Harvest
References
Angermeier, P. L., and J. R. Karr. 1994. Biological integrity versus biological diversity as policy directives. BioScience 44:690697. Ankney, C. D., D. G. Dennis, and R. C. Bailey. 1987. Increasing mallards, decreasing American black ducks: coincidence or cause and effect? Journal of Wildlife Management 51:523529. Baskin, Y. 1994. Ecologists dare to ask: how much does diversity matter? Science 264:202203. Beasom, S. L., and S. F. Roberson, editors. 1985. Game harvest management. Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Kingsville, Tex. 374 pp. Berryman, A. A. 1991. Can economic forces cause ecological chaos? The case of the northern California Dungeness crab fishery. Oikos 62:106109. Bethke, R. W. 1993. Geographical patterns of persistence in duck guilds. Oecologia 93:102108. Bethke, R. W., and T. D. Nudds. 1993. Variation in the diversity of ducks along a gradient of environmental variability. Oecologia 93:242250. Bookhout, T. A., editor. 1994. Research and management techniques for wildlife and habitats. The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, Md. 740 pp. Brownlow, C. A. 1996. Molecular taxonomy and the conservation of the red wolf and other endangered carnivores. Conservation Biology 10:390396. Caughley, G. 1985. Harvesting of wildlife: past, present, and future. Pages 314 in S. L. Beasom and S. F. Roberson, editors. Game harvest management. Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Kingsville, Tex. 374 pp. Clark, T. W. 1992. Practicing natural resource management with a policy orientation. Environmental Management 16:423433. Cronin, M. A. 1993. Mitochondrial DNA in wildlife taxonomy and conservation biology: cautionary notes. Wildlife Society Bulletin 21:339348. Decker, D. J., R. E. Shanks, L. A. Nielsen, and G. R. Parsons. 1991. Ethical and scientific judgements in management: beware of blurred distinctions. Wildlife Society Bulletin 19:523527. Dobb, E. 1992. Cultivating nature. The Sciences January/February:4450. Dowling, T. E., B. D. DeMarais, W. L. Minckley, M. E. Douglas, and P. C. Marsh. 1992. Use of genetic characters in conservation biology. Conservation Biology 6:78. Errington, P. L. 1945. Some contributions of a fifteen-year local study of the northern bobwhite to a knowledge of population phenomena. Ecological Monographs 15:134. Fryxell, J. M., D. J. T. Hussell, A. B. Lambert, and P. C. Smith. 1991. Time lags and population fluctuations in white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 55:377385. Geist, V. 1992. Endangered species and the law. Nature 357:274276. Getz, W. M., and R. G. Haight. 1989. Population harvesting. Demographic models of fish, forest, and animal resources. Monographs in Population Biology 27. Princeton University Press, N.J. 391 pp. Giles, R. H. 1978. Wildlife management. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco. 416 pp. Ginsberg, J. R., and E. J. Milner-Gulland. 1994. Sex-biased harvesting and population dynamics in ungulates: implications for conservation and sustainable use. Conservation Biology 8:157166. Glenn, S. M., and T. D. Nudds. 1989. Insular biogeography of mammals in Canadian parks. Journal of Biogeography 16:261268. Hill, K. D. 1993. The Endangered Species Act: what do we mean by species? Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 20:239264. Hill, M. O. 1973. Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54:427432. Holt, S. J., and L. M. Talbot. 1978. New principles for the conservation of wild, living resources. Wildlife Monographs 59. 33 pp. Hutchinson, G. E. 1978. An introduction to population ecology. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. 260 pp. Johnson, S. P., editor. 1993. The Earth summit: the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Book 1. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, Mass. 124 pp. Karr, J. R. 1991. Biological integrity: a long neglected aspect of water resource management. Ecological Applications 1:6684. Kennedy, J. J. 1984. Understanding professional career evolution--an example of Aldo Leopold. Wildlife Society Bulletin 12:215226. Lavigne, D. M. 1991. Your money or your genotype. BBC Wildlife (March):204205. Lavigne, D. M., C. J. Callaghan, and R. J. Smith. 1996. Sustainable utilization: the lessons of history. Pages 250265 in V. J. Taylor and N. Dunstone, editors. The exploitation of mammal populations. Chapman and Hall, New York. Lawton, J. 1991. Are species useful? Oikos 62:34. Lubchenco, J. 1978. Plant species diversity in a marine intertidal community: importance of herbivore food preference and algal competitive abilities. American Naturalist 112:2339.	Ludwig, D., R. Hilborn, and C. Walters. 1993. Uncertainty, resource exploitation and conservation: lessons from history. Science 260:17, 36. May, R. M., J. R. Beddington, C. W. Clark, S. J. Holt, and R. M. Laws. 1979. Management of multispecies fisheries. Science 205:267277. Moffat, A. S. 1996. Biodiversity is a boon to ecosystems, not species. Science 271:1497. Moritz, C. 1994. Defining evolutionarily significant units for conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9:373375. Naeem, S., L. J. Thompson, S. P. Lawler, J. H. Lawton, and R. M. Woodfin. 1994. Declining biodiversity can alter the performance of ecosystems. Nature 368:734737. Nudds, T. D. 1979. Theory in wildlife conservation and management. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 44:277288. Nudds, T. D. 1993. Use of estimated "pristine" speciesarea relations to generate indices of conservation value for nature reserves. Pages 2533 in S. F. Poser, W. J. Crins, and T. J. Beechey, editors. Size and integrity standards for natural heritage areas in Ontario. Parks and Natural Heritage Branch, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Huntsville. 138 pp. Nunney, L., and K. A. Campbell. 1993. Assessing minimum viable population size: demography meets population genetics. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8:234239. O'Brien, S. J., and E. Mayr. 1991. Bureaucratic mischief: recognizing endangered species and subspecies. Science 251:11871188. Oliver, I., and A. J. Beattie. 1996. Invertebrate morphospecies as surrogates for species: a case study. Conservation Biology 10:99109. Paine, R. T. 1966. Food web complexity and species diversity. American Naturalist 100:6575. Pimm, S. L. 1991. The balance of nature? University of Chicago Press, Ill. 434 pp. Pimm, S. L. 1993. On the importance of watching birds from airplanes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9:4143. Renner, S. S., and R. E. Ricklefs. 1994a. Systematics and biodiversity. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9:78. Renner, S. S., and R. E. Ricklefs. 1994b. Reply from Renner and Ricklefs. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9:229230. Ryman, N., and L. Laikre. 1991. Effects of supportive breeding on the genetically effective population size. Conservation Biology 5:325329. Scheffer, V. 1976. The future of wildlife management. Wildlife Society Bulletin 4:5154. Shaw, J. H. 1985. Introduction to wildlife management. McGraw-Hill, New York. 316 pp. Sinclair, A. R. E. 1983. Management of conservation areas as ecological baseline controls. Pages 1322 in Management of large mammals in African conservation areas. Haum Educational Publishers, Pretoria, South Africa. Sinclair, A. R. E. 1989. Population regulation in animals. Pages 197241 in J. M. Cherrett, editor. Ecological concepts: the contribution of ecology to an understanding of the natural world. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London. Solbrig, O. T., editor. 1991. From genes to ecosystems: a research agenda for biodiversity. International Union of Biological Sciences, Paris, France. 124 pp. Soulé, M., editor. 1987. Viable populations for conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. 189 pp. Steedman, R. J. 1994. Ecosystem health as a management goal. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 13:605610. Suter, G. W. 1993. A critique of ecosystem health concepts and indexes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12:15331539. Trauger, D. L., and R. J. Hall. 1992. The challenge of biological diversity: professional responsibilities, capabilities and realities. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 57:2036. Verme, L. J., and J. J. Ozoga. 1981. Sex ratio of white-tailed deer and the estrus cycle. Journal of Wildlife Management 45:710715. Walters, C. J. 1992. Perspectives on adaptive policy design in fisheries management. Pages 249262 in S. K. Jain and L. W. Botsford, editors. Applied population biology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. Williams, B. K., and F. A. Johnson. 1995. Adaptive management and the regulation of waterfowl harvests. Wildlife Society Bulletin 23:430436. Williams, B. K., F. A. Johnson, and K. Wilkins. 1996. Uncertainty and the adaptive management of waterfowl harvests. Journal of Wildlife Management 60:223232. Worster, D. 1977. Nature's economy. The roots of ecology. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco. 404 pp. Yodzis, P. 1993. Environment and trophodiversity. Pages 2638 in R. E. Ricklefs and D. Sclulter, editors. Species diversity in ecological communities. University of Chicago Press. Ill. 414 pp. Yodzis, P. 1994a. Predatorprey theory and the management of multispecies fisheries. Ecological Applications 4:5158. Yodzis, P. 1994b. Local trophodynamics in the Benguela ecosystem: the effect of a fur seal cull on the fisheries. SAC94/WP12. Working paper for the Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Committee, Marine Mammal Action Plan, United Nations Environment Programme. Crowborough, England. 47 pp.

Harvest

References

Angermeier, P. L., and J. R. Karr. 1994. Biological integrity versus biological diversity as policy directives. BioScience 44:690697.

Ankney, C. D., D. G. Dennis, and R. C. Bailey. 1987. Increasing mallards, decreasing American black ducks: coincidence or cause and effect? Journal of Wildlife Management 51:523529.

Baskin, Y. 1994. Ecologists dare to ask: how much does diversity matter? Science 264:202203.

Beasom, S. L., and S. F. Roberson, editors. 1985. Game harvest management. Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Kingsville, Tex. 374 pp.

Berryman, A. A. 1991. Can economic forces cause ecological chaos? The case of the northern California Dungeness crab fishery. Oikos 62:106109.

Bethke, R. W. 1993. Geographical patterns of persistence in duck guilds. Oecologia 93:102108.

Bethke, R. W., and T. D. Nudds. 1993. Variation in the diversity of ducks along a gradient of environmental variability. Oecologia 93:242250.

Bookhout, T. A., editor. 1994. Research and management techniques for wildlife and habitats. The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, Md. 740 pp.

Brownlow, C. A. 1996. Molecular taxonomy and the conservation of the red wolf and other endangered carnivores. Conservation Biology 10:390396.

Caughley, G. 1985. Harvesting of wildlife: past, present, and future. Pages 314 in S. L. Beasom and S. F. Roberson, editors. Game harvest management. Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Kingsville, Tex. 374 pp.

Clark, T. W. 1992. Practicing natural resource management with a policy orientation. Environmental Management 16:423433.

Cronin, M. A. 1993. Mitochondrial DNA in wildlife taxonomy and conservation biology: cautionary notes. Wildlife Society Bulletin 21:339348.

Decker, D. J., R. E. Shanks, L. A. Nielsen, and G. R. Parsons. 1991. Ethical and scientific judgements in management: beware of blurred distinctions. Wildlife Society Bulletin 19:523527.

Dobb, E. 1992. Cultivating nature. The Sciences January/February:4450.

Dowling, T. E., B. D. DeMarais, W. L. Minckley, M. E. Douglas, and P. C. Marsh. 1992. Use of genetic characters in conservation biology. Conservation Biology 6:78.

Errington, P. L. 1945. Some contributions of a fifteen-year local study of the northern bobwhite to a knowledge of population phenomena. Ecological Monographs 15:134.

Fryxell, J. M., D. J. T. Hussell, A. B. Lambert, and P. C. Smith. 1991. Time lags and population fluctuations in white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 55:377385.

Geist, V. 1992. Endangered species and the law. Nature 357:274276.

Getz, W. M., and R. G. Haight. 1989. Population harvesting. Demographic models of fish, forest, and animal resources. Monographs in Population Biology 27. Princeton University Press, N.J. 391 pp.

Giles, R. H. 1978. Wildlife management. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco. 416 pp.

Ginsberg, J. R., and E. J. Milner-Gulland. 1994. Sex-biased harvesting and population dynamics in ungulates: implications for conservation and sustainable use. Conservation Biology 8:157166.

Glenn, S. M., and T. D. Nudds. 1989. Insular biogeography of mammals in Canadian parks. Journal of Biogeography 16:261268.

Hill, K. D. 1993. The Endangered Species Act: what do we mean by species? Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 20:239264.

Hill, M. O. 1973. Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54:427432.

Holt, S. J., and L. M. Talbot. 1978. New principles for the conservation of wild, living resources. Wildlife Monographs 59. 33 pp.

Hutchinson, G. E. 1978. An introduction to population ecology. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. 260 pp.

Johnson, S. P., editor. 1993. The Earth summit: the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Book 1. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, Mass. 124 pp.

Karr, J. R. 1991. Biological integrity: a long neglected aspect of water resource management. Ecological Applications 1:6684.

Kennedy, J. J. 1984. Understanding professional career evolution--an example of Aldo Leopold. Wildlife Society Bulletin 12:215226.

Lavigne, D. M. 1991. Your money or your genotype. BBC Wildlife (March):204205.

Lavigne, D. M., C. J. Callaghan, and R. J. Smith. 1996. Sustainable utilization: the lessons of history. Pages 250265 in V. J. Taylor and N. Dunstone, editors. The exploitation of mammal populations. Chapman and Hall, New York.

Lawton, J. 1991. Are species useful? Oikos 62:34.

Lubchenco, J. 1978. Plant species diversity in a marine intertidal community: importance of herbivore food preference and algal competitive abilities. American Naturalist 112:2339.

Ludwig, D., R. Hilborn, and C. Walters. 1993. Uncertainty, resource exploitation and conservation: lessons from history. Science 260:17, 36.

May, R. M., J. R. Beddington, C. W. Clark, S. J. Holt, and R. M. Laws. 1979. Management of multispecies fisheries. Science 205:267277.

Moffat, A. S. 1996. Biodiversity is a boon to ecosystems, not species. Science 271:1497.

Moritz, C. 1994. Defining evolutionarily significant units for conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9:373375.

Naeem, S., L. J. Thompson, S. P. Lawler, J. H. Lawton, and R. M. Woodfin. 1994. Declining biodiversity can alter the performance of ecosystems. Nature 368:734737.

Nudds, T. D. 1979. Theory in wildlife conservation and management. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 44:277288.

Nudds, T. D. 1993. Use of estimated "pristine" speciesarea relations to generate indices of conservation value for nature reserves. Pages 2533 in S. F. Poser, W. J. Crins, and T. J. Beechey, editors. Size and integrity standards for natural heritage areas in Ontario. Parks and Natural Heritage Branch, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Huntsville. 138 pp.

Nunney, L., and K. A. Campbell. 1993. Assessing minimum viable population size: demography meets population genetics. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8:234239.

O'Brien, S. J., and E. Mayr. 1991. Bureaucratic mischief: recognizing endangered species and subspecies. Science 251:11871188.

Oliver, I., and A. J. Beattie. 1996. Invertebrate morphospecies as surrogates for species: a case study. Conservation Biology 10:99109.

Paine, R. T. 1966. Food web complexity and species diversity. American Naturalist 100:6575.

Pimm, S. L. 1991. The balance of nature? University of Chicago Press, Ill. 434 pp.

Pimm, S. L. 1993. On the importance of watching birds from airplanes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9:4143.

Renner, S. S., and R. E. Ricklefs. 1994a. Systematics and biodiversity. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9:78.

Renner, S. S., and R. E. Ricklefs. 1994b. Reply from Renner and Ricklefs. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9:229230.

Ryman, N., and L. Laikre. 1991. Effects of supportive breeding on the genetically effective population size. Conservation Biology 5:325329.

Scheffer, V. 1976. The future of wildlife management. Wildlife Society Bulletin 4:5154.

Shaw, J. H. 1985. Introduction to wildlife management. McGraw-Hill, New York. 316 pp.

Sinclair, A. R. E. 1983. Management of conservation areas as ecological baseline controls. Pages 1322 in Management of large mammals in African conservation areas. Haum Educational Publishers, Pretoria, South Africa.

Sinclair, A. R. E. 1989. Population regulation in animals. Pages 197241 in J. M. Cherrett, editor. Ecological concepts: the contribution of ecology to an understanding of the natural world. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London.

Solbrig, O. T., editor. 1991. From genes to ecosystems: a research agenda for biodiversity. International Union of Biological Sciences, Paris, France. 124 pp.

Soulé, M., editor. 1987. Viable populations for conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. 189 pp.

Steedman, R. J. 1994. Ecosystem health as a management goal. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 13:605610.

Suter, G. W. 1993. A critique of ecosystem health concepts and indexes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12:15331539.

Trauger, D. L., and R. J. Hall. 1992. The challenge of biological diversity: professional responsibilities, capabilities and realities. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 57:2036.

Verme, L. J., and J. J. Ozoga. 1981. Sex ratio of white-tailed deer and the estrus cycle. Journal of Wildlife Management 45:710715.

Walters, C. J. 1992. Perspectives on adaptive policy design in fisheries management. Pages 249262 in S. K. Jain and L. W. Botsford, editors. Applied population biology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

Williams, B. K., and F. A. Johnson. 1995. Adaptive management and the regulation of waterfowl harvests. Wildlife Society Bulletin 23:430436.

Williams, B. K., F. A. Johnson, and K. Wilkins. 1996. Uncertainty and the adaptive management of waterfowl harvests. Journal of Wildlife Management 60:223232.

Worster, D. 1977. Nature's economy. The roots of ecology. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco. 404 pp.

Yodzis, P. 1993. Environment and trophodiversity. Pages 2638 in R. E. Ricklefs and D. Sclulter, editors. Species diversity in ecological communities. University of Chicago Press. Ill. 414 pp.

Yodzis, P. 1994a. Predatorprey theory and the management of multispecies fisheries. Ecological Applications 4:5158.

Yodzis, P. 1994b. Local trophodynamics in the Benguela ecosystem: the effect of a fur seal cull on the fisheries. SAC94/WP12. Working paper for the Meeting of the Scientific Advisory Committee, Marine Mammal Action Plan, United Nations Environment Programme. Crowborough, England. 47 pp.