Current Bibliographies in Medicine 2002-1

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Management of the Clinically Inapparent Adrenal Mass (Incidentaloma)

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Table of Contents Series Note PDF Version of This CBM Sample Citations Introduction Bibliography: Causes, Prevalence, and Natural History of Clinically Inapparent Adrenal Masses Overviews Causes Prevalence Natural History Evaluation of Clinically Inapparent Adrenal Masses Overviews Biochemical Tests Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy Ultrasonography Radiology and Radionuclide Imaging Computer-Assisted Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single-Photon Emission-Computed Tomography (SPECT) Other Diagnostic Techniques Surgery of Clinically Inapparent Adrenal Masses Overviews Open Surgery Laparoscopy Surgical Outcome Patient Follow-Up Non-Surgically Treated Incidentalomas Surgically Treated Incidentalomas Additional Research Needed to Guide Practice Return to the top

January 1990 through October 2001, plus selected earlier citations 1142 Citations Prepared by Mary Conway, M.L.S., National Library of Medicine Hema Padmanabhan, M.D., National Institute of Child Health and Human Development 2002 January U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health National Library of Medicine Reference Section 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland 20894 Series Note Each bibliography in the Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) series covers a distinct subject area of biomedicine and fulfills a current awareness function. Online databases and the Internet are the primary sources for citations in these bibliographies. Relevance to the subject is the only criterion for inclusion of works in a CBM; the format, ownership, or location of the material are not considered. Other publications in the Current Bibliographies in Medicine series are available through the Library's World Wide Web site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/resources.html. Comments and suggestions on this series may be addressed to: Karen Patrias, Editor Current Bibliographies in Medicine Reference Section National Library of Medicine Bethesda, MD 20894 Phone: 301-496-6097 E-mail: custserv@nlm.nih.gov PubMed®, LocatorPlus®, and the NLM Gateway The Library offers three interfaces to its databases; all are available on the World Wide Web. PubMed provides access primarily to the journal literature; LocatorPlus is an online catalog of the books, journal titles, and audiovisuals held by the Library; and the NLM Gateway serves as an entry point for a variety of databases and other Library products. Further information on PubMed, LocatorPlus, and the NLM Gateway may be found at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/. Return to the top PDF Version of This CBM To view this bibliography in Portable Document Format (PDF), download it from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/adrenal_incidentaloma.pdf. Note that PDF documents require the use of the Adobe® Acrobat® Reader, which can be downloaded from Adobe's Web site at no charge. Return to the top Sample Citations Citations are formatted according to the rules established for Index Medicus®*. Sample journal, monograph, and audiovisual citations appear below. For journal articles written in a foreign language, the English translation of the title displays in brackets; for monographs and audiovisuals the title is given in the original language. In all cases the language of publication is shown by a three-letter abbreviation appearing at the end of the citation. An availability statement follows many journal article citations. This statement contains an Internet hyperlink to the citation in the NLM PubMed retrieval system. The PubMed record includes an abstract for most articles and may also provide a link to the publisher's Internet site. Journal Article: Example: Bittner DA, Ross DS. Incidentally discovered adrenal masses. Am J Surg. 1989 Aug;158(2):159-61. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2757145 Order, with separating punctuation: Authors. Article Title. Abbreviated Journal Title. Date;Volume(Issue):Pages. Availability. Monograph: Example: Lack EE. Pathology of the adrenal glands. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1990. 389 p. Order, with separating punctuation: Authors. Monograph Title. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date of Publication. Total Number of Pages. Audiovisual: Example: Laparoscopic left adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism [videocassette]. Sardi A. Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, producer. Woodbury (CT): Cine-Med; c1993. 1 videocassette: 15 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.. Order, with separating punctuation: Audiovisual Title [Medium Designator]. Authors. Producers. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date of Publication. Physical Description. * For details of the formats used for references, see the following publication: Patrias, Karen. National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic citation. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1991 Apr. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB91-182030. Return to the top

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Introduction

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Management of the Clinically Inapparent Adenal Mass (Incidentaloma)

The adrenals are triangular glands that sit atop each kidney. They influence or regulate the body's metabolism, salt and water balance, response to stress, and other important functions by secreting a variety of hormones. Adrenal masses are among the most common tumors in humans, occurring in at least 3 percent of persons over age 50, according to recent estimates. Most adrenal masses cause no health problems. A small proportion, however, can lead to a number of serious hormonal diseases, and approximately one out of every 4,000 adrenal tumors is cancerous.

Clinically inapparent adrenal masses are discovered inadvertently, in the course of diagnostic testing or treatment for other conditions, and thus are commonly known as incidentalomas. Improvements in abdominal imaging techniques and technologies have resulted in the detection of an increasing number of adrenal incidentalomas.

When detected, the clinically inapparent adrenal mass raises challenging questions for physicians and their patients. For example, should the mass be removed? Is a nonsurgical approach indicated? What risks are associated with either approach? Because the incidence of these masses increases with age, appropriate management of adrenal tumors will be a growing challenge in our aging society.

Over the past several years, significant new information has become available regarding the epidemiology, biology, screening, treatment, and follow-up of adrenal tumors. For example, recent refinements in the field of minimally invasive general surgery have made laparoscopic adrenalectomy a widely used method for removing adrenal masses. Moreover, recent reports suggest that 5 to 25 percent of patients with adrenal incidentaloma have some form of subclinical hormonal dysfunction and may represent a population at higher risk for metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease. It will be important to identify those groups with subclinical disease that will benefit from treatment.

This bibliography was prepared for the National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference titled Management of the Clinically Inapparent Adrenal Mass (Incidentaloma) to be held February 4-6, 2002, in Bethesda, Maryland. The primary sponsor of this meeting is the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Co-sponsors include the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. This two-and-a-half-day conference will explore and assess the current scientific knowledge regarding adrenal incidentalomas to enable health care providers and the general public make informed decisions about this important public health issue. The conference will address the following questions:

• What are the causes, prevalence, and natural history of clinically inapparent adrenal masses?
• Based on available scientific evidence, what is the appropriate evaluation of a clinically inapparent adrenal mass?
• What criteria should guide the decision on surgical versus nonsurgical management of these masses?
• If surgery is needed, what is the appropriate procedure?
• What is the appropriate followup for patients for each management approach?
• What additional research is needed to guide practice?

The bibliography contains selected citations to journal articles, books and book chapters, conference proceedings and meeting abstracts, and audiovisuals published in all languages from 1990 forward; other selected references from earlier years have also been included. The references have been arranged into six broad categories that parallel the topics to be presented at the conference; an item may appear in more than one category.

The compilers wish to thank Stefan R. Bornstein, M.D., for his helpful explanation of this clinical problem and guidance in the early stages of production. The compilers would also like to thank Oluchi Ukaegbu, National Library of Medicine, for her valuable production assistance.

This publication is not copyrighted and may be freely reproduced. However any reproductions of this bibliography, in whole or in part, should include all credits. If you wish to cite this bibliography, the correct format is:

Conway, Mary; Padmanabhan, Hema, compilers. Management of the clinically inapparent adenal mass (Incidentaloma) [bibliography on the Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2002 Jan [insert cited year month day in brackets]. [insert no. of screens or lines in brackets]. (Current bibliographies in medicine; no. 2002-1). 1142 citations from January 1990 through October 2001, plus selected earlier citations. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/resources.html

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Causes, Prevalence, and Natural History of Clinically Inapparent Adrenal Masses

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Overviews

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Aso Y. [Adrenal surgery]. Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi. 1990 May;81(5):661-71. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2198370 (Jpn).

Aso Y, Homma Y. A survey on incidental adrenal tumors in Japan. J Urol. 1992 Jun;147(6):1478-81. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1593668

Auh YH, Anand J, Zirinsky K, Kazam E. Adrenal hemangioma: a case report. J Comput Tomogr. 1986 Jan;10(1):57-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3943357

Aydintug S, Kocak S, Eraslan S. Primary non-functioning tumours of the adrenal cortex: an eight-year experience in Turkey. Eur J Surg. 1996 Apr;162(4):275-8. Comment in: Eur J Surg. 1997 Apr;163(4):315. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8739413

Barnett CC Jr, Varma DG, El-Naggar AK, Dackiw AP, Porter GA, Pearson AS, Kudelka AP, Gagel RF, Evans DB, Lee JE. Limitations of size as a criterion in the evaluation of adrenal tumors. Surgery. 2000 Dec;128(6):973-82;discussion 982-3. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11114632

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Bencsik Z, Szabolcs I, Goth M, Voros A, Kaszas I, Gonczi J, Kovacs L, Dohan O, Szilagyi G. Incidentally detected adrenal tumours (incidentalomas): histological heterogeneity and differentiated therapeutic approach. J Intern Med. 1995 Jun;237(6):585-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7782731

Bernardino ME. Management of the asymptomatic patient with a unilateral adrenal mass. Radiology. 1988 Jan;166(1 Pt 1):121-3. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3336671

Bertagna C, Orth DN. Clinical and laboratory findings and results of therapy in 58 patients with adrenocortical tumors admitted to a single medical center (1951 to 1978). Am J Med. 1981 Nov;71(5):855-75. Available from: PubMed; PMID 6272575

Bibliography. Current World Literature. Endocrine tumors. Curr Opin Oncol. 2000 Jan;12(1):B12-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10687738

Billaud L, Guilhaume B, Bertagna X, Luton JP. [Adrenal masses discovered accidentally. Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches]. Rev Prat. 1991 Apr 11;41(11):1006-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2063099 (Fre).

Bitter DA, Ross DS. Incidentally discovered adrenal masses. Am J Surg. 1989 Aug;158(2):159-61. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2757145

Bornstein SR, Stratakis CA, Chrousos GP. Adrenocortical tumors: recent advances in basic concepts and clinical management. Ann Intern Med. 1999 May 4;130(9):759-71. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10357696

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Breza J, Zvara V, Kreze A, Balazovjech I, Pauer M. Tumours of the adrenal cortex. Ann Urol (Paris). 1996;30(1):26-32. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8712757

Buch HN, Barton DM, Lowe PP, Smith W, West TE. Adrenal "incidentalomas": do they matter? [abstract]. J Endocrinol. 2000 Mar;164 Suppl:P311. Presented at the 19th Joint meeting of the British Endocrine Societies, with the European Federation of Endocrine Societies; Birmingham (England), March 13-6, 2000.

Caplan RH, Kisken WA, Huiras CM. Incidentally discovered adrenal masses. Minn Med. 1991 Aug;74(8):23-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1921930

Caplan RH, Strutt PJ, Wickus GG. Subclinical hormone secretion by incidentally discovered adrenal masses. Arch Surg. 1994 Mar;129(3):291-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8129606

Cerny JC, editor. Medical and surgical management of adrenal diseases. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c1999. 221 p.

Chang SY, Lee SS, Ma CP, Lee SK. Non-functioning tumours of the adrenal cortex. Br J Urol. 1989 May;63(5):462-4. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2731004

Chang TJ, Hung KY. Huge adrenal myelolipoma with typical sonographic and unusual angiographic characteristics: Report of a case. J Med Ultrasound. 1997;5(2):66-8.

Chidiac RM, Aron DC. Incidentalomas. A disease of modern technology. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1997 Mar;26(1):233-53. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9074861

Choyke PL, Amis ES Jr, Bigongiari LR, Bluth EI, Bush WH Jr, Fritzsche PJ, Holder LE, Newhouse JH, Sandler CM, Segal AJ, Resnick MI, Rutsky EA. The incidentally discovered adrenal mass. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Radiology. 2000 Jun;215 Suppl:753-60. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11037496

Cook DM. Adrenal mass. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1997 Dec;26(4):829-52. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9429862

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Cook DM, Loriaux DL. The incidental adrenal mass. Am J Med. 1996 Jul;101(1):88-94. Comment in: Am J Med. 1997 Sep;103(3):249-50. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8686720

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Duclos JM. [Management of incidentalomas]. Prog Urol. 1992 Aug-Sep;2(4):653-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1302107 (Fre).

El-Mekresh MM, Abdel-Gawad M, El-Diasty T, El-Baz M, Ghoneim MA. Clinical, radiological and histological features of adrenal myelolipoma: review and experience with a further eight cases. Br J Urol. 1996 Sep;78(3):345-50. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8881939

Falke TH, Sandler MP. Classification of silent adrenal masses: time to get practical. J Nucl Med. 1994 Jul;35(7):1152-4. Comment on: J Nucl Med. 1994 Jul;35(7):1145-52. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8014673

Faloia E, Garrapa GG, Pantanetti P, Camilloni MA, Giovagnetti M, Arnaldi G, Mantero F. Body composition and metabolic features in adrenal incidentaloma [abstract]. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998 Aug;22 Suppl 3:S152. Presented at the 8th International Congress on Obesity; Paris, August 29 - September 3, 1998.

Fokaefs ED, Melekos MD, Melachrinou, MP, Zarakovitis IE, Barbalias GA. Nonfunctional adrenal cortical carcinoma. Report of a case and review of the literature. Int Urol Nephrol. 1996;28(2):145-52. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8836780

Funahashi H, Imai T, Tanaka Y, Wada M, Morita T, Tsukamura K, Oiwa M, Kikumori T, Hayakawa Y, Matsuura N, Takagi H. Management of adrenal incidentalomas: a review of 59 operated cases. Asian J Surg. 1998;21(1):70-5.

Gajraj H, Young AE. Adrenal incidentaloma. Br J Surg. 1993 Apr;80(4):422-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8495301

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Gasman D, Droupy S, Koutani A, Salomon L, Antiphon P, Chassagnon J, Chopin DK, Abbou CC. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: the retroperitoneal approach. J Urol. 1998 Jun;159(6):1816-20. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9598466

Geelhoed GW. The investigation and management of coincidentally found adrenal tumours. Curr Pract Surg. 1990 Sep;2(3):176-83.

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Giovilli M, Pizzocarri P, Mezzanotte C, De Monti M, Miani S. [Adrenal incidentalomas: our experience]. Gazz Med Ital Arch Sci Med. 1992;151(10):375-81. (Ita).

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Gross MD, Shapiro B. Clinical review 50: Clinically silent adrenal masses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Oct;77(4):885-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8408461

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Herrera MF, Grant CS, van Heerden JA, Sheedy PF, Ilstrup DM. Incidentally discovered adrenal tumors: an institutional perspective. Surgery. 1991 Dec;110(6):1014-21. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1745970

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Iguchi A, Masaki Z, Sugita A, Okamura T, Kumazawa J, Ueda T, Sakamoto K, Oshima K, Hiratsuka Y, Ariyoshi A, Tsuji Y, Noda S, Matsuoka K, Saito Y, Kanetake H, Ogata J, Nomura Y, Ueda S, Yoshita M, et al. [Joint survey of adrenal tumor with special emphasis on incidentaloma in the Kyushu-Okinawa district]. Nishinihon J Urol. 1995;57(4):441-7. (Jpn).

Ishikawa T, Sowa M, Nagayama M, Nishiguchi Y, Yoshikawa K. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: comparison with the conventional approach. Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1997 Aug;7(4):275-80. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9282754

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Jimenez-Heffernan JA, Hardisson D, Palacios J, Garcia-Viera M, Gamallo C, Nistal M. Adrenal gland leiomyoma in a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med. 1995 Nov-Dec;15(6):923-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8705202

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Kasperlik-Zeluska AA, Roslonowska E, Slowinska-Srzednicka J, Migdalska B, Jeske W, Makowska A, Snochowska H. Incidentally discovered adrenal mass (incidentaloma): investigation and management of 208 patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997 Jan;46(1):29-37. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9059555

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Koga H, Naito S, Hasegawa S, Tamada K, Kuroiwa K, Hara R, Harano M, Furukawa M, Kumazawa J. [Clinical review of 105 cases of adrenal tumor, with special reference to incidental tumor]. Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi. 1996 Jun;87(6):915-22. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8753010 (Jpn).

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Lack EE. Pathology of the adrenal glands. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1990. 389 p. (Contemporary issues in surgical pathology; vol. 14).

Lack EE. Tumors of the adrenal gland and extra-adrenal paraganglia. Washington (DC): Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 1997. 468 p. (AFIP atlas of tumor pathology, series 3; fasc.19).

Le Neel JC, Bourseau JC, Guiberteau B, Kohen M, Borde L. [Incidentally discovered adrenal tumors. Apropos of 20 cases]. Chirurgie. 1991;117(5-6):405-11. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1817838 (Fre).

Letizia C, Coassin S, Massa R, Caliumi C, De Toma G, Reale MG, Delfini E, D'Erasmo E. [Incidentalomas of the adrenal glands. Personal cases and review of the literature]. Minerva Endocrinol. 2000 Mar;25(1):19-27. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11148846 (Ita).

Linos DA. Adrenaloma: a better term than incidentaloma. Surgery. 1989 Mar;105(3):456. Comment in: Surgery. 1990 Jan;107(1):120. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2922684

Linos DA. Adrenaloma (Incidentaloma). In: Clark OH, Duh QY. Textbook of endocrine surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1997. p. 475-82.

Lopez Hernandez E, Mendez Montero JV, Piedrola Maroto G. [Incidental adrenal masses]. Rev Clin Esp. 1995 Dec;195(12):873-81. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8599049 (Spa).

Luton JP, Mosnier-Pudar H, Bertherat J, Guilhaume B, Hoeffel C, Legmann P, Fayet P, Vignaux O, Bonnin A, Chapuis Y, Pitre J, Louvel A. [Incidentally discovered adrenal masses (incidentalomas)]. Rev Fr Endocrinol Clin. 1996;37(4-5):351-75. (Fre).

Maekawa S, Mizutani Y, Terachi T, Okada Y, Yoshida O. A case of exophytic hepatic hemangioma mimicking adrenal tumor. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1997 Feb;43(2):123-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9086347

Maestri E, Franzini M, Binacchi S, Passerini S, Mariani L, Piscioli F, Capitanio A, Verrico G. Malignant pheochromocytoma in incidentally discovered 23 adrenal tumours: report of 2 cases [abstract]. Urol Res. 1992;20(6):452. Presented at the 9th Congress of the European Society for Urological Oncology and Endocrinology (ESUOE); Trento (Italy), October 29-31, 1992.

Mantero F, Angeli A, Arnaldi G, Terzolo M, Masini AM, Giovagnetti M, Mancini V, Filipponi S, Opocher G. Clinical and endocrine evaluation of 1096 adrenal incidentalomas [abstract]. Eur J Clin Invest. 1998;28 Suppl 1:A12. Presented at the 32nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the European Society for Clinical Investigation; Cracow (Poland), April 16-9, 1998.

Mantero F, Terzolo M, Arnaldi G, Osella G, Masini AM, Ali A, Giovagnetti M, Opocher G, Angeli A. A survey on adrenal incidentaloma in Italy. Study Group on Adrenal Tumors of the Italian Society of Endocrinology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Feb;85(2):637-44. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10690869

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Causes

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Yamakita N, Kawase H, Murai T, Miyamoto K, Shimizu Y, Umezaki M, Ikeda T. [A case of intraperitoneal cyst discovered as an adrenal incidentaloma]. J Med Ultrason. 1998;25(6):31-6. (Jpn).

Yamamoto K, Aratake K, Shimizu T, Sagami A, Ashia K, Kawai T, Narabayashi I, Tsutsumi A. A case of schwannoma of the adrenal gland. Rinsho Hinyokika. 1994;39(12):1645-8. (Jpn).

Yamashina M. Focal adrenocortical cytomegaly observed in two adult cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1986 Nov;110(11):1072-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3778124

Yamashita E, Kobayashi T, Suzuki Y. Primary bilateral adrenal involvement of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma shown on a Ga-67 citrate scan. Clin Nucl Med. 2000 Sep;25(9):721-2. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10983763

Yasui T, Asaka H, Andoh Y. [Non-hyperfunctioning pheochromocytoma: a case report]. Nishinihon J Urol. 1996;58(9):958-61. (Jpn).

Yeh CN, Jeng LB, Chen MF, Hung CF. Nonfunctioning malignant pheochromocytoma associated with dermatomyositis: case report and literature review. World J Urol. 2001 Apr;19(2):148-50. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11374318

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Yogi Y, Sawase K, Sakai H, Minami Y, Kanetake H, Saito Y. [Two cases of ganglioneuroma discovered as "incidentaloma"]. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1993 Oct;39(10):923-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8266856 (Jpn).

Yokota T, Takahashi T, Fujita Y, Sasabe T, Nishiue T, Matsui M, Kuwata K, Suganuma Y, Majima T, Yamaguchi S, et al. Adrenal myelolipoma discovered incidentally on abdominal CT and MR imaging. Gastroenterol Jpn. 1989 Apr;24(2):195-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2744335

Yoshida K, Sasaguri M, Kinoshita A, Ideishi M, Ikeda M, Arakawa K. A case of a clinically "silent" pheochromocytoma. Jpn J Med. 1990 Jan-Feb;29(1):27-31. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2214343

Yotsuyanagi S, Fuse H, Koshida K, Uchibayashi T, Namiki M. [A case of adrenal pheochromocytoma with contralateral adrenocortical adenoma]. Hinyokika Kiyo. 2001 Feb;47(2):89-93. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11280892 (Jpn).

Zein T, Milad M, Hussein ES, Fahmy AE. Traumatic bleeding into a large adrenal cyst. Saudi Med J. 1996;17(3):408-11.

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Prevalence

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Angeli A, Osella G, Ali A, Terzolo M. Adrenal incidentaloma: an overview of clinical and epidemiological data from the National Italian Study Group. Horm Res. 1997;47(4-6):279-83. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9167965

Appetecchia M, Chilelli M, Sciarretta F, Anza M. Bilateral symptomatic adrenal myelolipoma. Urol Int. 1999;62(1):37-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10436430

Aprill BS, Drake AJ 3rd, Lasseter DH, Shakir KM. Silent adrenal nodules in von Hippel-Lindau disease suggest pheochromocytoma. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Mar 15;120(6):485-7. Comment in: Ann Intern Med. 1994 Sep 15;121(6):465; discussion 465-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8311371

Ardito G, Revelli L, Manni R, Murazio M, Modugno P, Lucci C. [Vascular cysts of the adrenals. Association with aneurysm of the abdominal aorta]. Ann Ital Chir. 1999 May-Jun;70(3):445-50. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10466248 (Ita).

Arnaldi G, Masini AM, Giacchetti G, Taccaliti A, Faloia E, Mantero F. Adrenal incidentaloma. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2000 Oct;33(10):1177-89. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11004718

Aso Y, Homma Y. A survey on incidental adrenal tumors in Japan. J Urol. 1992 Jun;147(6):1478-81. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1593668

Auh YH, Anand J, Zirinsky K, Kazam E. Adrenal hemangioma: a case report. J Comput Tomogr. 1986 Jan;10(1):57-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3943357

Aydintug S, Kocak S, Eraslan S. Primary non-functioning tumours of the adrenal cortex: an eight-year experience in Turkey. Eur J Surg. 1996 Apr;162(4):275-8. Comment in: Eur J Surg. 1997 Apr;163(4):315. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8739413

Barzon L, Pasquali C, Grigoletto C, Pedrazzoli S, Boscaro M, Fallo F. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and adrenal lesions. J Urol. 2001 Jul;166(1):24-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11435815

Bellantone R, Ferrante A, Raffaelli M, Boscherini M, Lombardi CP, Crucitti F. Adrenal cystic lesions: report of 12 surgically treated cases and review of the literature. J Endocrinol Invest. 1998 Feb;21(2):109-14. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9585385

Bellantone R, Ferrante A, Raffaelli M, Boscherini M, Rubino F, Crucitti F. [Incidental discovery of adrenal neoplasms: our experience]. Ann Ital Chir. 1995 Jul-Aug;66(4):439-48. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8686994 (Ita).

Belldegrun A, Hussain S, Seltzer SE, Loughlin KR, Gittes RF, Richie JP. Incidentally discovered mass of the adrenal gland. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1986 Sep;163(3):203-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3750174

Bodie B, Novick AC, Pontes JE, Straffon RA, Montie JE, Babiak T, Sheeler L, Schumacher P. The Cleveland Clinic experience with adrenal cortical carcinoma. J Urol. 1989 Feb;141(2):257-60. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2913342

Brennan MF. Adrenocortical carcinoma. CA Cancer J Clin. 1987 Nov-Dec;37(6):348-65. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3119168

Burgess JR, Greenaway TM, Shepherd JJ. Expression of the MEN-1 gene in a large kindred with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. J Intern Med. 1998 Jun;243(6):465-70. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9681844

Burgess JR, Harle RA, Tucker P, Parameswaran V, Davies P, Greenaway TM, Shepherd JJ. Adrenal lesions in a large kindred with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Arch Surg. 1996 Jul;131(7):699-702. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8678766

Buttner A. Lipoma of the adrenal gland. Pathol Int. 1999 Nov;49(11):1007-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10594848

Copeland PM. The incidentally discovered adrenal mass. Ann Intern Med. 1983 Jun;98(6):940-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 6344711

Crucitti F, Bellantone R, Ferrante A, Boscherini M, Crucitti P. The Italian Registry for Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma: analysis of a multiinstitutional series of 129 patients. The ACC Italian Registry Study Group. Surgery. 1996 Feb;119(2):161-70. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8571201

Cunningham MD. Hemorrhagic adrenal cyst. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1993 May;93(5):619-22. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8314725

Danza FM, De Marinis L, Mancini A, Valentini AL, Summaria V, Conte G, Camaioni M, Fiumara C. [Adrenal gland cysts. Our experience]. Minerva Chir. 1993 Nov;48(21-22):1325-30. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8152565 (Ita).

de Bree E, Schoretsanitis G, Melissas J, Christodoulakis M, Tsiftsis D. Cysts of the adrenal gland: diagnosis and management. Int Urol Nephrol. 1998;30(4):369-76. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9821036

Del Gaudio A, Solidoro G. Myelolipoma of the adrenal gland: report of two cases with a review of the literature. Surgery. 1986 Mar;99(3):293-301. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3513358

Falchook FS, Allard JC. CT of primary adrenal lymphoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1991 Nov-Dec;15(6):1048-50. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1939757

Ferrante A, Civello IM, Bellantone R, Boscherini M. Hemorrhagic adrenal cyst: an unusual reason of acute hypovolemia. Chir Ital. 1999 Jul-Aug;51(4):325-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10633845

Goldman RL, Brodey PA. Symptomatic leiomyoma of the adrenal. Int Urol Nephrol. 1993;25(4):311-4. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8276558

Gonzalez Munoz GF, Martinez Alarcon M, Fernandez Garcia ML. [Adrenal hemangioma of atypical presentation. Bibliographical Review]. Arch Esp Urol. 1998 Mar;51(2):191-4. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9586323 (Spa).

Gordon RD, Ziesak MD, Tunny TJ, Stowasser M, Klemm SA. Evidence that primary aldosteronism may not be uncommon: 12% incidence among antihypertensive drug trial volunteers. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1993 May;20(5):296-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8324912

Haab F, Ponsot Y, Rolloy P, Fouret P, Gattegno B, Thibault P. [Adrenal myelolipoma. Review of the literature and case report]. Prog Urol. 1991 Apr;1(2):313-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1844833 (Fre).

Hanna NN, Kenady DE. Advances in the management of adrenal tumors. Curr Opin Oncol. 2000 Jan;12(1):49-53. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10687729

Harrington JL./Farley DR, van Heerden JA, Ramin KD, Linos D. Adrenal tumors and pregnancy. World J Surg. 1999 Feb;23(2):182-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9880429

Hartley AL, Birch JM, Marsden HB, Reid H, Harris M, Blair V. Adrenal cortical tumours: epidemiological and familial aspects. Arch Dis Child. 1987 Jul;62(7):683-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3632013

Hedeland H, Ostberg G, Hokfelt B. On the prevalence of adrenocortical adenomas in an autopsy material in relation to hypertension and diabetes. Acta Med Scand. 1968 Sep;184(3):211-4. Available from: PubMed; PMID 5703975

Hisham AN, Samad SA, Sharifah NA. Huge adrenal haemangioma. Australas Radiol. 1998 Aug;42(3):250-1. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9727258

Honda M, Yazawa K, Nishimura K, Miura H, Fujioka H, Yoshioka T, Kokado Y. [Adrenal ganglioneuroma resected by laparoscopic surgery: a case report]. Nishinihon J Urol. 1997;59(11):853-5. (Jpn).

Jow W, Satchidanand S, Spinazze E, Lillie D. Malignant juxtadrenal schwannoma. Urology. 1991 Oct;38(4):383-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1755153

Jurczak F, Hamy A, Paineau J, Courant O, Visset J. [An unusual "incidentaloma": adrenal leiomyoma]. J Chir (Paris). 1994 Aug-Sep;131(8-9):391. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7844200 (Fre).

Kitching PA, Patel V, Harach HR. Adrenocortical oncocytoma. J Clin Pathol. 1999 Feb;52(2):151-3. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10396247

Kobayashi S, Iwase H, Matsuo K, Fukuoka H, Ito Y, Masaoka A. Primary adrenocortical tumors in autopsy records--a survey of "Cumulative Reports in Japan" from 1973 to 1984. Jpn J Surg. 1991 Sep;21(5):494-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1813685

Krane NK. Clinically unsuspected pheochromocytomas. Experience at Henry Ford Hospital and a review of the literature. Arch Intern Med. 1986 Jan;146(1):54-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3942465

Lack EE, Mulvihill JJ, Travis WD, Kozakewich HP. Adrenal cortical neoplasms in the pediatric and adolescent age group. Clinicopathologic study of 30 cases with emphasis on epidemiological and prognostic factors. Pathol Annu. 1992;27(Pt 1):1-53. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1736241

Leavitt JR, Harold DL, Robinson RB. Adrenal ganglioneuroma: a familial case. Urology. 2000 Sep 1;56(3):508. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10962331

Leibowitz G, Tsur A, Chayen SD, Salameh M, Raz I, Cerasi E, Gross DJ. Pre-clinical Cushing's syndrome: an unexpected frequent cause of poor glycaemic control in obese diabetic patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1996 Jun;44(6):717-22. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8759185

Levaltier X, Troussard X, Fournier L, Reznik Y, Reman O, Mahoudeau J, Leporrier M. [Primary adrenal lymphoma. Report of a case]. Presse Med. 1994 Feb 26;23(8):372-4, 379. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8208705 (Fre).

Micheli E, Hurle R, Ranieri A, Losa A, Tura M, Deiana G, Chinaglia D, Lembo A. Three cases of adrenal myelolipoma and review of the literature. Acta Urol Ital. 1997;11(6):463-6.

Muraro GB, Melone F, Dami A, Farina U, Colagrande S. Myelolipoma of the adrenal gland presenting with dyspepsia and epigastric pain. Urol Int. 1994;52(4):217-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8030170

Murayama H, Kikuchi M, Imai T. Myelolipoma in adenoma of accessory adrenal gland. Pathol Res Pract. 1979 May;164(2):207-13. Available from: PubMed; PMID 223133

Nakajima F, Tsuji A, Nakamura H. [A case of adrenal ganglioneuroma]. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1987 May;33(5):735-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3661338 (Jpn).

Perez Melon C, Esteban Morcillo J, Salgado C, Castro Bande M, Armada Rodriguez E, Otero Gonzalez A. Incidentaloma due to abdominal splenosis. Nephron. 1998 Nov;80(3):359-60. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9807051

Pignatelli D, Vendeira P, Cabral AC. Adrenal incidentalomas: adrenal hemangioma in a patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. South Med J. 1998 Aug;91(8):775-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9715230

Raaf HN, Grant LD, Santoscoy C, Levin HS, Abdul-Karim FW. Adenomatoid tumor of the adrenal gland: a report of four new cases and a review of the literature. Mod Pathol. 1996 Nov;9(11):1046-51. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8933514

Ross NS. Epidemiology of Cushing's syndrome and subclinical disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1994 Sep;23(3):539-46. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7805652

Russi S, Blumenthal HT, Gray SH. Small adenomas of the adrenal cortex in hypretension and diabetes. Arch Intern Med. 1945;76:284-91.

Salinas Sanchez AS, Segura Martin M, Lorenzo Romero JG, Hernandez-Millan I, Albertos Salvador J, Virseda Rodriguez JA. [Adrenal cortex carcinoma with right atrium involvement. Surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass]. Actas Urol Esp. 2000 Jul-Aug;24(7):590-3. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11011453 (Spa).

Sanders R, Bissada N, Curry N, Gordon B. Clinical spectrum of adrenal myelolipoma: analysis of 8 tumors in 7 patients. J Urol. 1995 Jun;153(6):1791-3. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7752318

Schulick RD, Brennan MF. Adrenocortical carcinoma. World J Urol. 1999 Feb;17(1):26-34. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10096148

Sharma MC, Kashyap S, Sharma R, Chumber S, Sood R, Chahal R. Symptomatic adrenal myelolipoma. Clinicopathological analysis of 7 cases and brief review of the literature. Urol Int. 1997;59(2):119-24. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9392060

Sutton MG, Sheps SG, Lie JT. Prevalence of clinically unsuspected pheochromocytoma. Review of a 50-year autopsy series. Mayo Clin Proc. 1981 Jun;56(6):354-60. Available from: PubMed; PMID 6453259

Sworczak K, Babniska A, Stanek A, Lewczuk A, Siekierska-Hellmann M, Blaut K, Drobinska A, Basinski A, Lachnski AJ, Czaplinska-Kalas H, Gruca Z. Clinical and histopathological evaluation of the adrenal incidentaloma. Neoplasma. 2001;48(3):221-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11583293

Terzolo M, Ali A, Osella G, Mazza E. Prevalence of adrenal carcinoma among incidentally discovered adrenal masses. A retrospective study from 1989 to 1994. Gruppo Piemontese Incidentalomi Surrenalici. Arch Surg. 1997 Aug;132(8):914-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9267279

Tsunoda T, Koga H, Kai N, Koto S, Sakamoto N, Naito S. [Clinical review of 53 patients with adrenal incidentaloma]. Nishinihon J Urol. 1999;61(7):549-53. (Jpn).

Tulinius H. Latent malignancies at autopsy: a little used source of information on cancer biology. IARC Sci Publ. 1991;(112):253-61. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1855944

Vara Castrodeza A, Garcia Hernandez J, Mateos Ares A, Sales Fernandez C, Cuesta Varela F, Orense Collado M. [Cystic neuroblastoma: atypical presentation in newborns]. Arch Esp Urol. 1999 Nov;52(9):987-90. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10633969 (Spa).

Wang J, Sun NC, Renslo R, Chuang CC, Tabbarah HJ, Barajas L, French SW. Clinically silent primary adrenal lymphoma: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Hematol. 1998 Jun;58(2):130-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9625581

Waters PR, Haselhuhn GD, Gunning WT 3rd, Phillips ER, Selman SH. Adrenocortical oncocytoma: two case reports and review of literature. Urology. 1997 Apr;49(4):624-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9111640

Wooten MD, King DK. Adrenal cortical carcinoma. Epidemiology and treatment with mitotane and a review of the literature. Cancer. 1993 Dec 1;72(11):3145-55. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8242539

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Natural History

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Albala DM, Chung CJ, Sueoka BL, Memoli VA, Heaney JA. Hemorrhagic myelolipoma of adrenal gland after blunt trauma. Urology. 1991 Dec;38(6):559-62. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1746089

Angeli A, Osella G, Ali A, Terzolo M. Adrenal incidentaloma: an overview of clinical and epidemiological data from the National Italian Study Group. Horm Res. 1997;47(4-6):279-83. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9167965

Appetecchia M, Chilelli M, Sciarretta F, Anza M. Bilateral symptomatic adrenal myelolipoma. Urol Int. 1999;62(1):37-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10436430

Aprill BS, Drake AJ 3rd, Lasseter DH, Shakir KM. Silent adrenal nodules in von Hippel-Lindau disease suggest pheochromocytoma. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Mar 15;120(6):485-7. Comment in: Ann Intern Med. 1994 Sep 15;121(6):465; discussion 465-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8311371

Ardito G, Revelli L, Manni R, Murazio M, Modugno P, Lucci C. [Vascular cysts of the adrenals. Association with aneurysm of the abdominal aorta]. Ann Ital Chir. 1999 May-Jun;70(3):445-50. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10466248 (Ita).

Arnaldi G, Masini AM, Giacchetti G, Taccaliti A, Faloia E, Mantero F. Adrenal incidentaloma. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2000 Oct;33(10):1177-89. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11004718

Auh YH, Anand J, Zirinsky K, Kazam E. Adrenal hemangioma: a case report. J Comput Tomogr. 1986 Jan;10(1):57-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3943357

Aydintug S, Kocak S, Eraslan S. Primary non-functioning tumours of the adrenal cortex: an eight-year experience in Turkey. Eur J Surg. 1996 Apr;162(4):275-8. Comment in: Eur J Surg. 1997 Apr;163(4):315. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8739413

Barnett CC Jr, Varma DG, El-Naggar AK, Dackiw AP, Porter GA, Pearson AS, Kudelka AP, Gagel RF, Evans DB, Lee JE. Limitations of size as a criterion in the evaluation of adrenal tumors. Surgery. 2000 Dec;128(6):973-82;discussion 982-3. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11114632

Barzon L, Pasquali C, Grigoletto C, Pedrazzoli S, Boscaro M, Fallo F. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and adrenal lesions. J Urol. 2001 Jul;166(1):24-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11435815

Barzon L, Scaroni C, Sonino N, Fallo F, Paoletta A, Boscaro M. Risk factors and long-term follow-up of adrenal incidentalomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Feb;84(2):520-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10022410

Bellantone R, Ferrante A, Raffaelli M, Boscherini M, Lombardi CP, Crucitti F. Adrenal cystic lesions: report of 12 surgically treated cases and review of the literature. J Endocrinol Invest. 1998 Feb;21(2):109-14. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9585385

Bellantone R, Ferrante A, Raffaelli M, Boscherini M, Rubino F, Crucitti F. [Incidental discovery of adrenal neoplasms: our experience]. Ann Ital Chir. 1995 Jul-Aug;66(4):439-48. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8686994 (Ita).

Bodie B, Novick AC, Pontes JE, Straffon RA, Montie JE, Babiak T, Sheeler L, Schumacher P. The Cleveland Clinic experience with adrenal cortical carcinoma. J Urol. 1989 Feb;141(2):257-60. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2913342

Catalano O. Retroperitoneal hemorrhage due to a ruptured adrenal myelolipoma. A case report. Acta Radiol. 1996 Sep;37(5):688-90. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8915277

Copher JC, Souza JW, Erickson DJ, Dalton ML, Rogers JJ. Myelolipoma of the adrenal gland: a case report. South Med J. 1995 Jun;88(6):635-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7777879

Cunningham MD. Hemorrhagic adrenal cyst. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 1993 May;93(5):619-22. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8314725

Danza FM, De Marinis L, Mancini A, Valentini AL, Summaria V, Conte G, Camaioni M, Fiumara C. [Adrenal gland cysts. Our experience]. Minerva Chir. 1993 Nov;48(21-22):1325-30. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8152565 (Ita).

de Bree E, Schoretsanitis G, Melissas J, Christodoulakis M, Tsiftsis D. Cysts of the adrenal gland: diagnosis and management. Int Urol Nephrol. 1998;30(4):369-76. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9821036

Del Gaudio A, Solidoro G. Myelolipoma of the adrenal gland: report of two cases with a review of the literature. Surgery. 1986 Mar;99(3):293-301. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3513358

Didolkar MS, Bescher RA, Elias EG, Moore RH. Natural history of adrenal cortical carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of 42 patients. Cancer. 1981 May 1;47(9):2153-61. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7226109

Doong JM, Yu DS, Su CJ, Liu CS, Shish FC, Yang TH, Wu CJ. Myelolipoma of the adrenal gland. Two case reports. J Surg Assoc ROC. 1994;27(6):2745-9.

Ferrante A, Civello IM, Bellantone R, Boscherini M. Hemorrhagic adrenal cyst: an unusual reason of acute hypovolemia. Chir Ital. 1999 Jul-Aug;51(4):325-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10633845

Goldman RL, Brodey PA. Symptomatic leiomyoma of the adrenal. Int Urol Nephrol. 1993;25(4):311-4. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8276558

Gonzalez Munoz GF, Martinez Alarcon M, Fernandez Garcia ML. [Adrenal hemangioma of atypical presentation. Bibliographical Review]. Arch Esp Urol. 1998 Mar;51(2):191-4. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9586323 (Spa).

Goren E, Bensal D, Reif RM, Eidelman A. Cavernous hemangioma of the adrenal gland. J Urol. 1986 Feb;135(2):341-2. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3944872

Grondal S, Cedermark B, Eriksson B, Grimelius L, Harach R, Kristoffersson A, Rastad J, Uden P, Akerstrom G. Adrenocortical carcinoma. A retrospective study of a rare tumor with a poor prognosis. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1990 Dec;16(6):500-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2253796

Guerin E, Babin C, Lehujeur C, Lucas G, Barret F. [Hemangioma of the adrenal gland. Apropos of a case]. J Radiol. 1988 Jan;69(1):57-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3361470 (Fre).

Hadjigeorgi C, Lafoyianni S, Pontikis Y, Van Vliet-Constantinidou C. Asymptomatic myelolipoma of the adrenal. Pediatr Radiol. 1992;22(6):465-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1437378

Han M, Burnett AL, Fishman EK, Marshall FF. The natural history and treatment of adrenal myelolipoma. J Urol. 1997 Apr;157(4):1213-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9120904

Hensen J, Buhl M, Oelkers W. The functional spectrum of adrenocortical adenomas. Med Hypotheses. 1993 Apr;40(4):217-22. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8391627

Hisham AN, Samad SA, Sharifah NA. Huge adrenal haemangioma. Australas Radiol. 1998 Aug;42(3):250-1. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9727258

Hoeffel CC, Kowalski S. Giant myelolipoma of the adrenal gland: natural history. Clin Radiol. 2000 May;55(5):402-4. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10896477

Hoeffel JC, Kowalski S, Nguyen Quy K, Claudon M. [Case report: the spontaneous course of a giant myelolipoma]. Radiologe. 2000 Jul;40(7):649-51. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10955296 (Ger).

Houdelette P, Houlgatte A, Berlizot P, Garola P. [Adrenal cystic tumors. Apropos of 8 cases]. Chirurgie. 1997;122(10):521-6; discussion 527. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9616899 (Fre).

Huang SP, Chou YH, Jeng HS, Li CC, Huang CH. Adrenal myelolipoma--report of two cases. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2000 Oct;16(10):542-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11272802

Ikeda S, Kanetou H, Saitou S, Suzuki K, Orikasa S, Sasano K, Souma F, Katayama Y. [Incidentally found retroperitoneal and adrenal ganglioneuroma: a report of two cases]. Nishinihon J Urol. 1995;57(1):84-7. (Jpn).

Jaresch S, Schlaghecke R, Jungblut R, Kruskemper HL, Kley HK. [Silent adrenal gland tumors in patients with adrenogenital syndrome]. Klin Wochenschr. 1987 Jul 15;65(14):627-33. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3498089 (Ger).

Jurczak F, Hamy A, Paineau J, Courant O, Visset J. [An unusual "incidentaloma": adrenal leiomyoma]. J Chir (Paris). 1994 Aug-Sep;131(8-9):391. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7844200 (Fre).

Kitching PA, Patel V, Harach HR. Adrenocortical oncocytoma. J Clin Pathol. 1999 Feb;52(2):151-3. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10396247

Leavitt JR, Harold DL, Robinson RB. Adrenal ganglioneuroma: a familial case. Urology. 2000 Sep 1;56(3):508. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10962331

Machuca Santa-Cruz F, Perez Rodriguez D, Julve Villalta E, Alonso Dorrego J, Quinonero Diaz A, Galacho Bech A, Marin Martin J. [Spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma secondary to the rupture of suprarenal myelolipoma]. Arch Esp Urol. 2000 Oct;53(8):724-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11126976 (Spa).

Makiyama K, Fukuoka H, Kawamoto K, Suwa Y. [Surgical removal of adrenal hemangioma after five years of follow-up: a case report]. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1998 Aug;44(8):579-81. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9783194 (Jpn).

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Evaluation of Clinically Inapparent Adrenal Masses

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Overviews

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Biochemical Tests

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Tsagarakis S, Roboti C, Kokkoris P, Vasiliou V, Alevizaki C, Thalassinos N. Elevated post-dexamethasone suppression cortisol concentrations correlate with hormonal alterations of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis in patients with adrenal incidentalomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1998 Aug;49(2):165-71. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9828902

Tsagarakis S, Tsigos C, Vassiliou V, Tsiotra P, Pratsinis H, Kletsas D, Trivizas P, Nikou A, Mavromatis T, Sotsiou F, Raptis S, Thalassinos N. Food-dependent androgen and cortisol secretion by a gastric inhibitory polypeptide-receptor expressive adrenocortical adenoma leading to hirsutism and subclinical Cushing's syndrome: in vivo and in vitro studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Feb;86(2):583-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11158012

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Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy

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Tezuka H, Kusano T, Ozawa T, Kumegawa H, Yamashita Y, Omata K, Hanyu F. [A case of adrenal myelolipoma]. Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi. 1988 Jul;89(7):1137-41. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3221833 (Jpn).

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Wadih GE, Nance KV, Silverman JF. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of the adrenal gland. Fifty biopsies in 48 patients. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1992 Aug;116(8):841-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1497466

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Yankaskas BC, Staab EV, Craven MB, Blatt PM, Sokhandan M, Carney CN. Delayed complications from fine-needle biopsies of solid masses of the abdomen. Invest Radiol. 1986 Apr;21(4):325-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3486172

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Ultrasonography

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Brunt LM, Bennett HF, Teefey SA, Moley JF, Middleton WD. Laparoscopic ultrasound imaging of adrenal tumors during laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Am J Surg. 1999 Dec;178(6):490-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10670859

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Karstrup S, Torp-Pedersen S, Nolsoe C, Horn T, Hegedus L. Ultrasonically guided fine-needle biopsies from adrenal tumors. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 1991;137:31-4. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1947837

Kojima M, Saitoh M, Itoh H, Ukimura O, Ohe H, Watanabe H. Percutaneous biopsy for adrenal tumors using ultrasonically guided puncture. Tohoku J Exp Med. 1994 Apr;172(4):333-43. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7940524

Marchal G, Gelin J, Verbeken E, Baert A, Lauwerijns J. High-resolution real-time sonography of the adrenal glands: a routine examination? J Ultrasound Med. 1986 Feb;5(2):65-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3514938

Sosa JA, Udelsman R. Imaging of the adrenal gland. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 1999 Jan;8(1):109-27. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9824364

Tezuka H, Kusano T, Ozawa T, Kumegawa H, Yamashita Y, Omata K, Hanyu F. [A case of adrenal myelolipoma]. Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi. 1988 Jul;89(7):1137-41. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3221833 (Jpn).

Xu G, et al. [Ultrasonographic diagnosis of nonfunctioning adrenal masses report of 13 cases]. Chung-Kuo Ch'ao Sheng i Hsüeh Tsa Chih. 1991;7(1):30-2. (Chi).

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Radiology and Radionuclide Imaging

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Al-Sobhi S, Peschel R, Bartsch G, Gasser R, Finkenstedt G, Janetschek G. Partial laparoscopic adrenalectomy for aldosterone-producing adenoma: short-and long-term results. J Endourol. 2000 Aug;14(6):497-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10954306

Amerigo J, Roig J, Pulido F, Belda R, Vazquez-Ramirez FJ, Gonzalez-Campora R. Primary malignant melanoma of the adrenal gland. Surgery. 2000 Jan;127(1):107-11. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10660767

Armaroli R, Cremonini N, Lacava N, Talarico F, Spangaro M. [Malignant pheochromocytoma of the adrenal gland. Diagnosis 14 years after an incidental discovery of a contralateral pheochromocytoma]. Ann Chir. 1994;48(2):206-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8192416 (Fre).

Asaka S, Takayama Y, Tagawa S, Ito Y, Yoshimura A, Masunaga T, Oiwake H, Shinozaki K, Takeda R. Pheochromocytoma in a long-term hemodialysis patient, discovered as an adrenal incidentaloma. Intern Med. 1997 Jun;36(6):403-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9213186

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Computer-Assisted Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single-Photon Emission-Computed Tomography (SPECT)

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Bergstrom M, Bonasera TA, Lu L, Bergstrom E, Backlin C, Juhlin C, Langstrom B. In vitro and in vivo primate evaluation of carbon-11-etomidate and carbon-11-metomidate as potential tracers for PET imaging of the adrenal cortex and its tumors. J Nucl Med. 1998 Jun;39(6):982-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9627330

Bergstrom M, Juhlin C, Bonasera TA, Sundin A, Rastad J, Akerstrom G, Langstrom B. PET imaging of adrenal cortical tumors with the 11beta-hydroxylase tracer 11C-metomidate. J Nucl Med. 2000 Feb;41(2):275-82. Comment in: J Nucl Med. 2000 Nov;41(11):1933-4. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10688111

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Gross MD, Shapiro B, Kloos RT, Dwamena B. PET imaging of adrenal cortical tumors with the 11beta-hydroxylase tracer 11C-metomidate. J Nucl Med. 2000 Nov;41(11):1933-4. Comment on: J Nucl Med. 2000 Feb;41(2):275-82. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11079507

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Sosa JA, Udelsman R. Imaging of the adrenal gland. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 1999 Jan;8(1):109-27. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9824364

Wemeau JL, Girardot C. [Practical considerations for adrenal incidentalomas]. Rev Fr Endocrinol Clin Nutr Metab. 1998;39(1):57-64. (Fre).

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Other Diagnostic Techniques

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Akama H, Noshiro T, Kimura N, Shimizu K, Watanabe T, Shibukawa S, Nakai S, Miura W, Ito S, Miura Y. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A with the identical somatic mutation in medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma without germline mutation at the corresponding site in the RET proto-oncogene. Intern Med. 1999 Feb;38(2):145-9. Comment in: Intern Med. 1999 Feb;38(2):80. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10225670

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Arola J, Liu J, Heikkila P, Ilvesmaki V, Salmenkivi K, Voutilainen R, Kahri AI. Expression of inhibin alpha in adrenocortical tumours reflects the hormonal status of the neoplasm. J Endocrinol. 2000 May;165(2):223-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10810286

Arola J, Liu J, Heikkila P, Voutilainen R, Kahri A. Expression of inhibin alpha in the human adrenal gland and adrenocortical tumors. Endocr Res. 1998 Aug-Nov;24(3-4):865-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9888589

Arola J, Salmenkivi K, Liu J, Kahri AI, Heikkila P. p53 and Ki67 in adrenocortical tumors. Endocr Res. 2000 Nov;26(4):861-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11196463

Bernini GP, Moretti A, Ferdeghini M, Ricci S, Letizia C, D'Erasmo E, Argenio GF, Salvetti A. A new human chromogranin 'A' immunoradiometric assay for the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumours. Br J Cancer. 2001 Mar 2;84(5):636-42. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11237384

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Beuschlein F, Borgemeister M, Schirra J, Goke B, Fassnacht M, Arlt W, Allolio B, Reincke M. Oral glucose tolerance testing but not intravenous glucose administration uncovers hyper-responsiveness of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with adrenal incidentalomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2000 May;52(5):617-23. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10792342

Beuschlein F, Schulze E, Mora P, Gensheimer HP, Maser-Gluth C, Allolio B, Reincke M. Steroid 21-hydroxylase mutations and 21-hydroxylase messenger ribonucleic acid expression in human adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jul;83(7):2585-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9661649

Beyer HS, Doe RP. Cortisol secretion by an incidentally discovered nonfunctional adrenal adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986 Jun;62(6):1317-21. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3009524

Bisceglia M, Nirchio V, Attino V, Di Cerbo A, Mantovani W, Pasquinelli G. ["Black adenoma" associated with medullary nodular hyperplasia in the ipsilateral adrenal gland. Case report and review of the literature regarding "mixed" cortico-medullary pathology]. Pathologica. 1998 Jun;90(3):306-12. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9774863 (Ita).

Boccuzzi A, Terzolo M, Cappia S, De Giuli P, De Risi C, Leonardo E, Bovio S, Borriero M, Paccotti P, Angeli A. Different immunohistochemical patterns of TGF-beta1 expression in benign and malignant adrenocortical tumours. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999 Jun;50(6):801-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10468953

Bornstein SR, Brown JW, Carballeira A, Goodman J, Scherbaum WA, Fishman LM. Ultrastructural dynamics of mitochondrial morphology in varying functional forms of human adrenal cortical adenoma. Horm Metab Res. 1996 Apr;28(4):177-82. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8740192

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Colombat M, Leclercq F, Petit J, Chatelain D, Thelu F, Cordonnier C, Ghighi C, Sevestre H, Gontier MF. [Mesothelial cyst of the adrenal gland]. Ann Pathol. 2000 May;20(3):235-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10891720 (Fre).

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Dieterich KD, Gundelfinger ED, Ludecke DK, Lehnert H. Mutation and expression analysis of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 receptor in adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Sep;83(9):3327-31. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9745449

Drevet D, Guzelian J, van Box Som P, Champion M, Joffre P, Faysse E. [Malignant adrenocortical carcinoma with atypical aspect. Value of tomodensitometry and magnetic resonance imaging. Apropos of a case]. Ann Radiol (Paris). 1996;39(3):126-30. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9163963 (Fre).

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Fernandez-Real JM, Engel WR, Simo R, Salinas I, Webb SM. Study of glucose tolerance in consecutive patients harbouring incidental adrenal tumours. Study Group of Incidental Adrenal Adenoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1998 Jul;49(1):53-61. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9797847

Fogt F, Vargas MP, Zhuang Z, Merino MJ. Utilization of molecular genetics in the differentiation between adrenal cortical adenomas and carcinomas. Hum Pathol. 1998 May;29(5):518-21. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9596277

Gicquel C, Le Bouc Y. Molecular markers for malignancy in adrenocortical tumors. Horm Res. 1997;47(4-6):269-72. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9167963

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Jow W, Satchidanand S, Spinazze E, Lillie D. Malignant juxtadrenal schwannoma. Urology. 1991 Oct;38(4):383-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1755153

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Kanamaru H, Sasaki M, Nishimura H, Murakami H, Kaziwara T, Yoshida O. [A case of pedunculated hepatoma suspected of adrenal tumor]. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1984 Feb;30(2):253-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 6331139 (Jpn).

Kenney PJ, Streeten DP, Anderson GH. Difficulties in the prospective diagnosis of functional adrenal diseases by CT. Urol Radiol. 1986;8(4):184-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3798602

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Kuribayashi S, Harrington DP, Peterson LM. Massive nonfunctioning adrenal cortical adenoma: complementary roles of computed tomography (CT) and angiography in the diagnosis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 1982;5(5):271-4. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7159891

Malmaeus J, Markaes A, Oberg K, el-Sherief MA, Johansson H, Rastad J, Wilander E, Akerstrom G. Adrenal gland surgery. Preoperative location of lesions, histologic findings and outcome of surgery. Acta Chir Scand. 1986 Oct;152:577-81. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3811759

Marx C, Wolkersdorfer GW, Brown JW, Scherbaum WA, Bornstein SR. MHC class II expression--a new tool to assess dignity in adrenocortical tumours. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Dec;81(12):4488-91. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8954065

McAlister F, Lewanczuk R. Primary hyperaldosteronism and adrenal incidentaloma: an argument for selective adrenal vein sampling in the diagnosis of primary hyperaldosteronism [abstract]. Clin Invest Med. 1994 Aug;17(4 Suppl):B73. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society for Clinical Investigation and the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada; Toronto (Ontario), September 14-9, 1994.

Medeiros LJ, Weiss LM. New developments in the pathologic diagnosis of adrenal cortical neoplasms. A review. Am J Clin Pathol. 1992 Jan;97(1):73-83. Comment in: Am J Clin Pathol. 1992 Sep;98(3):382-3. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1728867

Morioka M, Ohashi Y, Komatsu F, Sawada K, Ebara S, Ohashi T, Kondo K. Preclinical Cushing's syndrome: report of four cases and analysis of steroid contents in adenomas. Horm Res. 1996;46(3):117-23. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8894666

Morioka M, Tanaka H, Ohashi Y, Jin TX, Watanabe H, Furihata M. Nonfunctioning adrenal cortical cancer and analysis of the steroidogenic activity of the tumor: a case report. Int J Urol. 1998 Mar;5(2):170-3. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9559845

Ogo A, Haji M, Ohashi M, Takayanagi R, Yanase T, Nawata H. Disordered expression of adrenal steroidogenic P450 mRNAs in incidentally discovered nonfunctioning adrenal adenoma. Endocrinol Jpn. 1992 Feb;39(1):73-80. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1535042

Osella G, Reimondo G, Peretti P, Ali A, Paccotti P, Angeli A, Terzolo M. The patients with incidentally discovered adrenal adenoma (incidentaloma) are not at increased risk of osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Feb;86(2):604-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11158016

Osella G, Terzolo M, Reimondo G, Piovesan A, Pia A, Termine A, Paccotti P, Angeli A. Serum markers of bone and collagen turnover in patients with Cushing's syndrome and in subjects with adrenal incidentalomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Oct;82(10):3303-7. Comment in: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jul;83(7):2605-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9329358

Pender SM, Boland GW, Lee MJ. The incidental nonhyperfunctioning adrenal mass: an imaging algorithm for characterization. Clin Radiol. 1998 Nov;53(11):796-804. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9833781

Reincke M, Peter M, Sippell WG, Allolio B. Impairment of 11 beta-hydroxylase but not 21-hydroxylase in adrenal 'incidentalomas'. Eur J Endocrinol. 1997 Feb;136(2):196-200. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9116915

Sartorio A, Conti A, Ferrero S, Giambona S, Re T, Passini E, Ambrosi B. Evaluation of markers of bone and collagen turnover in patients with active and preclinical Cushing's syndrome and in patients with adrenal incidentaloma. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Feb;138(2):146-52. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9506857

Sasano H, Suzuki T, Shizawa S, Kato K, Nagura H. Transforming growth factor alpha, epidermal growth factor, and epidermal growth factor receptor expression in normal and diseased human adrenal cortex by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Mod Pathol. 1994 Sep;7(7):741-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7824507

Satoh F, Murakami O, Takahashi K, Ueno J, Nishikawa T, Abe K, Mouri T, Sasano H. Double adenomas with different pathological and hormonal features in the left adrenal gland of a patient with Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1997 Feb;46(2):227-34. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9135707

Scarpelli M, Baccarini MG, Colanzi P, Arnaldi G, Montironi R, Thompson D, Bartels PH. Chromatin texture analysis of cortical adrenal gland adenomas, including incidentalomas, and adjacent normal-appearing cortical tissue. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 2000 Jun;22(3):235-43. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10872041

Schroder S, Padberg B, Reincke M, Komminoth P. [Diagnostic guidelines for adrenal gland nodules: typing, assessment of biological potential and prognosis, molecular pathogenesis]. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol. 1997;81:97-102. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9474859 (Ger).

Schulte KM, Heinze M, Mengel M, Simon D, Scheuring S, Kohrer K, Roher HD. MEN I gene mutations in sporadic adrenal adenomas. Hum Genet. 1999 Dec;105(6):603-10. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10647896

Shigematsu K, Katamine S, Nakatani A, Niwa M, Kataoka Y, Kamio T, Kawai K. Immunohistochemical evidence for protein kinase C in primary human adrenal tumors. Acta Histochem Cytochem. 1992;25(4):511-22.

Sussi PL, Azzolina LS, Erbici L, Brazzarola P, Angeli G, Valerio A, Francia G, Petronio R, Tridente G. Heterogeneous distribution of nuclear DNA content in tumors of the adrenal glands. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 1996;15(2):115-21.

Suzuki H, Shibata H, Maruyama T, Ishimura Y, Saruta T. Significance of steroidogenic enzymes in the pathogenesis of hyperfunctioning and non-hyperfunctioning adrenal tumor. Steroids. 1995 Jan;60(1):42-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7792814

Terzolo M, Ali A, Osella G, Reimondo G, Pia A, Peretti P, Paccotti P, Angeli A. The value of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate measurement in the differentiation between benign and malignant adrenal masses. Eur J Endocrinol. 2000 Jun;142(6):611-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10822224

Tojo K, Abe A, Sato S, Hamaguchi A, Kato N, Furuta N, Ohishi Y, Sakai O. The incidentally discovered asymptomatic cortisol-producing adrenal adenoma -pre-Cushing's Syndrome-. Jikeikai Med J. 1995;42(1):93-101.

Torlontano M, Chiodini I, Pileri M, Guglielmi G, Cammisa M, Modoni S, Carnevale V, Trischitta V, Scillitani A. Altered bone mass and turnover in female patients with adrenal incidentaloma: the effect of subclinical hypercortisolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Jul;84(7):2381-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10404807

Tsagarakis S, Tsigos C, Vassiliou V, Tsiotra P, Pratsinis H, Kletsas D, Trivizas P, Nikou A, Mavromatis T, Sotsiou F, Raptis S, Thalassinos N. Food-dependent androgen and cortisol secretion by a gastric inhibitory polypeptide-receptor expressive adrenocortical adenoma leading to hirsutism and subclinical Cushing's syndrome: in vivo and in vitro studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Feb;86(2):583-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11158012

Tsujimura A, Imazu T, Nishimura K, Matsumiya K, Sugao H, Oka T, Takaha M, Arima R, Kurata A. [A case of virilizing adrenocortical carcinoma in adult]. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1993 Apr;39(4):345-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8503331 (Jpn).

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Uehara Y, Kuroiwa H, Shimizu H, Sato N, Shimomura Y, Mori M. Tumor resection attenuated the impaired tolerance of glucose in patients with asymptomatic pheochromocytoma. J Med. 1993;24(2-3):193-202. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8409782

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Wenig BM, Abbondanzo SL, Heffess CS. Epithelioid angiosarcoma of the adrenal glands. A clinicopathologic study of nine cases with a discussion of the implications of finding "epithelial-specific" markers. Am J Surg Pathol. 1994 Jan;18(1):62-73. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8279629

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Yamashita E, Kobayashi T, Suzuki Y. Primary bilateral adrenal involvement of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma shown on a Ga-67 citrate scan. Clin Nucl Med. 2000 Sep;25(9):721-2. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10983763

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Surgery of Clinically Inapparent Adrenal Masses

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Overviews

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Open Surgery

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Laparoscopy

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Surgical Outcome

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Patient Follow-Up

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Non-Surgically Treated Incidentalomas

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Surgically Treated Incidentalomas

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Additional Research Needed to Guide Practice

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Boulle N, Baudin E, Gicquel C, Logie A, Bertherat J, Penfornis A, Bertagna X, Luton JP, Schlumberger M, Le Bouc Y. Evaluation of plasma insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 as a marker for adrenocortical tumors. Eur J Endocrinol. 2001 Jan;144(1):29-36. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11174834

Bourcigaux N, Gaston V, Logie A, Bertagna X, Le Bouc Y, Gicquel C. High expression of cyclin E and G1 CDK and loss of function of p57KIP2 are involved in proliferation of malignant sporadic adrenocortical tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Jan;85(1):322-30. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10634406

de Fraipont F, El Atifi M, Gicquel C, Bertagna X, Chambaz EM, Feige JJ. Expression of the angiogenesis markers vascular endothelial growth factor-A, thrombospondin-1, and platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor in human sporadic adrenocortical tumors: correlation with genotypic alterations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Dec;85(12):4734-41. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11134136

Garrapa GG, Pantanetti P, Arnaldi G, Gatti C, Camilloni MA, Santangelo M, Mantero F, Faloia E. Body composition and metabolic features in women with Cushing's syndrome, adrenal incidentaloma and healthy control women [abstract]. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001 May;25 Suppl 2:S133-4. Presented at the 11th European Congress on Obesity; Vienna (Austria), May 30 - June 2, 2001.

Garrapa GG, Pantanetti P, Arnaldi G, Mantero F, Faloia E. Body composition and metabolic features in women with adrenal incidentaloma or Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Nov;86(11):5301-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11701696

Gicquel C, Bertagna X, Gaston V, Coste J, Louvel A, Baudin E, Bertherat J, Chapuis Y, Duclos JM, Schlumberger M, Plouin PF, Luton JP, Le Bouc Y. Molecular markers and long-term recurrences in a large cohort of patients with sporadic adrenocortical tumors. Cancer Res. 2001 Sep 15;61(18):6762-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11559548

Gicquel C, Boulle N, Logie A, Bourcigaux N, Gaston V, Le Bouc Y. [Involvement of the IGF system in the pathogenesis of adrenocortical tumors]. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2001 Apr;62(2):189-92. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11353893 (Fre).

Gicquel C, Le Bouc Y. Molecular markers for malignancy in adrenocortical tumors. Horm Res. 1997;47(4-6):269-72. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9167963

Grayson GH, Moore S, Schneider BG, Saldivar V, Hensel CH. Novel germline mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in a child with incidentally discovered adrenal cortical carcinoma. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1994 Nov;16(4):341-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7978053

Heppner C, Reincke M, Agarwal SK, Mora P, Allolio B, Burns AL, Spiegel AM, Marx SJ. MEN1 gene analysis in sporadic adrenocortical neoplasms. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Jan;84(1):216-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9920087

Ilvesmaki V, Liu J, Heikkila P, Kahri AI, Voutilainen R. Expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1-6 genes in adrenocortical tumors and pheochromocytomas. Horm Metab Res. 1998 Oct;30(10):619-23. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9851669

Logie A, Boudou P, Boccon-Gibod L, Baudin E, Vassal G, Schlumberger M, Le Bouc Y, Gicquel C. Establishment and characterization of a human adrenocortical carcinoma xenograft model. Endocrinology. 2000 Sep;141(9):3165-71. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10965887

Martinerie C, Gicquel C, Louvel A, Laurent M, Schofield PN, Le Bouc Y. Altered expression of novH is associated with human adrenocortical tumorigenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Aug;86(8):3929-40. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11502835

Reincke M, Beuschlein F, Lalli E, Arlt W, Vay S, Sassonecorsi P, Allolio B. DAX-1 expression in human adrenocortical neoplasms: implications for steroidogenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jul;83(7):2597-600. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9661652

Reincke M, Beuschlein F, Slawik M, Borm K. Molecular adrenocortical tumourigenesis. Eur J Clin Invest. 2000 Dec;30 Suppl 3:63-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11281372

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Schulte KM, Heinze M, Mengel M, Simon D, Scheuring S, Kohrer K, Roher HD. MEN I gene mutations in sporadic adrenal adenomas. Hum Genet. 1999 Dec;105(6):603-10. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10647896

Seppel T, Becker A, Feldkamp J, Santen R, Schlaghecke R. Risk factors for adrenocortical malignancy in patients with incidentally discovered adrenal tumours [abstract]. J Endocrinol. 1995 Mar;144 Suppl:P43. Presented at the 14th Joint meeting of the British Endocrine Societies jointly with the European Federation of Endocrine Societies; Warwick (England), March 27-30, 1995.

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First published: 20 Febuary 2002
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