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| Current Bibliographies in Medicine | |
Current Bibliographies in Medicine 94-1
Effect of Corticosteroids for Fetal Maturation on Perinatal Outcomes
CBM 94-1 Effect of Corticosteroids for Fetal Maturation on Perinatal Outcomes January 1985 through December 1993, plus selected earlier citations 715 Citations Prepared by Karen Patrias, M.L.S., National Library of Medicine Linda L. Wright, M.D., National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Gerald Merenstein, M.D., University of Colorado Health Sciences Center U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health National Library of Medicine Reference Section 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland 20894 1994 SERIES NOTE Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) is a continuation in part of the National Library of Medicine's Literature Search Series, which ceased in 1987 with No. 87-15. In 1989 it also subsumed the Specialized Bibliography Series. Each bibliography in the new series covers a distinct subject area of biomedicine and is intended to fulfill a current awareness function. Citations are usually derived from searching a variety of online databases. NLM databases utilized include MEDLINE, AVLINE, BIOETHICSLINE, CANCERLIT, CATLINE, HEALTH, POPLINE, and TOXLINE. The only criterion for the inclusion of a particular published work is its relevance to the topic being presented; the format, ownership, or location of the material is not considered. Comments and suggestions on this series may be addressed to: Karen Patrias, Editor Current Bibliographies in Medicine Reference Section National Library of Medicine Bethesda, MD 20894 Phone: 301-496-6097 Fax: 301-402-1384 Internet: patrias@nlm.nih.gov Ordering Information: Current Bibliographies in Medicine is sold by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. To order the entire CBM series for calendar year 1994 (approximately 10 bibliographies), contact the Superintendent of Documents citing GPO List ID: CBM94. For your convenience an order blank is given inside the back cover. Orders for individual bibliographies in the series should also be sent to the Superintendent of Documents citing the title, CBM number, and the GPO List ID given above. Internet Access: The Current Bibliographies in Medicine series is also available at no cost to anyone with Internet access through FTP (File Transfer Protocol). FTP to nlmpubs.nlm.nih.gov and login: as nlmpubs. The index file in the "bibs" directory provides information on the bibliographies available. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget through September 30, 1994. EFFECT OF CORTICOSTEROIDS FOR FETAL MATURATION ON PERINATAL OUTCOMES Preterm delivery is a major cause of infant mortality and morbidity. Approximately 500,000 premature infants are born each year in the United States, many of whom require treatment in newborn intensive care units for complications of their prematurity. The survival and health status of premature infants is directly proportional to their maturity and weight at birth. Preterm infants account for 74 per cent of neonatal deaths; those born before 28 weeks of gestation, instead of the normal 40 weeks, account for 50 per cent of neonatal deaths. Corticosteroid treatment of pregnant women delivering prematurely was first introduced in 1972 to enhance fetal lung maturity. A recent meta-analysis* concluded that antenatal corticosteroid administration prior to anticipated preterm delivery is associated with substantial reduction in the incidence of early neonatal death, as well as in respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Despite evidence of beneficial effects from both experimental models and randomized controlled trials in humans, few women delivered prematurely receive antenatal steroid treatment. In reports from approximately 500 perinatal centers, only 12 to 18 per cent of women who deliver preterm infants 501-1500 grams are treated with antenatal steroids. Many patients are not treated because of concerns about the efficacy of corticosteroid in subpopulations and the potential complications of treatment. There are also questions about the need for corticosteroid therapy since the advent of artificial surfactant therapy. This bibliography was prepared in support of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on the Effect of Corticosteroid for Fetal Maturation on Perinatal Outcomes held February 28-March 2, 1994 in Bethesda, Maryland. Because the literature on antenatal steroids is large, the bibliography is necessarily selective. It emphasizes journal articles in the English language published between 1985 and the present, selected earlier literature, and conference papers published from 1992 through 1993. Preference was given to articles dealing with human subjects, although relevant articles describing prenatal animal models are also included. Selected general articles on outcome of premature infants, surfactant treatment, physiologic hormone levels, and the economics of care were included as background. The bibliography is arranged in five subject categories with subheadings; citations may be listed in more than one category. ______________________________ *Crowley P, Chalmers I, Keirse MJ. The effects of corticosteroid administration before preterm delivery: an overview of the evidence from controlled trials. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990 Jan;97(1):11-25. SEARCH STRATEGY A variety of online databases are usually searched in preparing bibliographies in the CBM series. To assist you in updating or otherwise manipulating the material in this search, the strategy used for the NLM's MEDLINE database is given below. Please note that the search strategies presented here differ from individual demand searches in that they are generally broadly formulated and irrelevant citations edited out prior to printing. SS 1 = ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES OR EXP GLUCOCORTICOIDS OR EXP GLUCOCORTICOIDS, SYNTHETIC OR PULMONARY SURFACTANTS SS 2 = 1 AND INFANT, NEWBORN OR 1 AND INFANT, PREMATURE OR 1 AND ANIMALS, NEWBORN SS 3 = 1 AND EXP A16 OR 1 AND EMBRYOLOGY (SH) SS 4 = EXP INFANT, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT OR EXP INFANT, PREMATURE, DISEASES OR PRENATAL EXPOSURE DELAYED EFFECTS SS 5 = EXP FETAL DEVELOPMENT OR EXP FETAL DISEASES OR EXP FETAL DEATH OR EXP FETAL HEART SS 6 = EXP PREGNANCY OR EXP PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS OR PRENATAL CARE SS 7 = 4 OR 5 OR 6 SS 8 = 1 AND 7 OR 2 OR 3 SS 9 = (TF) ALL GLUCOCORTICOID: OR ALL CORTICOSTEROID: OR ALL BETAMETHASONE: OR ALL DEXAMETHASONE: OR ALL HYDROCORTISONE: OR ADRENAL AND CORTEX AND ALL HORMONE# SS 10 = (TF) ALL PRETERM: OR ALL ANTENAT: OR ALL PERINAT: OR ALL PRENAT: SS 11 = 9 AND 10 SS 12 = 8 AND NOT ALL TRANSPLANT: (MHF) SS 13 = 11 OR 12 GRATEFUL MED To make online searching easier and more efficient, the Library offers GRATEFUL MED, microcomputer-based software that provides a user-friendly interface to most NLM databases. This software was specifically developed for health professionals and features multiple choice menus and "fill in the blank" screens for easy search preparation. GRATEFUL MED runs on an IBM PC (or IBM-compatible) with DOS 2.0 or a Macintosh, and requires a Hayes (or Hayes-compatible) modem. It may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service in Springfield, Virginia, for $29.95 (plus $3.00 per order for shipping). For your convenience, an order blank has been enclosed at the back of this bibliography. SAMPLE CITATION Citations in this bibliographic series are formatted according to the rules established for Index Medicus*. A sample journal citation appears below. For journal articles written in a foreign language, the English translation of the title is placed in brackets. The language of publication is shown by a three letter abbreviation appearing at the end of the citation. Journal Article: Authors Article Title Anlar Y, Annar B. The effect of dexamethasone... Early Hum Dev 1987 Sep;15(5):265-8. Abbreviated Journal Date Volume Issue Pages Title _________________________________ *For details of the formats used for references, see the following publication: Patrias, Karen. National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic citation. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1991 Apr. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB91-182030. TABLE OF CONTENTS NEWBORN Cardiovascular Effects Central Nervous System Effects Endocrine Effects Gastrointestinal Effects (incl. Bilirubin) Immunology and Infection Outcome Pharmacology Pulmonary Effects Renal Function MATERNAL Adverse Effects Combination Therapy High-Risk Pregnancies Pharmacology ECONOMICS META-ANALYSIS ANIMAL MODELS Behavior Cardiovascular Effects Central Nervous System Effects Combination Therapy Endocrine Effects Gastrointestinal Effects Pharmacology Pulmonary Effects Renal Function NEWBORN Cardiovascular Effects Arduini D, Rizzo G, Parlati E, Giorlandino C, Valensise H, Dell'Acqua S, Romanini C. Modifications of ultradian and circadian rhythms of fetal heart rate after fetal-maternal adrenal gland suppression: a double blind study. Prenat Diagn 1986 Nov-Dec;6(6):409-17. Clyman RI, Ballard PL, Sniderman S, et al. Prenatal administration of betamethasone for prevention of patent ductus arteriosus. J Pediatr 1981 Jan;98(1):123-6. Clyman RI, Mauray F, Roman C, Rudolph AM, Heymann MA. Glucocorticoids alter the sensitivity of the lamb ductus arteriosus to prostaglandin E2. J Pediatr 1981 Jan;98(1):126-8. Edwards CR, Benediktsson R, Lindsay RS, Seckl JR. Dysfunction of placental glucocorticoid barrier: link between fetal environment and adult hypertension? Lancet 1993 Feb 6;341(8841):355-7. Comment in: Lancet 1993 Mar 27;341(8848):827; Lancet 1993 Mar 27;341(8848):827-8. Eronen M, Kari A, Pesonen E, Hallman M. The effect of antenatal dexamethasone administration on the fetal and neonatal ductus arteriosus. A randomized double-blind study. Am J Dis Child 1993 Feb;147(2):187-92. Fauser A, Pohlandt F, Bartmann P, Gortner L. Rapid increase of blood pressure in extremely low birth weight infants after a single dose of dexamethasone. Eur J Pediatr 1993 Apr;152(4):354-6. Heyman E, Ohlsson A, Shennan AT, Heilbut M, Coceani F. Closure of patent ductus arteriosus after treatment with dexamethasone. Acta Paediatr Scand 1990 Jun-Jul;79(6-7):698-700. Leung A, Neale E, Rogers M. Transient improvement of umbilical arterial waveform after maternal steroid administration. Case report. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991 May;98(5):492-3. Ohlsson A, Heyman E. Dexamethasone-induced bradycardia [letter]. Lancet 1988 Nov 5;2(8619):1074. Quiel V. [Conservative treatment of HELLP syndrome]. Zentralbl Gynakol 1993;115(8):378-80. (Ger). Sabin S, Diss E, Porreco RP. Betamethasone TRH treatment of preterm fetuses alters the appearance of fetal heart rate tracings [abstract]. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168(1 Pt 2):337. Wasserstrum N, Huhta JC, Mari G, Sharif DS, Willis R, Neal NK. Betamethasone and the human fetal ductus arteriosus. Obstet Gynecol 1989 Dec;74(6):897-900. Central Nervous System Effects Amato M, Huppi P, Markus D, Herschkowitz N. Neurological function of immature babies after surfactant replacement therapy. Neuropediatrics 1991 Feb;22(1):43-4. Clark CE, Clyman RI, Roth RS, et al. Risk factor analysis of intraventricular hemorrhage in low birthweight infants. J Pediatr 1981 Oct;99(4):625-8. Cordella L. [Stress, glucocorticoids, and handicap: Prenatal and perinatal data]. Ital J Intellective Impair 1989 Jun;2(1):75-83. (Ita). de Zegher F, de Vries L, Pierrat V, Daniels H, Spitz B, Casaer P, Devlieger H, Eggermont E. Effect of prenatal betamethasone/thyrotropin releasing hormone treatment on somatosensory evoked potentials in preterm newborns. Pediatr Res 1992 Aug;32(2):212-4. Doyle LW, Kitchen WH, Ford GW, Rickards AL, Lissenden JV, Ryan MM. Effects of antenatal steroid therapy on mortality and morbidity in very low birth weight infants. J Pediatr 1986 Feb; 108(2):287-92. Fazzi E, Bianchini L, Ometto A, Piazza F, Rondini G, Lanzi G. [Infantile cerebral palsy and neuromotor development in very low birth weight infants]. Minerva Pediatr 1990 Jun;42(6):219-25. (Ita). Fazzi E, Orcesi S, Spinillo A, Stronati M, Telesca C, Farinotti L. [Neuropsychologic development of small for gestational age preterm infants: follow up at 12-36 months of age]. Pediatr Med Chir 1992 Jul-Aug;14(4):403-7. (Ita). Fernandez-Carrocera LA, Patino-Felix F, Udaeta-Mora E, Garza Morales S, Ibarra-Reyes MP, Rodriguez-Perez L. [Subependymal/ intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm newborn infants. Neurodevelopmental course during the first year of life]. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 1993 Apr;50(4):241-7. (Spa). Forslund M, Bjerre I. Follow-up of preterm children. I. Neurological assessment at 4 years of age. Early Hum Dev 1989 Sep;20(1):45-66. Garite TJ, Freeman RK, Linzey EM, et al. Prospective randomized study of corticosteroids in the management of premature rupture of the membranes and the premature gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;141:508-15. Copper RL. Neonatal periventricular- intraventricular hemorrhage after maternal beta-sympathomimetic tocolysis. The March of Dimes Multicenter Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992 Oct;167(4 Pt 1):873-9. Hack M, Horbar JD, Malloy MH, Tyson JE, Wright E, Wright L. Very low birth weight outcomes of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Network. Pediatrics 1991 May;87(5):587-97. Comment in: Pediatrics 1992 Feb;89(2):357; discussion 357-8. Halsey CL, Collin MF, Anderson CL. Extremely low birth weight children and their peers: a comparison of preschool performance. Pediatrics 1993 Apr;91(4):807-11. Jarvenpaa AL, Vlrtanen M, Pohjavuori M. The outcome of extremely low birthweight infants. Ann Med 1991 Dec;23(6):699-704. Katz M, Meizner I, Holcberg G, Mazor M, Hagay ZJ, Insler V. Reduction or cessation of fetal movements after administration of steroids for enhancement of lung maturation. I. Clinical evaluation. Isr J Med Sci 1988 Jan;24(1):5-9. Kitchen WH, Doyle LW, Rickards AL, Ford G, Kelly E, Callanan C. Survivors of extreme prematurity--outcome at 8 years of age. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1991 Nov;31(4):337-9. Kitchen WH, Rickards AL, Doyle LW, Ford GW, Kelly EA, Callanan C. Improvement in outcome for very low birthweight children: apparent or real? Med J Aust 1992 Aug 3;157(3):154-8. Klein NK, Hack M, Breslau N. Children who were very low birth weight: development and academic achievement at nine years of age. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1989 Feb;10(1):32-7. Lee H, Barratt MS. Cognitive development of preterm low birth weight children at 5 to 8 years old. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1993 Aug;14(4):242-9. Leviton A, Kuban KC, Pagano M, Allred EN, Van Marter L. Antenatal corticosteroids appear to reduce the risk of postnatal germinal matrix hemorrhage in intubated low birth weight newborns. Pediatrics 1993 Jun;91(6):1083-8. Lipper EG, Ross GS, Auld PA, Glassman MB. Survival and outcome of infants weighing less than 800 grams at birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990 Jul;163(1 Pt 1):146-50. Comment in: Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991 Aug;165(2):482-3; Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991 Oct;165(4 Pt 1):1159-60. MacArthur B, Howie RN, DeZoete A, Elkins J, Liang AY. Long-term follow-up of children exposed to betamethasone in utero. In: Tejani N, editor. Obstetrical events and developmental sequelae. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 1990. p. 81-9. MacArthur BA, Howie RN, Dezoete JA, Elkins J. Cognitive and psychosocial development of 4-year-old children whose mothers were treated antenatally with betamethasone. Pediatrics 1981 Nov;68(5):638-43. MacArthur BA, Howie RN, Dezoete JA, Elkins J. School progress and cognitive development of 6-year-old children whose mothers were treated antenatally with betamethasone. Pediatrics 1982 Jul;70(1):99-105. Maher J, Goldenberg RL. Outcomes of very-low-birth-weight infants after maternal corticosteroid therapy before 28 weeks' gestation [letter]. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993 Nov;169(5):1363-4. Marlow N, Roberts L, Cooke R. Outcome at 8 years for children with birth weights of 1250 g or less. Arch Dis Child 1993 Mar;68(3 Spec No):286-90. McCormick MC. Has the prevalence of handicapped infants increased with improved survival of the very low birth weight infant? Clin Perinatol 1993 Mar;20(1):263-77. McCormick MC, Brooks-Gunn J, Workman-Daniels K, Turner J, Peckham GJ. The health and developmental status of very low-birth-weight children at school age. JAMA 1992 Apr 22-29; 267(16):2204-8. Meizner I, Katz M, Holcberg G, Insler V. Reduction or cessation of fetal movements after steroid administration for enhancement of lung maturation. II: Analysis of blood flow velocimetry. Isr J Med Sci 1989 Oct;25(10):556-9. Msall ME, Buck GM, Rogers BT, Merke D, Catanzaro NL, Zorn WA. Risk factors for major neurodevelopmental impairments and need for special education resources in extremely premature infants. J Pediatr 1991 Oct;119(4):606-14. Published erratum appears in J Pediatr 1992 May;120(5):838. Pryds O, Trojaborg W, Carlsen J, Jensen J. Determinants of visual evoked potentials in preterm infants. Early Hum Dev 1989;19(2):117-26. Ross G, Lipper EG, Auld PA. Educational status and school-related abilities of very low birth weight premature children. Pediatrics 1991 Dec;88(6):1125-34. Saigal S, Szatmari P, Rosenbaum P, Campbell D, King S. Cognitive abilities and school performance of extremely low birth weight children and matched term control children at age 8 years: a regional study. J Pediatr 1991 May;118(5):751-60. Schmand B, Neuvel J, Smolders-de Haas H, Hoeks J, Treffers PE, Koppe JG. Psychological development of children who were treated antenatally with corticosteroids to prevent respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics 1990 Jul;86(1):58-64. Veen S, Ens-Dokkum MH, Schreuder AM, Verloove-Vanhorick SP, Brand R, Ruys JH. Impairments, disabilities, and handicaps of very preterm and very-low-birthweight infants at five years of age. The Collaborative Project on Preterm and Small for Gestational Age Infants (POPS) in The Netherlands. Lancet 1991 Jul 6;338(8758):33-6. Comment in: Lancet 1991 Aug 24; 338(8765):511-2. White AD, Andrews ED, Weinberg JM, Wold DE, Long WA. The Exosurf Neonatal TIND Study Group. Factors associated with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in the exosurf neonatal treatment IND (TIND) [abstract]. Pediatr Res 1992;31:263A. Endocrine Effects Ametov AS, Chechkova OB, Samsygina GA, Chernukha VA, Kazakova LE. [Hypophyseal, thyroid and adrenal cortical hormone levels in the blood serum of newborn infants in the early neonatal period]. Pediatriia 1985 Sep;(9):20-2. (Rus). Arduini D, Rizzo G, Parlati E, Giorlandino C, Valensise H, Dell'Acqua S, Romanini C. Modifications of ultradian and circadian rhythms of fetal heart rate after fetal-maternal adrenal gland suppression: a double blind study. Prenat Diagn 1986 Nov-Dec;6(6):409-17. Bacigalupo G, Langner K, Schmidt S, Saling E. Plasma immunoreactive beta-endorphin, ACTH and cortisol concentrations in mothers and their neonates immediately after delivery--their relationship to the duration of labor. J Perinat Med 1987;15(1):45-52. Bagnoli F, Bruchi S, Garosi G, Caniggia I, Inaudi PA. [Phenomenon of neonatal adaptation: progesterone, ACTH and cortisol during the 1st 24 hours of life]. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1988 Apr;64(4):317-22. (Ita). Ballard PL, Ballard RA, Creasy RK, Padbury J, Polk DH, Bracken M, Moya FR, Gross I. Plasma thyroid hormones and prolactin in premature infants and their mothers after prenatal treatment with thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Pediatr Res 1992 Dec;32(6):673-8. Branchaud CL, Goodyer CG, Shore P, Lipowski LS, Lefebvre Y. Functional zonation of the midgestation human fetal adrenal cortex: fetal versus definitive zone use of progesterone for cortisol synthesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1985 Jan 15;151(2):271-7. Broide E, Bistritzer T, Livne M, Neuman M, Goldberg M, Aladjem M. The effect of prenatal administration of dexamethasone and ritodrine on cord blood cortisol and glucose concentrations in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome. J Perinat Med 1992;20(4):289-95. Chan EC, Smith R, Lewin T, Brinsmead MW, Zhang HP, Cubis J, Thornton K, Hurt D. Plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone, beta-endorphin and cortisol inter-relationships during human pregnancy. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1993 Apr;128(4):339-44. Charnvises S, Fencl MD, Osathanondh R, Zhu MG, Underwood R, Tulchinsky D. Adrenal steroids in maternal and cord blood after dexamethasone administration at midterm. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985 Dec;61(6):1220-2. Chernukha EA, Komissarova LM, Malysheva VA, Abubakirova AM, Galstian AA. [Cortisol contents in maternal and umbilical artery blood during delivery of low birth weight fetuses]. Akush Ginekol (Mosk) 1989 Jan;(1):26-30. (Rus). de Graeff-Meeder ER, Wit JM. [Glucocorticoids in pregnancy: effects on the fetus and newborn infant]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1986 Nov 29;130(48):2168-71. (Dut). Dorr HG, Sippell WG, Versmold HT, Bidlingmaier F, Knorr D. Plasma mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and progestins in premature infants: longitudinal study during the first week of life. Pediatr Res 1988 May;23(5):525-9. Endoh A. Trend analysis of serum progesterone, deoxycorticosterone, deoxycorticosterone sulfate, cortisol, corticosterone, 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone and estradiol in early neonates. Endocrinol Jpn 1989 Dec;36(6):851-8. Farquharson RG, Dyas J, Pierrepoint CG. Cortisol concentrations in the umbilical artery and vein of breech-presenting infants at term in relation to the method of delivery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985 Oct;92(10):1040-3. Ferrari S, Zaccháe G, Zanini F, Rosignoli R, Corgnati A, Rossi L, Gaioni L. [Controlled study on the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome with betamethasone in pregnancy and ACTH and cortisol levels in the premature newborn infant]. 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Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 8th ed. New York: Pergamon Press; 1990. p. 1431-59. Haning RV Jr, Curet LB, Poole WK, Boehnlein LM, Kuzma DL, Meier SM. Effects of fetal sex and dexamethasone on preterm maternal serum concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin, progesterone, estrone, estradiol, and estriol. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989 Dec;161(6 Pt 1):1549-53. Hanna CE, Keith LD, Colasurdo MA, Buffkin DC, Laird MR, Mandel SH, Cook DM, LaFranchi SH, Reynolds JW. Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal function in the extremely low birth weight infant. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993 Feb;76(2):384-7. Hercz P. Quantitative changes in steroid and peptide hormones in the maternal-fetoplacental system between the 28th-40th weeks of pregnancy. Acta Med Hung 1985;42(1-2):29-39. Hercz P, Siklos P, Ungar L. Serum cortisol level changes in the maternal-fetoplacental unit between the 28th-40th weeks of pregnancy. Acta Physiol Hung 1987;69(2):161-5. Hercz P, Siklos P, Ungar L. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone and cortisol concentration in the maternal-fetoplacental hormonal system in elective caesarean section and spontaneous vaginal delivery in the 28th to 36th and 40th weeks of pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1990;29(2):112-4. Homoki J, Limmer G, Teller WM. Influence of maternal antenatal treatment with betamethasone on the postnatal adrenal status in preterm infants. In: Gorog S, editor. Advances in steroid analysis '90. 4th Symposium of the Analysis on Steroids; 1990 Apr 24-26; Pecs, Hungary. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado: 1991. p. 333-8. Honour JH, Wickramaratne K, Valman HB. Adrenal function in preterm infants. Biol Neonate 1992;61(4):214-21. Ipsiroglu OS, Semmelrock J, Gmoser G, Stockler S, Rosegger H. [The value of umbilical cord blood cortisol]. Gynakol Rundsch 1990;30 Suppl 1:197-8. (Ger). Jaskiewicz J, Szafran Z, Szafran H, Sztefko K, Sucharski P. The relation between growth hormone, cortisol and insulin and plasma levels of free fatty acids and glucose in healthy mothers at delivery and their newborn children. Endokrynol Pol 1985;36(4):205-13. Jones SA, Brooks AN, Challis JR. Steroids modulate corticotropin-releasing hormone production in human fetal membranes and placenta. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989 Apr;68(4):825-30. Kairalla AB. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in premature neonates after extensive prenatal treatment with betamethasone: a case history. Am J Perinatol 1992 Sep-Nov;9(5-6):428-30. Kraiem Z, Sack J, Brish M. Serum cortisol levels: the first 10 days in full-term and preterm infants. Isr J Med Sci 1985 Feb;21(2):170-2. Kubota T, Tsuzuki H, Saito M. Determination of prolactin, growth hormone, beta-endorphin, and cortisol in both maternal plasma and amniotic fluid during human gestation. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1989 Aug;121(2):297-303. Kuznetsova LV. [Adrenal glucocorticoid function and its regulation in human prenatal ontogeny and in the 1st week of life]. Biull Eksp Biol Med 1987 Jul;104(7):11-3. (Rus). Lao TT, Panesar NS. The effect of labour on prolactin and cortisol concentrations in the mother and the fetus. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1989 Mar;30(3):233-8. Lauterbach R, Szafran H, Szafran Z. Blood glucose concentration and the levels of cortisol, growth hormone and insulin in women at labour and their healthy neonates born by vaginal delivery and cesarean section. Endokrynol Pol 1988;39(4):169-79. Lopez Bernal A, MacKenzie IZ. Corticosteroid levels in human fetal blood at midgestation and at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987 Jan;156(1):112-3. Lopez Bernal A, Turnbull AC. Cortisol metabolism in human placenta and decidua is resistant to anoxia. Horm Metab Res 1985 Mar;17(3):167. Mendelson CR, Snyder JM. Role of prolactin, cortisol, and insulin in the regulation of surfactant synthesis by the human fetal lung. Pediatr Pulmonol 1985 May-Jun;1(3 Suppl):S91-8. Murphy BE, Clark SJ, Donald IR, Pinsky M, Vedady D. Conversion of maternal cortisol to cortisone during placental transfer to the human fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1974 Feb 15;118(4):538-41. Nahoul K, Daffos F, Forestier F, Chartier M, Scholler R. Plasma corticosteroid patterns in the fetus. J Steroid Biochem 1988 Jun;29(6):635-40. Nahoul K, Daffos F, Forestier F, Dehennin L. Corticosteroid sulfates in fetus plasma. J Steroid Biochem 1989 Oct;33(4A):613-9. Nahoul K, Daffos F, Forestier F, Scholler R. Cortisol, cortisone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels in umbilical cord and maternal plasma between 21 and 30 weeks of pregnancy. J Steroid Biochem 1985 Oct;23(4):445-50. Neri A, Merlob P, Kaplan B, Ovadia Y, Kaufman H. Maternal and cord plasma cortisol and aldosterone levels at delivery, in various ethnic groups in Israel. Preliminary report. Isr J Med Sci 1986 Jul-Aug;22(7-8):576-8. 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Last updated: 31 December 1996