fluids (USML- 1, -2).
Droplet Combustion Experiment: The apparatus is designed to study droplet behavior during combustion by measuring burning rates, extinction phenomena, disruptive burning, and soot production (MSL-1).
Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell: This instrument uses electrostatic forces to simulate gravity in a radially symmetric vector field, centrally directed toward the center of the cell. This allows investigators to perform visualizations of thermal convection and other research related topics in planetary atmospheres and stars (SL-3, USML-1, 2).
Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment: The apparatus is being used to study the growth of dendritic crystals in transparent materials that simulate some aspects of pure metals and metal alloy systems (USMP- 2, -3, -4).
Low-Temperature Microgravity Physics Cyrogenic Dewar: This apparatus will support different experiments on different flights. On USMP-1, it was designed to support the Lambda Point Experiment, testing the theory of confined systems using helium held near the lambda point and confined to 50 micron gaps. On USMP-4, it will support the Confined Helium Experiment. On MSP-1, it will support the Critical Dynamics in Microgravity Experiment.
Mechanics of Granular Materials: This instrument uses microgravity to gain a quantitative understanding of the mechanical behavior of cohesionless granular materials under very low confining pressures (Shuttle/Mir-4, -6).
Microgravity Smoldering Combustion: This apparatus is used to determine the smoldering characteristics of combustible materials in microgravity environments (STS-69).
Middeck Glovebox: A multi-disciplinary facility used for small scientific and technological investigations (USMP -3,-4,-5).
Mir Glovebox: A modified middeck Glovebox for collection of scientific and technological data prior to major investments in the development of more sophisticated scientific instruments (Mir).
Physics of Hard Spheres Experiment: This hardware will support an investigation to study the processes associated with liquid-to-solid and crystalline-to-glassy phase transitions (MSL-1).
Pool Boiling Experiment: This apparatus is capable of autonomous operation for the initiation, observation, and recording of nucleate pool boiling phenomena (multiple missions).
Protein Crystal Growth: Uses a variety of apparatus to evaluate the effects of gravity on the growth of protein crystals such as the Single Locker Thermal Enclosure System and the Thermal Enclosure System (multiple missions).
Solid Surface Combustion Experiment: This instrument is designed to determine the mechanism of gas-phase flame spread over solid fuel surfaces in the absence of buoyancy-induced or externally imposed gas-phase flow (multiple missions).
Space Acceleration Measurement System: The instrument is designed to measure and record the acceleration environment in the Space Shuttle Middeck and cargo bay, in the Spacelab, and in Mir (multiple missions).
Surface Tension Driven Convection Experiment: The apparatus is designed to provide fundamental knowledge of thermocapillary flows, fluid motion generated by the surface attractive force induced by variations in surface tension caused by temperature gradients along a free surface (USML-1, -2).
Orbital Acceleration Research Experiment: This instrument is developed to measure very low frequency accelerations on obit such as atmospheric drag and gravity gradient effects (multiple missions).
Transitional/Turbulent Gas Jet Diffusion Flames: This instrument will be used to study the role of large-scale flame structures in microgravity transitional gas jet flames (Get Away Special Experiment).
Table 5.3 Flight Experiment Hardware Used by NASA's Microgravity Research Program Developed by International Partners
Advanced Gradient Heating Furnace | European Space Agency |
Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility | European Space Agency |
Bubble, Drop and Particle Unit | European Space Agency |
Biolabor | German Space Agency |
Critical Point Facility | European Space Agency |
Cryostat | German Space Agency |
Electromagnetic Containerless Processing Facility (TEMPUS) | German Space Agency |
Electrophoresis (RAMSES, Recherch? Appliqu? Sur Les Methods De Separation en Electrophorese Spatiale) | French Space Agency |
Free Flow Electrophoresis Unit | National Space Agency of Japan |
Glovebox | European Space Agency |
Large Isothermal Furnace | National Space Agency of Japan |
Materials for the Study of Interesting Phenomena of Solidification on Earth and in Orbit (MEPHISTO, Material pour lUEtude des Phenomenes Interessant la Solidification sur Terre et en Orbit) | French Space Agency |
Microgravity Isolation Mount | Canadian Space Agency |
Mirror Furnace | National Space Agency of Japan |
Microgravity Measurement Assembly | European Space Agency |
Quasi-Steady Acceleration Measurement | German Space Agency |
The Space Station Furnace Facility, scheduled for operation in 2000, is a facility designed to accommodate investigations in basic materials research, applications, and studies of phenomena involved in the solidification of metals and crystal growth of semiconductor materials. The facility is comprised of furnace modules and a core of integrated support subsystems. Its development has paralleled the Space Station design activity to ensure that payload requirements are incorporated in the Space Station design process. An international workshop to identify potential cooperative furnace developments was held with the Space Station international partners in Nordwijk, Holland, in June 1994, and agreements with the European Space Agency and the French Space Agency for development of additional furnace modules are being explored. A second international workshop to further refine cooperative furnace developments was held in February 1995 in Huntsville, Alabama. Modifications to the design of the US Spacelab furnace to allow it to be the first US furnace module in the facility began in late 1995.
The Fluids and Combustion Facility is designed to accommodate a wide range of microgravity fluids and microgravity combustion experiments. The precursor to the first facility combustion module, being prepared for flight on MSL-1 (FY 1997) has entered the design and development phase. The conceptual design for the fluids module and the systems made for the facility was held in December 1994. An international workshop to identify possible cooperative experiment module development in fluid physics and combustion science was held in April 1995. After successful completion of a Requirements Definition Review in 1996, the facility will proceed to the design and development phase.
The Microgravity Science Glovebox is a multi-disciplinary facility for small, low-cost, rapid-response scientific and technological investigations in the areas of material science, biotechnology, combustion science, and fluid physics, allowing preliminary data to be collected and analyzed prior to any major investment in sophisticated scientific and technological instrumentation. Negotiations with the European Space Agency are currently underway for the provision of the Glovebox by the European Space Agency in exchange for early access to Space Station capabilities. The Glovebox passed system design review at European Space Agency and by late 1995 was in the requirements review stage. Project Development Review is scheduled for April 1996.
The Low-Temperature Microgravity Physics Facility has recently been added to the Space Station payload complement. The facility will be mounted externally to the station at one of the attach points of the Japanese Experiment Module's Exposed Facility. The United States and Japan have negotiated agreements which permit the United States to use from three to five of the Exposed Facility's 10 attach points, as well as racks within the Japanese Experiment Module. Definition activities for the Low-Temperature Microgravity Physics Facility were initiated in the fall of 1995.
In addition to the science facilities on the station, Telescience Support Centers are being developed at the Lewis Research Center and Marshall Space Flight Center to support microgravity operations on the International Space Station. These facilities are co-located with the hardware developers and discipline scientists to support investigators. The goal is to allow investigators to operate as much as possible from their home institutions. In FY 1994, the Lewis Research Center's facility began support of on-going Shuttle missions.
Table 5.4 Use of Ground-Based Low-Gravity Facilities - FY 1995
Zero-G | 2.2- Tower | Drop Tube | KC-135 | Learjet** | DC-9 * | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Investigations Supported | 9 | 46 | 7 | 17 | 6 | 18 |
No. of Drops or Trajectories | 168 | 1178 | 400 | 4132 | 164 | 1065 |
No. of Flights (Flight Hours) | n/a | n/a | n/a | 36 (192.3) | 33 (52.8) | 45 (92.4) |
Thousands of elementary and secondary school teachers attending the 1995 annual meetings of the National Science Teachers Association and the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics had the opportunity to learn new ways to improve student understanding of the effects of normal and low gravity and the implications of microgravity research. The microgravity exhibit booth featured a small drop tower with an internal video camera to demonstrate free-fall experiments, using a slow-motion video playback to help reveal the effect of reduced gravity on physical and chemical phenomena that are normally masked by the Earth's gravity. In addition to the demonstrations, more than 4,000 microgravity teacher's guides, which include detailed suggestions for classroom activities, and 2,000 instructional posters, were distributed during the two conventions.
On May 4, 1995, NASA and the Public Broadcasting System again broadcast a live videoconference on Space Station research, focusing on the fields of life sciences, biotechnology, and technology development. The title of the video conference was RSpace Station: It's About Life on Earth,S with emphasis on how space research improves the quality of life on earth, how the microgravity environment can accelerate the rate of discovery, and how industry and universities with a stake in biotechnology can become involved. At the conclusion of the video conference, viewers were provided information on RHow To Get On Board Space StationS via Announcements of Opportunity, NASA Research Announcements for Science and Medical Research, and Announcements of Opportunities for Engineering Research and Commercial Technology. This particular video conference reflected NASA's cooperative research with industry, academia, medical institutions, and other federal agencies.
Six graduate students were selected from a national pool of 30 applicants to the Graduate Student Researchers Program to receive support for ground-based microgravity science research, with selections being based on a competitive evaluation of academic qualifications, proposed research plans, and the students' projected use of NASA research facilities. This brought to 53 the number of Graduate Student Researchers Program researchers working on microgravity research projects in FY 1995. When added to the graduate students working with NASA-funded principal investigators, this brings the number of graduate students directly employed in microgravity research to 587.
Microgravity News, a quarterly newsletter providing updates on microgravity research programs and activities, has been reaching increasing numbers of people in the past year. The December 1995 mailing list included almost 2500 subscribers, up from 934 in January 1995. Over 750 K-12 teachers asked to be added to the Microgravity News mailing list at the 1995 annual meetings of the National Science Teachers Association and the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. A further 2000 copies of the newsletter are distributed by NASA field centers and headquarters. The increased popularity of the Newsletter is credited to the strong support staff at Hampton University which has been particularly innovative in targeting special groups. The Microgravity News is available on the internet.
The Microgravity Science Research Program's World Wide Web Home Page provides regular updates on upcoming conferences and microgravity related NASA Research Announcements. Improved links to Lewis Research Center, Marshall Space Flight Center, Langley Research Center and Jet Propulsion Laboratory enable users to find out quickly about microgravity research being supported at the field centers. The Microgravity Homepage is on the internet.
A list of important microgravity World Wide Web Internet addresses is presented as Table 5.5.
Table 5.5 Important Microgravity World Wide Web Sites
Name | Internet Address | Description |
---|---|---|
NASA Homepage | http://www.nasa.gov | Information and links to all NASA sites. |
Microgravity Sciences and Applications Division | http://microgravity. msad.hq.nasa.gov/ | Microgravity Division site with links to other microgravity sites and news about programs and NRAs. |
Microgravity News | http://magpie.larc.nasa. gov/news/ugnews.html | Text and graphics of Microgravity News online. |
Lewis Research Center | http://www.lerc.nasa. gov/ | Information on fluids and combustion research. |
Marshall Space Flight Center | http://www.msfc.nasa. gov/ | Information on materials science and biotechnology research. |
Jet Propulsion Laboratory | http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/lowtemp | Information on low-temperature microgravity physics. |
Shuttle Flights | http://www.osf.hq.nasa .gov/shuttle/Welcome.html | Information on all Shuttle flights. |
Marshall Space Flight Center Microgravity Experiments Database | http://samson2.msfc.nasa.gov/fame/Fame.html | Information on materials science and other experiments as well as photos. |
ESA Microgravity Database (MGDB) | http://www.esrin.esa.it/htdocs/mgdb/mgdbhome.html | Experiment descriptions and results, diagrams, video sequences. |
Lewis Research Center Microgravity Database | http://www.lerc.nasa.gov/Other_Groups/MCFEP | Information on fluids and combustion experiments. |
Langley Research Center | http://www.larc.gov/LISAR | Digital image database on-line. |
The Lewis Research Center has also been actively building its archive collection in the areas of combustion science and fluid physics. Currently, there are over 525 combustion science papers and over 246 fluid physics papers in the archive; a listing of the papers by author is currently available on the World Wide Web. Beginning in FY 1996, abstracts of the papers will be added to the Lewis Research Center World Wide Web site. The experiments database currently consists of information from a number of recent experiments. This information, contained in an Experiment Data Management Plan database, includes such items as an experiment description, a list of publications associated with the experiment, a summary of experiment results and data, and a listing of videos, photos, and digital data. In FY 1996, archivists will begin to gather data on fluids and combustion experiments from missions prior to USML-1.
The funding distribution by microgravity mission is as follows:
Microgravity Science Laboratory-1 8%
Life and Microgravity Spacelab <1%
United States Microgravity Payload 4%
International Microgravity Laboratory 1%
United States Microgravity Laboratory 3%
Research and Analysis 19%
Multi-Missions 21%
Small Missions 9%
Space Station/Mir/Spacelab 35%
0100
Included in the above is the Research and Analysis element
which supports the ground-based microgravity principal investigators not
covered in a mission specific budget. The Multi-Mission category
includes costs not identified with a specific mission, such as
administration, the advanced technology development program, the Space
Acceleration Measurement System program, data management and archiving,
NIH cooperative activity, and infrastructure. The Small Missions
element is the portion of the microgravity research program using the
Space Shuttle Small Payload Systems (e.g., Get Away Special Canister
Program), Shuttle Middeck experiments, and sounding rockets. The Space
Station/Mir/Spacelab element represents funding for experiments that are
planned for the Space Station and Mir programs, but could be conducted
on a Spacelab if the Space Station were not available. Included in this
category are the Fluids and Combustion Facility, Biotechnology Facility,
and the Space Station Furnace Facility.
The Microgravity Science Research Program operates through five NASA
Field Centers; the following illustrates the funding distribution among
these Centers:
The microgravity program at Lewis Research Center is
focused on Combustion Science and Fluid Physics, the program at the
Marshall Space Flight Center is focused on Materials Science and the
protein crystal growth portion of the Biotechnology discipline, the
program at the Johnson Space Flight Center is focused on the cell tissue
culture portion of the Biotechnology discipline, and the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory program is focused on low-temperature microgravity physics.
Technology development tasks were also funded in FY 1995 at each of the
Field Centers.
The NASA-Mir program is continues at a swift pace and discussions are
underway for addition of two more flights to the previously scheduled 7
link-up flights between the Shuttle and Mir station. Expectations are
high for the other scheduled FY 1996 and 1997 flights [USML-2, USMP-3,
LMS, and MSL-1] briefly described below.
The Second United States Microgravity Laboratory (USML-2), built largely
on the results of USML-1, was launched on October 24, 1995; preliminary
results of the mission are quite promising.
In the fluid physics area, the Surface Tension Driven Convection
Experiment provided researchers with a perfect opportunity to examine
flows caused by surface tension differences. In addition, experiments
on silicone drops with air bubbles inside conducted in the Drop Physics
Module confirmed the expectation that the bubble would move to the
center of the drop. Other tests in the Drop Physics Module involved the
coalescence of drop with surfactants (substances that alter surface
tension).
In the materials science area, USML-2 provided the conditions for
growing the thinnest and smoothest mercury cadmium telluride films ever
grown. Several crystal growth experiments were performed that should
help improve the production of crystals on Earth. USML-2 was also the
first mission to have the Microgravity Acceleration Work Station,
helping scientists to guide the shuttle crew in making small orientation
changes to improve crystal growth conditions.
In the biotechnology area, 1,500 protein crystals were grown on USML-2,
far surpassing the number grown on any previous shuttle mission; the
larger and better-ordered protein crystals grown in microgravity give
researchers more clues for solving the protein's molecular structures, a
first step in drug design and disease treatment.
USML-2 Glovebox experiments also yielded important results. The
Particle Dispersion Experiment examined the dispersion and aggregation
of fine particles in the atmosphere; information gathered could
eventually reveal how nature cleanses volcanic ash or dust clouds and
may lead to new strategies for coping with natural disasters. The
Colloidal Disorder-Order Transition Experiment provided unique insights
into one of the most fundamental questions in condensed matter physics,
the transition between solid and liquid phases. Video data from the
Finer-Supported Droplet Combustion Experiment also provided
unprecedented observations of spherical droplets burning for up to 30
seconds and yielded new insights into soot production and detailed
kinetics associated with fuel droplet combustion, with potential
application to increased efficiency and reduced pollutant production in
the combustion of liquid fuels.
Finally, USML-2 broke new ground in the level and sophistication of
television downlink for science, with six simultaneous video channels.
This allowed ground-based scientists to monitor experiments on the
Shuttle to an unprecedented degree. Researchers could draw preliminary
conclusions as to experiment results relative to hypotheses and make
near real-time adjustments to experiment protocols.
Third United States Microgravity Payload
The Third United States Microgravity Payload (USMP-3) is scheduled for
launch on February 22, 1996. Included in the compliment of facilities
will be two solidification furnaces, each of which is designed to
explore a different area of crystal growth. Also aboard USMP-3 will be
Zeno, a facility used for examining phase change processes through the
use of critical fluid light scattering phenomena. The middeck Glovebox
Facility will also be included in the USMP experiment complement for the
first time to accommodate smaller microgravity experiments.
With the exception of the Glovebox, which is placed in the middeck of
the shuttle, USMP-3's experiment hardware will be carried on an
across-the-bay structure designed for the shuttle's cargo bay and
consisting of several trusses that support and protect the equipment.
Of major importance, the Shuttle crew will not have direct access to the
equipment as the structure is not enclosed in a pressured volume.
Experiments will be directed from the Payload Operations Control Center
at the Marshall Space Flight Center and the Telescience Support Center
at the Lewis Research Center, which will send commands and receive data
during the mission. MEPHISTO facility investigators will be monitoring
the mission from France.
USMP-3 will represent new advances in telescience with investigators
having real-time interaction with their experiments directly from their
home institution for the first time.
Life and Microgravity Spacelab
The Life and Microgravity Spacelab (LMS) mission is a 16-day mission
scheduled for launch aboard the orbiter Columbia on Shuttle flight
STS-78. The flight will involve 21 investigations, six in microgravity
sciences.
LMS will be the first flight of the European Space Agency's Advanced
Gradient Heating Furnace, a new furnace facility available to NASA to
conduct materials science investigations on the physics of multiphase
solidification selected in 1992. Several European investigations will
also be conducted. The Bubble, Drop and Particle Unit will be modified
and used to conduct two new types of experiments for US investigators on
this mission.
The microgravity science investigations will focus on protein
crystallization, fluid physics and materials science. Specifically,
microgravity experiments will include protein crystal growth,
electrohydrodynamics, fluids interface studies, high temperature
directional solidification of multi-phase
materials, and solidification with particle pushing and engulfment. In
addition, vibration measurement instrumentation will support these
experiments by characterizing in detail the microgravity environment
aboard the Spacelab.
Microgravity Spacelab
The 16-day Microgravity Spacelab mission (MSL-1) is scheduled for flight
aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia on the STS-83 mission in the spring of
1997. More than 25 investigations in microgravity sciences, such as
fluid physics, combustion science and materials science will be
conducted.
The Zero-Base Review results were announced in December, 1995; this
review represents the amalgamation of several reviews conducted in FY
1995 and early FY 1996 including the Shuttle Functional Workforce
Review, the Independent Shuttle Workforce Review, the Federal Laboratory
Review, and the NASA Headquarters Workforce Review. As a result of the
Zero Base Review, the Office of Life and Microgravity Sciences has begun
to move toward its RGo-ToS organization for FY 2000. Conceptually,
Headquarters and Field Center activities will be functionally divided,
with headquarters maintaining responsibility for addressing the Rwhat,
why and for whomS issues, while the field centers will have
responsibility for the Rhow.S Under current plans, the Office of Life
and Microgravity Sciences personnel levels will be reduced 40 percent by
FY 2000. Program science functions will remain at Headquarters but
program management functions will be moved to the Field Centers.
The Zero-Base Review also addressed moving much of NASA's science to
private institutes. The preliminary Science Institutes Plan outlines a
conceptual framework for chartering a limited number of institutes. The
plan describes the science institutes as private entities which would be
established to: conduct an ongoing research program, develop and arrange
for the transfer of technology, deliver services to the science
community and to the public, and provide the scientific and industrial
communities with access to NASA's space- and ground-based facilities.
Eight of the proposed eleven institute plans require modification or
further study while plans for the following three institutes have
evolved to the point of near-term implementation planning: the
Biomedical Research Institute at NASA Johnson Space Center (Houston,
TX), an Astrobiology Institute at NASA Ames Research Center (Moffett
Field, CA), and an Institute for Microgravity Science at NASA Lewis
Research Center (Cleveland, OH).
The future for the microgravity research program holds many challenges,
but the future is very bright. The Microgravity Science Research
Program looks forward to continuing to be a significant contributor to
the nation's research and development program.
6: PROGRAM RESOURCES FOR FY 1995
Funding for the FY 1995 Microgravity Science Research Program totaled
$163.5 million. This budget supported an array of activities including
an extensive microgravity research program, development of several
microgravity Shuttle missions, Space Station planning, technology and
hardware development, educational outreach, and International Space
Station facility-class hardware development. The funding distribution
for combined flight and ground efforts in the various microgravity
research disciplines is as follows:
Materials Science 35%
Advanced Technology Development 2%
Low Low-Temperature Microgravity Physics 7%
Combustion 23%
Fluid Physics 17%
Boitechnology 16%
0100
Langley Research Center <1%
Headquarters 5%
Jet Propulsion Laboratory 2%
Marshall Space Flight Center 43%
Johnson Space Center 6%
Lewis Research Center 44%
0100
7: PROGRAM STATUS
This section addresses activity through the second quarter of FY 1996
which impact the Microgravity Science Research Program. These activities
and issues are presented here to provide the reader with a more current
perspective on the evolving nature of the Program due to a rapidly
changing environment.
Microgravity Science Flight Opportunities
Second United States Microgravity Laboratory
NASA-Mir
Mir missions will focus on expanding the current Shuttle-based research
program and providing an opportunity to reduce the technical risk
associated with construction and operation of experiments to be
conducted on the International Space Station. Microgravity research
during the Mir-1 mission focused on the characterization of the
acceleration environment of the Mir complex which will be used to
support researchers with a profile of the acceleration levels present
during the performance of their experiments. This characterization will
contribute to microgravity experiment strategic planning for later Mir
activities and vibroacoustics control planning activities in preparation
for the Space Station. The Microgravity Glovebox will provide an
opportunity to conduct fluid physics and combustion science
investigations on the Mir. The Mir missions also provide a unique
opportunity to advance biotechnology research with multiple and
long-duration protein growth experiments which could not be supported in
the short time periods of the Shuttle missions. Such biotechnology
experiments with potential technological impact on medical,
pharmaceutical, and agricultural industries could contribute to such
areas as rational drug design and testing, disease control and
treatment, and improvement and protection of commercially important
crops.
Changing Workplace
NASA was caught in the Federal government furloughs of FY 1996 with the
agency being shut down for 4 workdays in November, 1995 and then for an
additional 21 days between December 18, 1995 and January 5, 1996 due to
the lack of budget authority. A record-setting blizzard in the
Washington, DC area kept NASA Headquarters closed for an additional 4
days. Other NASA Centers also were closed intermittently in January and
February 1996 due to severe weather. Thus, parts of NASA lost almost a
month of work time in FY 1996. The budget situation is still of concern
in that NASA has taken a significant budget cut in FY 1996 and further
cuts are expected for the next fiscal year. Budgets may decline by as
much as 25% in purchasing power in the next five years as compared with
FY 1995 funding levels. NASA's Microgravity Science Research Program
can expect to share in the pain of these cuts.
NASA Research Announcement Schedule
The Microgravity Science Research Program will be releasing additional
NASA Research Announcements in 1996. The Biotechnology program expects
to release a NASA Research Announcement in the second quarter of FY 1996
and Fluid Physics, Materials Science, and Low-Temperature Microgravity
Physics Programs NASA Research Announcements will be released toward the
end of 1996. Further NASA Research Announcements will be released for
Combustion Science and Biotechnology in 1997.
Future Directions
NASA anticipates continued vibrancy of the microgravity science programs
for the next several years. These programs will continue to expand the
number of principal investigators as NASA approaches the space station
era. Facilities development continues apace in close cooperation with
our international partners. Planned shuttle missions in FY 1997
(Microgravity Science Lab - MSL-1) and FY 1998 (USMP-4) will continue to
build on the world-class microgravity research already done on previous
shuttle missions and will pave the final steps toward microgravity
research in the space station era. NASA will continue to actively
promote the application of microgravity research to diverse problems on
earth such as HIV, fire safety, and industrial processes.
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