Rocky Mountains
References
Aguirre, A. A., and E. E. Starkey. 1994. Wildlife disease in U.S. national parks: historical and coevolutionary perspectives. Conservation Biology 8:654661. Alexander, R. R. 1985. Major habitat types, community types and plant communities in the Rocky Mountains. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-123. 4 pp. Allen, R. B., R. K. Peet, and W. L. Baker. 1991. Gradient analysis of latitudinal variation in southern Rocky Mountain forests. Journal of Biogeography 18:123139. Apperson, K. A., and P. J. Anders. 1990. Kootenai River white sturgeon investigations and experimental culture. Annual Progress Report 1989. Division of Fish and Wildlife Project 88-65. Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oreg. 50 pp. Armstrong, D. M. 1993. Lions, ferrets and bears. A guide to the mammals of Colorado. Colorado Division of Wildlife and University of Colorado Museum, Denver. 65 pp. Athearn, R. G. 1960. High country empire: the High Plains and Rocky Mountains. McGraw-Hill, New York. 358 pp. Baker, W. L. 1990. Species richness of Colorado riparian vegetation. Journal of Vegetation Science 1:119124. Baker, W. L., and T. T. Veblen. 1990. Spruce beetles and fires in the nineteenth century subalpine forests of western Colorado, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research 22:6580. Barbour, M. G., J. H. Burk, and W. D. Pitts. 1987. Terrestrial plant ecology. 2nd edition. Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, Calif. 604 pp. Baron, J. S., D. S. Ojima, E. A. Holland, and W. J. Parton. 1994. Analysis of nitrogen saturation potential in Rocky Mountain tundra and forest: implications for aquatic systems. Biogeochemistry 27:6182. Behnke, R. J. 1992. Native trout of western North America. American Fisheries Society Monograph 6, Bethesda, Md. 275 pp. Benedict, J. B. 1981. The Fourth of July Valley: glacial geology and archeology of the timberline ecotone. Research Report 2. Center for Mountain Archeology, Ward, Colo. 139 pp. Betancourt, J. L., T. R. Van Devender, and P. S. Martin, editors. 1990. Late Quaternary biogeography of the Colorado Plateau. Pages 259292 in Packrat middens: the last 40,000 years of biotic change. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Billings, W. D. 1988. Alpine vegetation. Pages 391420 in M. G. Barbour and W. D. Billings, editors. North American terrestrial vegetation. Cambridge University Press, New York. Bock, C. E., J. H. Bock, and H. M. Smith. 1993b. Proposal for a system of federal livestock exclosures on public rangelands in the western United States. Conservation Biology 7:731732. Bock, C. E., V. A. Saab, T. D. Rich, and D. S. Dobkin. 1993a. Pages 296309 in Status and management of Neotropical migratory birds. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-229. Boyce, M. S. 1991. Natural regulation or the control of nature. Pages 183208 in R. B. Keiter and M. S. Boyce, editors. Greater Yellowstone ecosystem: redefining America's wilderness heritage. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. Brady, S. J., and C. H. Flather. 1994. Changes in wetlands on nonfederal rural lands of the conterminous United States from 19821987. Environmental Management 18:693705. Brandt, E. 1993. How much is a gray wolf worth? National Wildlife 31:412. Buchholtz, C. W. 1983. Rocky Mountain National Park: a history. Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder. 255 pp. Bury, R. B., P. S. Corn, C. K. Dodd, Jr., R. W. McDiarmid, and N. J. Scott, Jr. 1995. Amphibians. Pages 124126 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. Butcher, G. S., B. Peterjohn, and C. J. Ralph. 1993. Overview of national bird population monitoring programs and databases. Pages 192203 in Status and management of Neotropical migratory birds. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-229. Captive Breeding Specialist Group. 1992. Black-footed ferret recovery plan review, Washington D.C. Captive Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, Minn. 15 pp. Carey, C. 1993. Hypothesis concerning the causes of the disappearance of boreal toads from the mountains of Colorado. Conservation Biology 7:355362. Chadde, S. W., and C. E. Kay. 1991. Tall- willow communities on Yellowstone's northern range: a test of the natural regulation paradigm. Pages 231262 in R. B. Keiter and M. S. Boyce, editors. Greater Yellowstone ecosystem: redefining America's wilderness heritage. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. Chaney, E., W. Elmore, and W. S. Platts. 1990. Livestock grazing on western riparian areas. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 8, Denver, Colo. 45 pp. Cole, K. L. 1990. Reconstruction of past desert vegetation along the Colorado River using packrat middens. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 76:349366. Cole, K. L. 1995. Vegetation change in national parks. Pages 224228 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. Colorado Division of Wildlife. 1986. Wildlife in danger: the status of Colorado's threatened or endangered fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals. Fort Collins, Colo. 39 pp. Colorado Division of Wildlife. 1993. Annual report. Fort Collins, Colo. 2 pp. Colorado Division of Wildlife. 1994. Annual report. Fort Collins, Colo. 2 pp. Connolly, G. E. 1981. Trends in populations and harvest. In O. C. Wallmo, editor. Mule and black-tailed deer of North America. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. 605 pp. Cook, R. S., editor. 1993. Ecological issues on reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone National Park. National Park Service Scientific Monograph NPS/NRYELL/ NRSM-93-22, Denver, Colo. 328 pp. Cooper, S. V., K. E. Neiman, and D. W. Roberts. 1991. Forest habitat types of northern Idaho: a second approximation. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-236. 143 pp. Corn, P. S. 1994. What we know and don't know about amphibian declines in the West. Pages 5967 in W. W. Covington and L. F. DeBano, technical coordinators. Sustainable ecological systems: implementing an ecological approach to land management. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-247. Corn, P. S., and J. C. Fogelman. 1984. Extinction of montane populations of the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) in Colorado. Journal of Herpetology 18:147152. Crumpacker, D. W. 1984. Regional riparian research and a multi-university approach to the special problems of livestock grazing in the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains. Pages 413422 in R. E. Warner and K. Hendrix, editors. California riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive management. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. D'Antonio, C. M., and P. M. Vitousek. 1992. Biological invasions of exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23:6387. DeLoach, C. J. 1991. Past successes and current prospects in biological control of weeds in the United States and Canada. Natural Areas Journal 11:129142. Droege, S. 1993. Monitoring Neotropical migrants on managed lands: when, where, why? Pages 189191 in Status and management of Neotropical migratory birds. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-229. Duffield, J. W. 1992. An economic analysis of wolf recovery in Yellowstone: park visitor attitudes and values. Pages 233 and 287 in J. D. Varley and W. G. Brewster, editors. Wolves for Yellowstone? A report to the United States Congress IV, Research and Analysis, National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park, Yellowstone, Wyo. Evans, D. M., and D. M. Finch. 1994. Relationships between forest songbird populations and managed forests in Idaho. Pages 308314 in W. W. Covington and L. F. DeBano, technical coordinators. Sustainable ecological systems: implementing an ecological approach to land management. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-247. Finch, D. M. 1992. Threatened, endangered, and vulnerable species of terrestrial vertebrates in the Rocky Mountain region. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-215. 38 pp. Flather, C. H., and T. W. Hoekstra. 1989. An analysis of the wildlife and fish situation in the United States 19892040. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-178. 146 pp. Fleischner, T. L. 1994. Ecological costs of livestock grazing in western North America. Conservation Biology 8:629644. Glinski, R. L. 1977. Regeneration and distribution of sycamores and cottonwoods along Sonoita Creek, Santa Cruz County, Arizona. Pages 166174 in R. R. Johnson and D. A. Jones, technical coordinators. Importance, preservation, and management of riparian habitat: a symposium. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-43. Greenback Cutthroat Trout Recovery Team. 1983. Greenback cutthroat trout recovery plan revision. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Colorado Division of Wildlife, Fort Collins. 21 pp. Grossman, D. H., and K. L. Goodin. 1995. Rare terrestrial ecological communities of the United States. Pages 218221 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. Grove, J. M. 1990. The little ice age. Rutledge Press, New York. 498 pp. Gruell, G. E. 1983. Fire and vegetative trends in the northern Rockies: interpretations from 18711982 photographs. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-158. 117 pp. Hayward, D. G., and J. Verner, editors. 1994. Flammulated, boreal, and great gray owls in the United States: a technical conservation assessment. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-253. 213 pp. Henry, C. J., and R. G. Anthony. 1989. Bald eagle and osprey. Pages 6682 in Proceedings of the western raptor management symposium and workshop. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, D.C. Henry, D., and M. Henry. 1991. Greenbacks are back. Colorado Outdoors 40:2325. Heyer, R. W., M. A. Donnelly, R. W. McDiarmid, L. C. Hayek, and M. S. Foster. 1994. Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: standard methods for amphibians. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 364 pp. Hinds, T. E., F. G. Hawksworth, and R. W. Davidson. 1965. Beetle-killed Engelmann spruce: its deterioration in Colorado. Journal of Forestry 63:536542. Jackson, D. 1962. Letters of the Lewis and Clark expedition with related documents 17831854. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 728 pp. Johnson, K. L. 1987. Rangeland through time: a photographic study of vegetation change in Wyoming (18701986). Miscellaneous Publication 50. Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, Laramie. 188 pp. Johnson, M. G. 1994. The native tribes of North America: a concise encyclopedia. Macmillian Publishing, New York. 210 pp. Kay, C. E. 1994. Aboriginal overkill. Human Nature 5:359398. Keane, R. E., S. F. Arno, and J. K. Brown. 1990. Simulating cumulative fire effects in ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests. Ecology 7:189203. Keiter, R. B. 1991. An introduction to the ecosystem management debate. Pages 318 in R. B. Keiter and M. S. Boyce, editors. Greater Yellowstone ecosystem: redefining America's wilderness heritage. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. Keller, C. R., and K. P. Burnham. 1982. Riparian fencing, grazing, and trout habitat preference on Summit Creek, Idaho. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 2:5359. Kendall, K. C. 1995. Whitebark pine: ecosystem in peril. Pages 228230 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. Knight, D. H. 1991. The Yellowstone fire controversy. Pages 87103 in R. B. Keiter and M. S. Boyce, editors. Greater Yellowstone ecosystem: redefining America's wilderness heritage. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. Knight, D. H. 1994. Mountains and plains: the ecology of Wyoming landscapes. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. 338 pp. Knopf, F. L., and R. W. Cannon. 1982. Structural resilience of a willow riparian community to changes in grazing practices. Pages 198207 in L. Nelson, J. M. Peek, and P. D. Dalke, editors. Proceedings of the wildlifelivestock relationships symposium. Forest, Wildlife, and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Moscow. Langner, L. L., and C. H. Flather. 1994. Biological diversity: status and trends in the United States. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-244. 21 pp. LaRoe, E. T., G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. 1995. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. 530 pp. Laven, R. D., P. N. Omi, J. G. Wyant, and A. S. Pinkerton. 1980. Interpretation of fire scar data from a ponderosa pine ecosystem in the central Rocky Mountains, Colorado. Pages 4649 in M. A. Stokes and J. H. Dieterich, editors. Proceedings of the fire history workshop. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-81.	Lavender, D. 1975. The Rockies. Harper and Row, New York. 433 pp. Leopold, A. S., S. A. Cain, C. M. Cottam, I. N. Gabrielson, and T. L. Kimball. 1963. Wildlife management in the national parks. Transactions of North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 28:2845. Loope, L. L., and G. E. Gruell. 1973. The ecological role of fire in Jackson Hole, northwestern Wyoming. Quaternary Research 3:425443. MacCleery, D. W. 1992. American forests: a history of resilience and recovery. U.S. Forest Service FS-540. Forest History Society, Durham, N.C. 59 pp. Manfredo, M. J., A. D. Bright, J. Pate, and G. Tischbein. 1994. Colorado residents' attitudes and perceptions toward reintroduction of the gray wolf (Canis lupus) into Colorado. Human Dimensions in Natural Resources Unit Project Report 21. Colorado State University, Fort Collins. 99 pp. Marnell, L. F. 1995. Cutthroat trout in Glacier National Park, Montana. Pages 153154 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. Mason, W. T., Jr. 1995. Invertebrates. Pages 159160 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. Mattson, D. J., R. G. Wright, K. C. Kendall, and C. J. Martinka. 1995. Grizzly bears. Pages 103105 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. McDiarmid, R. W. 1995. Reptiles and amphibians. Pages 117118 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. Meagher, M., and M. E. Meyer. 1994. On the origin of brucellosis in bison of Yellowstone National Park: a review. Conservation Biology 8:645653. Mech, L. D., D. H. Pletscher, and C. J. Martinka. 1995. Gray wolves. Pages 98100 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. Melcher, C. P. 1992. Avifauna responses to intensive browsing by elk in Rocky Mountain National Park. M.S. thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins. 86 pp. Merriam, C. H. 1890. Results of a biological survey of the San Francisco Mountain region and desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona. North American Fauna 3. 208 pp. Miller, A. I., T. D. Counihan, M. J. Parsley, and L. G. Beckman. 1995. Columbia River Basin white sturgeon. Pages 154157 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. Miller, B., C. Wemmer, D. Biggins, and R. Reading. 1990. A proposal to conserve black-footed ferrets and the prairie dog ecosystem. Environmental Management 14:763769. Miller, B., G. Ceballos, and R. Reading. 1994. The prairie dog and biotic diversity. Conservation Biology 8:677681. Mills, E. A. 1924. Wild life on the Rockies. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York. 263 pp. Mills, J. D. 1991. Wyoming's Jackson Hole dam, horizontal channel stability, and floodplain vegetation dynamics. M.S. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie. 54 pp. Mueggler, W. F. 1993. Forage. Pages 129134 in N. V. DeByle and R. P. Winokur, editors. Aspen: ecology and management in the western United States. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-119. Nams, V. O., N. F. G. Folkard, and J. N. M. Smith. 1993. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on several woody and nonwoody boreal forest species. Canadian Journal of Botany 71:9397. Nichols, H. 1982. Review of late Quaternary history of vegetation and climate in the mountains of Colorado. Pages 2733 in J. C. Halfpenny, editor. Ecological studies in the Colorado alpine: a festschrift for John W. Marr. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, Occasional Paper 37. University of Colorado, Boulder. Nordyke, K. A., and S. W. Buskirk. 1991. Southern red-backed vole, Clethrionomys gapperi, populations in relation to stand succession and old-growth character in the central Rocky Mountains. Canadian Field-Naturalist 105:330334. Opler, P. A. 1995. Species richness and trends of western butterflies and moths. Pages 172174 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. Otte, D. 1995. Grasshoppers. Pages 163166 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. Peet, R. K. 1978. Forest vegetation of the Colorado Front Range: patterns of species diversity. Vegetatio 37:6578. Peet, R. K. 1981. Forest vegetation of the Colorado Front Range. Vegetatio 45:375. Peet, R. K. 1988. Forests of the Rocky Mountains. Pages 63101 in M. G. Barbour and W. D. Billings, editors. North American terrestrial vegetation. Cambridge University Press, New York. Peters, E. F., and S. C. Bunting. 1994. Fire conditions pre- and post-occurrence of annual grasses on the Snake River plain. Pages 3136 in S. B. Monsen and S. G. Kitchen, editors. Proceedings--Ecology and Management of Annual Rangelands. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-GTR-313. Peterson, J. A., editor. 1986. Paleotectonics and sedimentation in the Rocky Mountain Region, United States. Memoir 41, American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Tulsa, Okla. 693 pp. Pierce, K. L. 1979. History and dynamics of glaciation in the northern Yellowstone National Park area. Professional Paper 729-F. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 90 pp. Popovich, S. J., W. D. Shepperd, D. W. Reichert, and M. A. Cone. 1993. Flora of the Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-233. 62 pp. Powell, D. S., J. L. Faulkner, D. R. Darr, Z. Zhu, and D. W. MacCleery. 1993. Forest resources of the United States, 1992. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-234. 132 pp. Powell, J. A. 1995. Lepidoptera inventories in North America. Pages 168170 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. Robbins, J. 1994. The microbe miners. Audubon 96:9095. Robertus, A. J., B. R. Burns, and T. T. Veblen. 1991. Stand dynamics of Pinus flexilis-dominated subalpine forests in the Colorado Front Range. Journal of Vegetation Science 2:445458. Romme, W. H., and D. G. Despain. 1989. Historical perspective on the Yellowstone fires of 1988. BioScience 39:695699. Romme, W. H., and D. H. Knight. 1981. Fire frequency and subalpine forest succession along a topographic gradient in Wyoming. Ecology 62:319326. Roovers, L. M., and A. J. Robertus. 1993. Stand dynamics and conservation of an old-growth Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir forest in Colorado. Natural Areas Journal 13:256267. Rosentreter, R. 1994. Displacement of rare plants by exotic grasses. Pages 170175 in S. B. Monsen and S. G. Kitchen, editors. Proceedings--Ecology and management of annual rangelands. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-GTR-313. Schlosser, I. J. 1995. Dispersal, boundary processes, and trophic-level interactions in streams adjacent to beaver ponds. Ecology 76:908925. Schullery, P. 1989. The fire and fire policy. BioScience 39:686694. Schullery, P. 1995. The greater Yellowstone ecosystem. Pages 312314 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. Servheen, C. 1990. The status and conservation of the bears of the world. Page 20 in 8th international conference on bear research and management. Monograph Series 2, Victoria, British Columbia. Sims, P. L. 1988. Grasslands. Pages 265286 in M. G. Barbour and W. D. Billings, editors. North American terrestrial vegetation. Cambridge University Press. New York. Singer, F. 1995. Bighorn sheep in the Rocky Mountain National Park. Pages 332333 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. Speart, J. 1994. The case of the wandering bull. National Wildlife 32:1417. Stohlgren, T. J. 1994. Planning long-term vegetation studies at landscape scales. Pages 209241 in T. M. Powell and J. H. Steele, editors. Ecological time series. Chapman and Hall, New York. 491 pp. Stohlgren, T. J., and J. F. Quinn. 1992. An assessment of biotic inventories in western U.S. national parks. Natural Areas Journal 12:145154. Stohlgren, T. J., J. Baron, and T. Kittel. 1993. Understanding coupled climatic, hydrological, and ecosystem responses to global climate change in the Colorado Rockies biogeographical area. Pages 184200 in W. E. Brown and S. D. Veirs, Jr., editors. Partners in stewardship: proceedings of the 7th conference on research and resource management in parks and on public lands. George Wright Society, Hancock, Mich. Stohlgren, T. J., J. Baron, T. G. F. Kittel, and D. Binkley. 1995a. Ecosystem trends in the Colorado Rockies. Pages 310312 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. Stohlgren, T. J., J. F. Quinn, M. Ruggiero, and G. Waggoner. 1995b. Status of biotic inventories in U.S. national parks. Biological Conservation 71:97106. Stohlgren, T. J., M. B. Coughenour, G. W. Chong, D. Binkley, M. A. Kalkhan, L. D. Schell, D. J. Buckley, and J. K. Berry. 1997. Landscape analysis of plant diversity. Landscape Ecology. In press. Stohlgren, T. J., M. B. Falkner, and L. D. Schell. 1995c. A modified-Whittaker nested vegetation sampling method. Vegetatio 117:113121. Thompson, D. Q., R. L. Stuckey, and E. B. Thompson. 1987. Spread, impact, and control of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in North American wetlands. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish and Wildlife Research 2. 55 pp. Trotter, P. C. 1987. Cutthroat: native trout of the West. Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder. 219 pp. Turk, J. T., D. H. Campbell, G. P. Ingersoll, and D. A. Clow. 1992. Initial findings of synoptic snowpack sampling in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-645. Denver, Colo. 6 pp. U.S. Geological Survey. 1990. National water summary 1987--hydrologic events and water supply and use. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2350. Denver, Colo. 243 pp. U.S. Geological Survey. 1993. National water summary 199091. Hydrologic events and stream water quality. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2400. Washington, D.C. 243 pp. Vavra, M., W. A. Laycock, and R. D. Pieper, editors. 1994. Ecological implications of livestock herbivory in the West. Society of Range Management, Denver, Colo. 297 pp. Veblen, T. T., and D. C. Lorenz. 1991. The Colorado Front Range: a century of ecological change. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. 186 pp. Veblen, T. T., K. S. Hadley, M. S. Reid, and A. J. Rebertus. 1991. Stand response to spruce beetle outbreak in Colorado subalpine forests. Ecology 72:213231. Wagner, F. H. 1978. Livestock grazing and the livestock industry. Pages 121145 in H. P. Brokaw, editor. Wildlife and America. Council on Environmental Quality, Washington, D.C. Weber, W. A. 1976. Rocky Mountain flora. Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder. 479 pp. Weisberg, P. J., and W. L. Baker. 1995. Spatial variation in tree seedlings and krummholz growth in the forest-tundra ecotone of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research 27:116129. Wells, P. V. 1983. Paleobiogeography of montane islands in the Great Basin since the last glaciopluvial. Ecological Monograph 53:341382. West, N. E., K. H. Rea, and R. J. Tausch. 1975. Basic synecological relationships in juniperpinyon woodlands. Pages 4153 in G. F. Gifford and F. E. Busby, editors. The pinyonjuniper ecosystem: a symposium. Utah Agriculture Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan. Whitlock, C. 1993. Post-glacial vegetation and climate of Grand Teton and southern Yellowstone national parks. Ecological Monographs 63:173198. Whitlock, C., S. C. Fritz, and D. R. Engstrom. 1991. A prehistoric perspective on the northern range. Pages 289305 in R. B. Keiter and M. S. Boyce, editors. Greater Yellowstone ecosystem: redefining America's wilderness heritage. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. Winegar, H. H. 1977. Camp Creek channel fencing--plant, wildlife, soil, and water responses. Rangeman's Journal 4:1012.

Rocky Mountains

References

Aguirre, A. A., and E. E. Starkey. 1994. Wildlife disease in U.S. national parks: historical and coevolutionary perspectives. Conservation Biology 8:654661.

Alexander, R. R. 1985. Major habitat types, community types and plant communities in the Rocky Mountains. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-123. 4 pp.

Allen, R. B., R. K. Peet, and W. L. Baker. 1991. Gradient analysis of latitudinal variation in southern Rocky Mountain forests. Journal of Biogeography 18:123139.

Apperson, K. A., and P. J. Anders. 1990. Kootenai River white sturgeon investigations and experimental culture. Annual Progress Report 1989. Division of Fish and Wildlife Project 88-65. Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oreg. 50 pp.

Armstrong, D. M. 1993. Lions, ferrets and bears. A guide to the mammals of Colorado. Colorado Division of Wildlife and University of Colorado Museum, Denver. 65 pp.

Athearn, R. G. 1960. High country empire: the High Plains and Rocky Mountains. McGraw-Hill, New York. 358 pp.

Baker, W. L. 1990. Species richness of Colorado riparian vegetation. Journal of Vegetation Science 1:119124.

Baker, W. L., and T. T. Veblen. 1990. Spruce beetles and fires in the nineteenth century subalpine forests of western Colorado, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research 22:6580.

Barbour, M. G., J. H. Burk, and W. D. Pitts. 1987. Terrestrial plant ecology. 2nd edition. Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, Calif. 604 pp.

Baron, J. S., D. S. Ojima, E. A. Holland, and W. J. Parton. 1994. Analysis of nitrogen saturation potential in Rocky Mountain tundra and forest: implications for aquatic systems. Biogeochemistry 27:6182.

Behnke, R. J. 1992. Native trout of western North America. American Fisheries Society Monograph 6, Bethesda, Md. 275 pp.

Benedict, J. B. 1981. The Fourth of July Valley: glacial geology and archeology of the timberline ecotone. Research Report 2. Center for Mountain Archeology, Ward, Colo. 139 pp.

Betancourt, J. L., T. R. Van Devender, and P. S. Martin, editors. 1990. Late Quaternary biogeography of the Colorado Plateau. Pages 259292 in Packrat middens: the last 40,000 years of biotic change. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

Billings, W. D. 1988. Alpine vegetation. Pages 391420 in M. G. Barbour and W. D. Billings, editors. North American terrestrial vegetation. Cambridge University Press, New York.

Bock, C. E., J. H. Bock, and H. M. Smith. 1993b. Proposal for a system of federal livestock exclosures on public rangelands in the western United States. Conservation Biology 7:731732.

Bock, C. E., V. A. Saab, T. D. Rich, and D. S. Dobkin. 1993a. Pages 296309 in Status and management of Neotropical migratory birds. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-229.

Boyce, M. S. 1991. Natural regulation or the control of nature. Pages 183208 in R. B. Keiter and M. S. Boyce, editors. Greater Yellowstone ecosystem: redefining America's wilderness heritage. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.

Brady, S. J., and C. H. Flather. 1994. Changes in wetlands on nonfederal rural lands of the conterminous United States from 19821987. Environmental Management 18:693705.

Brandt, E. 1993. How much is a gray wolf worth? National Wildlife 31:412.

Buchholtz, C. W. 1983. Rocky Mountain National Park: a history. Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder. 255 pp.

Bury, R. B., P. S. Corn, C. K. Dodd, Jr., R. W. McDiarmid, and N. J. Scott, Jr. 1995. Amphibians. Pages 124126 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Butcher, G. S., B. Peterjohn, and C. J. Ralph. 1993. Overview of national bird population monitoring programs and databases. Pages 192203 in Status and management of Neotropical migratory birds. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-229.

Captive Breeding Specialist Group. 1992. Black-footed ferret recovery plan review, Washington D.C. Captive Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, Minn. 15 pp.

Carey, C. 1993. Hypothesis concerning the causes of the disappearance of boreal toads from the mountains of Colorado. Conservation Biology 7:355362.

Chadde, S. W., and C. E. Kay. 1991. Tall- willow communities on Yellowstone's northern range: a test of the natural regulation paradigm. Pages 231262 in R. B. Keiter and M. S. Boyce, editors. Greater Yellowstone ecosystem: redefining America's wilderness heritage. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.

Chaney, E., W. Elmore, and W. S. Platts. 1990. Livestock grazing on western riparian areas. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 8, Denver, Colo. 45 pp.

Cole, K. L. 1990. Reconstruction of past desert vegetation along the Colorado River using packrat middens. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 76:349366.

Cole, K. L. 1995. Vegetation change in national parks. Pages 224228 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Colorado Division of Wildlife. 1986. Wildlife in danger: the status of Colorado's threatened or endangered fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals. Fort Collins, Colo. 39 pp.

Colorado Division of Wildlife. 1993. Annual report. Fort Collins, Colo. 2 pp.

Colorado Division of Wildlife. 1994. Annual report. Fort Collins, Colo. 2 pp.

Connolly, G. E. 1981. Trends in populations and harvest. In O. C. Wallmo, editor. Mule and black-tailed deer of North America. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. 605 pp.

Cook, R. S., editor. 1993. Ecological issues on reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone National Park. National Park Service Scientific Monograph NPS/NRYELL/ NRSM-93-22, Denver, Colo. 328 pp.

Cooper, S. V., K. E. Neiman, and D. W. Roberts. 1991. Forest habitat types of northern Idaho: a second approximation. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-236. 143 pp.

Corn, P. S. 1994. What we know and don't know about amphibian declines in the West. Pages 5967 in W. W. Covington and L. F. DeBano, technical coordinators. Sustainable ecological systems: implementing an ecological approach to land management. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-247.

Corn, P. S., and J. C. Fogelman. 1984. Extinction of montane populations of the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) in Colorado. Journal of Herpetology 18:147152.

Crumpacker, D. W. 1984. Regional riparian research and a multi-university approach to the special problems of livestock grazing in the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains. Pages 413422 in R. E. Warner and K. Hendrix, editors. California riparian systems: ecology, conservation, and productive management. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.

D'Antonio, C. M., and P. M. Vitousek. 1992. Biological invasions of exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23:6387.

DeLoach, C. J. 1991. Past successes and current prospects in biological control of weeds in the United States and Canada. Natural Areas Journal 11:129142.

Droege, S. 1993. Monitoring Neotropical migrants on managed lands: when, where, why? Pages 189191 in Status and management of Neotropical migratory birds. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-229.

Duffield, J. W. 1992. An economic analysis of wolf recovery in Yellowstone: park visitor attitudes and values. Pages 233 and 287 in J. D. Varley and W. G. Brewster, editors. Wolves for Yellowstone? A report to the United States Congress IV, Research and Analysis, National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park, Yellowstone, Wyo.

Evans, D. M., and D. M. Finch. 1994. Relationships between forest songbird populations and managed forests in Idaho. Pages 308314 in W. W. Covington and L. F. DeBano, technical coordinators. Sustainable ecological systems: implementing an ecological approach to land management. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-247.

Finch, D. M. 1992. Threatened, endangered, and vulnerable species of terrestrial vertebrates in the Rocky Mountain region. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-215. 38 pp.

Flather, C. H., and T. W. Hoekstra. 1989. An analysis of the wildlife and fish situation in the United States 19892040. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-178. 146 pp.

Fleischner, T. L. 1994. Ecological costs of livestock grazing in western North America. Conservation Biology 8:629644.

Glinski, R. L. 1977. Regeneration and distribution of sycamores and cottonwoods along Sonoita Creek, Santa Cruz County, Arizona. Pages 166174 in R. R. Johnson and D. A. Jones, technical coordinators. Importance, preservation, and management of riparian habitat: a symposium. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-43.

Greenback Cutthroat Trout Recovery Team. 1983. Greenback cutthroat trout recovery plan revision. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Colorado Division of Wildlife, Fort Collins. 21 pp.

Grossman, D. H., and K. L. Goodin. 1995. Rare terrestrial ecological communities of the United States. Pages 218221 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Grove, J. M. 1990. The little ice age. Rutledge Press, New York. 498 pp.

Gruell, G. E. 1983. Fire and vegetative trends in the northern Rockies: interpretations from 18711982 photographs. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-158. 117 pp.

Hayward, D. G., and J. Verner, editors. 1994. Flammulated, boreal, and great gray owls in the United States: a technical conservation assessment. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-253. 213 pp.

Henry, C. J., and R. G. Anthony. 1989. Bald eagle and osprey. Pages 6682 in Proceedings of the western raptor management symposium and workshop. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, D.C.

Henry, D., and M. Henry. 1991. Greenbacks are back. Colorado Outdoors 40:2325.

Heyer, R. W., M. A. Donnelly, R. W. McDiarmid, L. C. Hayek, and M. S. Foster. 1994. Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: standard methods for amphibians. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 364 pp.

Hinds, T. E., F. G. Hawksworth, and R. W. Davidson. 1965. Beetle-killed Engelmann spruce: its deterioration in Colorado. Journal of Forestry 63:536542.

Jackson, D. 1962. Letters of the Lewis and Clark expedition with related documents 17831854. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 728 pp.

Johnson, K. L. 1987. Rangeland through time: a photographic study of vegetation change in Wyoming (18701986). Miscellaneous Publication 50. Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, Laramie. 188 pp.

Johnson, M. G. 1994. The native tribes of North America: a concise encyclopedia. Macmillian Publishing, New York. 210 pp.

Kay, C. E. 1994. Aboriginal overkill. Human Nature 5:359398.

Keane, R. E., S. F. Arno, and J. K. Brown. 1990. Simulating cumulative fire effects in ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests. Ecology 7:189203.

Keiter, R. B. 1991. An introduction to the ecosystem management debate. Pages 318 in R. B. Keiter and M. S. Boyce, editors. Greater Yellowstone ecosystem: redefining America's wilderness heritage. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.

Keller, C. R., and K. P. Burnham. 1982. Riparian fencing, grazing, and trout habitat preference on Summit Creek, Idaho. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 2:5359.

Kendall, K. C. 1995. Whitebark pine: ecosystem in peril. Pages 228230 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Knight, D. H. 1991. The Yellowstone fire controversy. Pages 87103 in R. B. Keiter and M. S. Boyce, editors. Greater Yellowstone ecosystem: redefining America's wilderness heritage. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.

Knight, D. H. 1994. Mountains and plains: the ecology of Wyoming landscapes. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. 338 pp.

Knopf, F. L., and R. W. Cannon. 1982. Structural resilience of a willow riparian community to changes in grazing practices. Pages 198207 in L. Nelson, J. M. Peek, and P. D. Dalke, editors. Proceedings of the wildlifelivestock relationships symposium. Forest, Wildlife, and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Moscow.

Langner, L. L., and C. H. Flather. 1994. Biological diversity: status and trends in the United States. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-244. 21 pp.

LaRoe, E. T., G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. 1995. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. 530 pp.

Laven, R. D., P. N. Omi, J. G. Wyant, and A. S. Pinkerton. 1980. Interpretation of fire scar data from a ponderosa pine ecosystem in the central Rocky Mountains, Colorado. Pages 4649 in M. A. Stokes and J. H. Dieterich, editors. Proceedings of the fire history workshop. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-81.

Lavender, D. 1975. The Rockies. Harper and Row, New York. 433 pp.

Leopold, A. S., S. A. Cain, C. M. Cottam, I. N. Gabrielson, and T. L. Kimball. 1963. Wildlife management in the national parks. Transactions of North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 28:2845.

Loope, L. L., and G. E. Gruell. 1973. The ecological role of fire in Jackson Hole, northwestern Wyoming. Quaternary Research 3:425443.

MacCleery, D. W. 1992. American forests: a history of resilience and recovery. U.S. Forest Service FS-540. Forest History Society, Durham, N.C. 59 pp.

Manfredo, M. J., A. D. Bright, J. Pate, and G. Tischbein. 1994. Colorado residents' attitudes and perceptions toward reintroduction of the gray wolf (Canis lupus) into Colorado. Human Dimensions in Natural Resources Unit Project Report 21. Colorado State University, Fort Collins. 99 pp.

Marnell, L. F. 1995. Cutthroat trout in Glacier National Park, Montana. Pages 153154 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Mason, W. T., Jr. 1995. Invertebrates. Pages 159160 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Mattson, D. J., R. G. Wright, K. C. Kendall, and C. J. Martinka. 1995. Grizzly bears. Pages 103105 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

McDiarmid, R. W. 1995. Reptiles and amphibians. Pages 117118 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Meagher, M., and M. E. Meyer. 1994. On the origin of brucellosis in bison of Yellowstone National Park: a review. Conservation Biology 8:645653.

Mech, L. D., D. H. Pletscher, and C. J. Martinka. 1995. Gray wolves. Pages 98100 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Melcher, C. P. 1992. Avifauna responses to intensive browsing by elk in Rocky Mountain National Park. M.S. thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins. 86 pp.

Merriam, C. H. 1890. Results of a biological survey of the San Francisco Mountain region and desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona. North American Fauna 3. 208 pp.

Miller, A. I., T. D. Counihan, M. J. Parsley, and L. G. Beckman. 1995. Columbia River Basin white sturgeon. Pages 154157 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Miller, B., C. Wemmer, D. Biggins, and R. Reading. 1990. A proposal to conserve black-footed ferrets and the prairie dog ecosystem. Environmental Management 14:763769.

Miller, B., G. Ceballos, and R. Reading. 1994. The prairie dog and biotic diversity. Conservation Biology 8:677681.

Mills, E. A. 1924. Wild life on the Rockies. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York. 263 pp.

Mills, J. D. 1991. Wyoming's Jackson Hole dam, horizontal channel stability, and floodplain vegetation dynamics. M.S. thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie. 54 pp.

Mueggler, W. F. 1993. Forage. Pages 129134 in N. V. DeByle and R. P. Winokur, editors. Aspen: ecology and management in the western United States. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-119.

Nams, V. O., N. F. G. Folkard, and J. N. M. Smith. 1993. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on several woody and nonwoody boreal forest species. Canadian Journal of Botany 71:9397.

Nichols, H. 1982. Review of late Quaternary history of vegetation and climate in the mountains of Colorado. Pages 2733 in J. C. Halfpenny, editor. Ecological studies in the Colorado alpine: a festschrift for John W. Marr. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, Occasional Paper 37. University of Colorado, Boulder.

Nordyke, K. A., and S. W. Buskirk. 1991. Southern red-backed vole, Clethrionomys gapperi, populations in relation to stand succession and old-growth character in the central Rocky Mountains. Canadian Field-Naturalist 105:330334.

Opler, P. A. 1995. Species richness and trends of western butterflies and moths. Pages 172174 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Otte, D. 1995. Grasshoppers. Pages 163166 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Peet, R. K. 1978. Forest vegetation of the Colorado Front Range: patterns of species diversity. Vegetatio 37:6578.

Peet, R. K. 1981. Forest vegetation of the Colorado Front Range. Vegetatio 45:375.

Peet, R. K. 1988. Forests of the Rocky Mountains. Pages 63101 in M. G. Barbour and W. D. Billings, editors. North American terrestrial vegetation. Cambridge University Press, New York.

Peters, E. F., and S. C. Bunting. 1994. Fire conditions pre- and post-occurrence of annual grasses on the Snake River plain. Pages 3136 in S. B. Monsen and S. G. Kitchen, editors. Proceedings--Ecology and Management of Annual Rangelands. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-GTR-313.

Peterson, J. A., editor. 1986. Paleotectonics and sedimentation in the Rocky Mountain Region, United States. Memoir 41, American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Tulsa, Okla. 693 pp.

Pierce, K. L. 1979. History and dynamics of glaciation in the northern Yellowstone National Park area. Professional Paper 729-F. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 90 pp.

Popovich, S. J., W. D. Shepperd, D. W. Reichert, and M. A. Cone. 1993. Flora of the Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-233. 62 pp.

Powell, D. S., J. L. Faulkner, D. R. Darr, Z. Zhu, and D. W. MacCleery. 1993. Forest resources of the United States, 1992. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report RM-234. 132 pp.

Powell, J. A. 1995. Lepidoptera inventories in North America. Pages 168170 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Robbins, J. 1994. The microbe miners. Audubon 96:9095.

Robertus, A. J., B. R. Burns, and T. T. Veblen. 1991. Stand dynamics of Pinus flexilis-dominated subalpine forests in the Colorado Front Range. Journal of Vegetation Science 2:445458.

Romme, W. H., and D. G. Despain. 1989. Historical perspective on the Yellowstone fires of 1988. BioScience 39:695699.

Romme, W. H., and D. H. Knight. 1981. Fire frequency and subalpine forest succession along a topographic gradient in Wyoming. Ecology 62:319326.

Roovers, L. M., and A. J. Robertus. 1993. Stand dynamics and conservation of an old-growth Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir forest in Colorado. Natural Areas Journal 13:256267.

Rosentreter, R. 1994. Displacement of rare plants by exotic grasses. Pages 170175 in S. B. Monsen and S. G. Kitchen, editors. Proceedings--Ecology and management of annual rangelands. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-GTR-313.

Schlosser, I. J. 1995. Dispersal, boundary processes, and trophic-level interactions in streams adjacent to beaver ponds. Ecology 76:908925.

Schullery, P. 1989. The fire and fire policy. BioScience 39:686694.

Schullery, P. 1995. The greater Yellowstone ecosystem. Pages 312314 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Servheen, C. 1990. The status and conservation of the bears of the world. Page 20 in 8th international conference on bear research and management. Monograph Series 2, Victoria, British Columbia.

Sims, P. L. 1988. Grasslands. Pages 265286 in M. G. Barbour and W. D. Billings, editors. North American terrestrial vegetation. Cambridge University Press. New York.

Singer, F. 1995. Bighorn sheep in the Rocky Mountain National Park. Pages 332333 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Speart, J. 1994. The case of the wandering bull. National Wildlife 32:1417.

Stohlgren, T. J. 1994. Planning long-term vegetation studies at landscape scales. Pages 209241 in T. M. Powell and J. H. Steele, editors. Ecological time series. Chapman and Hall, New York. 491 pp.

Stohlgren, T. J., and J. F. Quinn. 1992. An assessment of biotic inventories in western U.S. national parks. Natural Areas Journal 12:145154.

Stohlgren, T. J., J. Baron, and T. Kittel. 1993. Understanding coupled climatic, hydrological, and ecosystem responses to global climate change in the Colorado Rockies biogeographical area. Pages 184200 in W. E. Brown and S. D. Veirs, Jr., editors. Partners in stewardship: proceedings of the 7th conference on research and resource management in parks and on public lands. George Wright Society, Hancock, Mich.

Stohlgren, T. J., J. Baron, T. G. F. Kittel, and D. Binkley. 1995a. Ecosystem trends in the Colorado Rockies. Pages 310312 in E. T. LaRoe, G. S. Farris, C. E. Puckett, P. D. Doran, and M. J. Mac, editors. Our living resources: a report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.

Stohlgren, T. J., J. F. Quinn, M. Ruggiero, and G. Waggoner. 1995b. Status of biotic inventories in U.S. national parks. Biological Conservation 71:97106.

Stohlgren, T. J., M. B. Coughenour, G. W. Chong, D. Binkley, M. A. Kalkhan, L. D. Schell, D. J. Buckley, and J. K. Berry. 1997. Landscape analysis of plant diversity. Landscape Ecology. In press.

Stohlgren, T. J., M. B. Falkner, and L. D. Schell. 1995c. A modified-Whittaker nested vegetation sampling method. Vegetatio 117:113121.

Thompson, D. Q., R. L. Stuckey, and E. B. Thompson. 1987. Spread, impact, and control of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in North American wetlands. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish and Wildlife Research 2. 55 pp.

Trotter, P. C. 1987. Cutthroat: native trout of the West. Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder. 219 pp.

Turk, J. T., D. H. Campbell, G. P. Ingersoll, and D. A. Clow. 1992. Initial findings of synoptic snowpack sampling in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-645. Denver, Colo. 6 pp.

U.S. Geological Survey. 1990. National water summary 1987--hydrologic events and water supply and use. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2350. Denver, Colo. 243 pp.

U.S. Geological Survey. 1993. National water summary 199091. Hydrologic events and stream water quality. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2400. Washington, D.C. 243 pp.

Vavra, M., W. A. Laycock, and R. D. Pieper, editors. 1994. Ecological implications of livestock herbivory in the West. Society of Range Management, Denver, Colo. 297 pp.

Veblen, T. T., and D. C. Lorenz. 1991. The Colorado Front Range: a century of ecological change. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City. 186 pp.

Veblen, T. T., K. S. Hadley, M. S. Reid, and A. J. Rebertus. 1991. Stand response to spruce beetle outbreak in Colorado subalpine forests. Ecology 72:213231.

Wagner, F. H. 1978. Livestock grazing and the livestock industry. Pages 121145 in H. P. Brokaw, editor. Wildlife and America. Council on Environmental Quality, Washington, D.C.

Weber, W. A. 1976. Rocky Mountain flora. Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder. 479 pp.

Weisberg, P. J., and W. L. Baker. 1995. Spatial variation in tree seedlings and krummholz growth in the forest-tundra ecotone of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research 27:116129.

Wells, P. V. 1983. Paleobiogeography of montane islands in the Great Basin since the last glaciopluvial. Ecological Monograph 53:341382.

West, N. E., K. H. Rea, and R. J. Tausch. 1975. Basic synecological relationships in juniperpinyon woodlands. Pages 4153 in G. F. Gifford and F. E. Busby, editors. The pinyonjuniper ecosystem: a symposium. Utah Agriculture Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan.

Whitlock, C. 1993. Post-glacial vegetation and climate of Grand Teton and southern Yellowstone national parks. Ecological Monographs 63:173198.

Whitlock, C., S. C. Fritz, and D. R. Engstrom. 1991. A prehistoric perspective on the northern range. Pages 289305 in R. B. Keiter and M. S. Boyce, editors. Greater Yellowstone ecosystem: redefining America's wilderness heritage. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.

Winegar, H. H. 1977. Camp Creek channel fencing--plant, wildlife, soil, and water responses. Rangeman's Journal 4:1012.