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Infant
Health
Infant Death (mortality)
Infant
Mortality and Low Birth Weight Among Black and White Infants— United
States, 1980–2000
This
report describes trends in mortality and birth weight among black and
white infants. These trends indicate persistent black-white
disparities and underscore the need for prevention strategies that
reduce preterm delivery and specific medical conditions that lead to
infant death. Source: MMWR, July
12, 2002 / 51(27);589-592
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Infant
Mortality Rates — 60
Largest U.S. Cities, 1995–1998
This report highlights the wide disparities in the most recent
overall race- and ethnicity-specific IMRs for the largest U.S.
cities and describes key differences among those cities.
Source: MMWR, April
19, 2002 / 51(15);329-332, 343
Infant mortality rates |
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106KB
This table from the Health, United States, 2003, provides
information on fetal death rates, and
perinatal
mortality rates, according to race: United States, selected years 1950–2001.
The Initiative to
Eliminate Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health
In his February 21st, 1998, radio
address, the President committed the Nation to an ambitious goal: by
the year 2010, eliminate the disparities in six areas of health
status experienced by racial and ethnic minority populations while
continuing the progress we have made in improving the overall health
of the American people. The Department of Health and Human Services is leading this effort to eliminate disparities in health
access and outcomes in:
• Infant Mortality
• Cancer Screening and Management
• Cardiovascular Disease
• Diabetes
• HIV Infection
• Child and Adult Immunizations
Although infant mortality in the United States has declined steadily
over the past several decades and is at a record low of 7.2 per
1,000 live births (1996 data), the United States still ranks 24th in
infant mortality compared with other industrialized nations.
SIDS
(Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)
Review the improved
Sudden Unexplained Infant Death Investigation Report Form (SUIDIRF)
Although SIDS rates have declined in
recent years, there are growing concerns about the accuracy,
precision, and consistency of the SIDS diagnosis and other sudden,
unexpected deaths in infancy. Currently, there is no standardized
national system for the investigation of these deaths. The CDC is
leading the national effort to improve the scope and quality of
information collected and used to diagnose infant deaths. CDC's
Division of Reproductive Health recognizes this as a priority and is
revising the 1996 Guidelines and Form for the Death Scene
Investigation of Sudden, Unexplained Infant Death (SUIDIRF).
SIDS:
"Back to Sleep" Campaign
The Back to Sleep campaign is suitably named for its recommendation
to place healthy babies on their backs to sleep. Placing babies on their
backs to sleep reduces the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS),
also known as "crib death."
Facts
About SIDS
A factsheet from CDC's National Vaccine Program Office
Progress in
Reducing Risky Infant Sleeping Positions - 13 States,
1996—1997 |
View
PDF 238KB
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is one of the
leading causes of postneonatal mortality in the United States.
To reduce the risk for SIDS, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
recommends that all healthy babies be placed to sleep on their backs. In 1994, a national “Back-to-Sleep” education campaign was
begun to encourage healthcare providers and the public to adopt a
back or side sleeping position for all infants. To assess the
response to these recommendations, CDC analyzed population-based
data on infant sleeping positions during 1996 and 1997 from 13
states participating in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring
System (PRAMS). This report summarizes the results of that analysis
and indicates that from 1996 to 1997 placement of infants in the
stomach sleeping position declined significantly in four states and
placement of infants in the back sleeping position increased
significantly in nine states. However, the percentage of infants
placed on their stomachs continued to differ by state, maternal
demographics, and type of insurance coverage. Source: MMWR,
October 8, 1999/Vol. 48/No. 39.
Infant Mortality Statistics from the
1997 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set
|
View
PDF 226KB
This report presents 1997 infant mortality statistics from the linked
birth and infant death data
set by a wide variety of maternal and infant
characteristics. In general, mortality rates were lowest for infants
born to Asian and Pacific Islander mothers, followed by white, American Indian, and black
mothers. Infant
mortality rates were higher for Puerto Rican mothers than for
Mexican, Cuban, Central and South American, or
non-Hispanic white mothers. Infant mortality rates were higher
for those infants whose mothers began prenatal care after the first
trimester of pregnancy, aged 20 years or younger, aged 40 years or older,
did not complete high school, were unmarried, or smoked during
pregnancy. Infant mortality was also higher for male infants,
multiple births, and infants born preterm or at low birthweight. In
1997, 65% of all infant deaths occurred to the 7.5% of
infants born at low birthweight. The three leading causes of infant
death include congenital anomalies; disorders relating to short gestation
and unspecified low birthweight (low birthweight); and Sudden Infant
Death Syndrome (SIDS)— together accounted for nearly one-half
of all infant deaths in the United States in 1997. Source: National
Vital Statistics Reports; vol 47, no. 23, 1999.
Decrease in infant mortality and
sudden infant death syndrome among Northwest American Indians and Alaskan
Natives—Pacific Northwest, 1985–1996 |
View PDF 301KB
Although the infant mortality rate (IMR) has steadily declined
in the United States since the early 1900s, the rate varies among racial/ethnic
populations. Historically, IMRs among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) have
been high. In addition, IMRs have varied among AI/AN populations. To determine recent
trends in infant mortality among Northwest AI/AN, the Northwest Portland Area Indian
Health Board (NPAIHB) analyzed annual IMRs among AI/AN in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington.
In addition, because sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the major contributor to
excess infant mortality in Northwest AI/AN, NPAIHB analyzed SIDS rates to determine
whether the decline in SIDS rates in the United States also was occurring among Northwest
AI/AN. This report summarizes the results of this analysis and documents dramatic
decreases in both SIDS and non-SIDS infant mortality. Source: MMWR, March 12,
1999/Vol.48/No.9.
Assessment
of infant sleeping position—selected States, 1996 |
View PDF 252KB
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the leading cause of
postneonatal mortality in the United States. In 1992, the American Academy of Pediatrics
(AAP) recommended that all healthy babies be put to sleep either on their back or side to
reduce the risk for SIDS. In 1994, a national “Back to Sleep”
education campaign was initiated to encourage the public and health-care providers to put
babies to sleep on their back or side. In November 1996, the AAP modified its policy to
preferentially recommend putting infants on their back because of the lower risk for SIDS
associated with this position relative to the side position. To assess adherence to
recommendations for infant sleeping position, CDC analyzed population-based data on the
usual infant sleeping position for 1996 births by race from 10 states participating in the
Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS). This
report summarizes the results of that analysis and indicates that infant sleeping position
varied by state and race. Source: MMWR, October 23, 1998/Vol. 47/No. 41.
Changing
Concepts of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Implications for Infant
Sleeping Environment and Sleep Position A
policy statement from the American Academy of Pediatrics task force on
infant sleep position and sudden infant death syndrome. Source: Pediatrics, Volume 105, Number 3; March 2000, pp 650-656.
Sudden
Infant Death Syndrome, or SIDS, is one of the leading causes of
death among infants and often a major worry for parents. Fortunately, the number of children dying from SIDS has declined
over the last few years, according to the Centers for Control and Prevention. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends
that
infants be placed on their back to sleep to decrease the risk of SIDS.
Transcript
PDF (10KB) |
QuickTime (3,757KB) |
WAV (563KB).
Trends and predictors of infant sleep positions in Georgia, 1990 to
1995 * |
View PDF 193KB
This study summarizes trends in sleep position, predictors of
prone sleep position, impact on sudden infant death syndrome mortality in Georgia and
national data. Source: PEDIATRICS, September 1998, Vol. 102 /No.3.
Postneonatal mortality
surveillance —United States, 1980–1994 |
View PDF
610KB
This report contains public health surveillance data
that describe trends in postneonatal mortality (PNM) and that update information published
in 1991. Source: MMWR, July 3, 1998 /Vol. 47 /No. SS-2.
Sudden infant death syndrome —United States,
1983–1994 |
View PDF 270KB
This report analyzes age-, race-, and region-specific trends for SIDS in the United States during 1983-1994 and indicates that
annual rates of SIDS declined more than three times faster during 1990-1994 than during
1983-1989. Source:
MMWR, October 11, 1996/Vol. 45/No. 40;859–853.
Guidelines for death scene investigation of
sudden, unexplained infant deaths (SUID) |
View PDF 289KB
This report includes the infant short form that was developed to standardize the investigation of SUID scenes; ensure that
information pertinent to determining the cause, manner, and circumstances of an infant death is considered in
each investigation; and assist researchers in accurately determining
the cause of and risk factors for SIDS. It can be used by medical examiners, coroners, death investigators, and
police officers. Instructions for using the protocol are also included. Source:
MMWR, June 21, 1996/Vol. 45/No. RR-10.
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