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U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY TOXIC SUBSTANCES HYDROLOGY PROGRAM--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018A Volume 1 of 3

CONTENTS

Cover

Preface

Introduction, page 1

Acknowledgments, page 2

VOLUME 1 - CONTAMINATION FROM HARD-ROCK MINING

KEYNOTE PAPER

Synthesis of watershed characterization for making remediation decisions by B.A. Kimball, K.E. Bencala, and J.M. Besser, page 3

SECTION A—A Watershed Approach to Contamination from Abandoned Mine Lands: The USGS Abandoned Mine Lands Initiative, page 9

Characterization of metals in water and bed sediment in two watersheds affected by historical mining in Montana and Colorado by D.A. Nimick, S.E. Church, T.E. Cleasby, D.L. Fey, B.A. Kimball, K.J. Leib, M.A. Mast, and W.G. Wright, page 11

Determination of pre-mining geochemical conditions and paleoecology in the Animas River watershed, Colorado by S.E. Church, D.L. Fey, E.M. Brouwers, C.W. Holmes, and Robert Blair, page 19

Use of tracer-injection and synoptic-sampling studies to quantify effects of metal loading from mine drainage by B.A. Kimball, R.L. Runkel, K.E. Bencala, and Katherine Walton-Day, page 31

Application of the solute-transport models OTIS and OTEQ and implications for remediation in a watershed affected by acid mine drainage, Cement Creek, Animas River Basin, Colorado by Katherine Walton-Day, R.L. Runkel, B.A. Kimball, and K.E. Bencala, page 37

Aquatic physical habitat and hydrology in abandoned mined land studies by R.T. Milhous, page 47

Characterizing the aquatic health in the Boulder River watershed, Montana by A.M. Farag, D.F. Woodward, Don Skaar, and W.G. Brumbaugh, page 55

Colloid formation and the transport of aluminum and iron in the Animas River near Silverton, Colorado by L.E. Schemel, B.A. Kimball, and K.E. Bencala, page 59

Partitioning of zinc between dissolved and colloidal phases in the Animas River near Silverton, Colorado by L.E. Schemel, M.H. Cox, B.A. Kimball, and K.E. Bencala, page 63

Oxygen isotopes of dissolved sulfate as a tool to distinguish natural and mining-related dissolved constituents by W.G. Wright and D.K. Nordstrom, page 67

Modeling frequency of occurrence of toxic concentrations of zinc and copper in the Upper Animas River by J.M. Besser and K.J. Leib, page 75

Overview of rare earth element investigations in acid waters of U. S. Geological Survey abandoned mine lands watersheds by P.L. Verplanck, D.K. Nordstrom, and H.E. Taylor, page 83

Development of a passive integrative sampler for labile metals in water by W.G. Brumbaugh, J.D. Petty, J.N. Huckins, and S.E. Manahan, page 93

Geomorphological context of metal-laden sediments the Animas River floodplain, Colorado by K.R. Vincent, S.E. Church, and D.L. Fey, page 99

SECTION B—Research on Hard-Rock Mining in Mountainous Terrain, page 107

Modeling solute transport and geochemistry in streams and rivers using OTIS and OTEQ by R.L. Runkel, K.E. Bencala, and B.A. Kimball, page 109

Theory and(or) reality: Analysis of sulfate mass-balance at Summitville, Colorado, poses process questions about the estimation of metal loadings by K.E. Bencala and R.F. Ortiz, page 119

Experimental diversion of acid mine drainage and the effects on a headwater stream by D.K. Niyogi, D.M. McKnight, W.M. Lewis, Jr., and B.A. Kimball, page 123

Considerations of observational scale when evaluating the effect of, and remediation strategies for, a fluvial tailings deposit in the Upper Arkansas River Basin, Colorado by K.S. Smith, Katherine Walton-Day, and J.F. Ranville, page 131

SECTION C—Research on Hard-Rock Mining in Arid Southwest Alluvial Basins, page 139

Geochemistry and reactive transport of metal contaminants in ground water, Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona by J.G. Brown, P.D. Glynn, and R.L. Bassett, page 141

Use of chlorofluorocarbons, dissolved gases, and water isotopes to characterize ground-water recharge in an aquifer contaminated by acidic, metal-laden wastewater by P.D. Glynn, Eurybiades Busenberg, and J.G. Brown, page 155

The effect of trace-metal reactive uptake in the hyporheic zone on reach-scale metal transport in Pinal Creek, Arizona by C.C. Fuller and J.W. Harvey, page 163

Environmental factors affecting oxidation of manganese in Pinal Creek, Arizona by J.C. Marble, T.L. Corley, M.H. Conklin, and C.C. Fuller, page 173

Use of multi-parameter sensitivity analysis to determine relative importance of factors influencing natural attenuation of mining contaminants by J.Y. Choi, J.W. Harvey, and M.H. Conklin, page 185

Enhanced removal of dissolved manganese in hyporheic zones: centimeter-scale causes and kilometer- scale consequences by J.W. Harvey, C.C. Fuller, and M.H. Conklin, page 193

Evaluating the ability of tracer tests to quantify reactive solute transport in stream-aquifer systems by B.J. Wagner and J.W. Harvey, page 201

Preliminary model development of the ground- and surface-water system in Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona by C.E. Angeroth, S.A. Leake, and B.J. Wagner, page 211

A flow-through cell for in-situ, real time X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies of geochemical reactions by J.E. Villinski, P.A. O'Day, T.L. Corley, and M.H. Conklin, page, page 217

Partitioning of trace metals between contaminated stream waters and manganese oxide minerals, Pinal Creek, Arizona by J.E. Best, K.E. Geiger, and P.A. O'Day, page 227

Representative plant and algal uptake of metals near Globe, Arizona by J.C. Marble, T.L. Corley, and M.H. Conklin, page 239

Manganese removal by the epilithic microbial consortium at Pinal Creek near Globe, Arizona by E.I. Robbins, T.L. Corley, and M.H. Conklin, page 247

SECTION D—Additional Research on Contamination from Mining-Related Activities, page 259

Evaluation of the recovery of fish and invertebrate communities following reclamation of a watershed impacted by an abandoned coal surface mine by J.F. Fairchild, B.C. Poulton, T.W. May, and S.F. Miller, page 261

Factors explaining the distribution and site densities of the Neosho Madtom (Noturus placidus) in the Spring River, Missouri by M.L. Wildhaber, C.J. Schmitt, and A.L. Allert, page 269

Field demonstration of permeable reactive barriers to control radionuclide and trace-element contamination in ground water from abandoned mine lands by D.L. Naftz, J.A. Davis, C.C. Fuller, S.J. Morrison, G.W. Freethey, E.M. Feltcorn, R.G. Wilhelm, M.J. Piana, J. Joye, and R.C. Rowland, page 281

Geochemistry, toxicity, and sorption properties of contaminated sediments and pore waters from two reservoirs receiving acid mine drainage by D.K. Nordstrom, C.N. Alpers, J.A. Coston, H.E. Taylor, R.B. McCleskey, J.W. Ball, Scott Ogle, J.S. Cotsifas, and J.A. Davis, page 289

A new method for the direct determination of dissolved Fe(III) concentration in acid mine waters by J.W. Ball, D.K. Nordstrom, R.B. McCleskey, and T.B. To, page 297

Transport modeling of reactive and non-reactive constituents from Summitville, Colorado: Preliminary results from the application of the OTIS/OTEQ model to the Wightman Fork/Alamosa River System by J.W. Ball, R.L. Runkel, and D.K. Nordstrom, page 305

Frequency distribution of the pH of coal-mine drainage in Pennsylvania by C.A. Cravotta III, K.B.C. Brady, A.W. Rose, and J.B. Douds, page 313





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