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Current Bibliographies in Medicine 2001-1


Diagnosis and Management of Dental Caries


Table of Contents


Series Note

PDF Version of This CBM

Sample Citation

Introduction

Bibliography:

Diagnosis

Indicators of Risk and Other Etiologic Factors

Prevention and Treatment of Dental Caries



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January 1980 through December 2000

1592 Citations

Prepared by
Martha Glock, M.L.S., National Library of Medicine
Alice M. Horowitz, Ph.D., National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
Maria T. Canto, D.D.S., National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

2001 February

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Public Health Service
National Institutes of Health

National Library of Medicine
Reference Section
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, Maryland 20894


Series Note

Each bibliography in the Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) series covers a distinct subject area of biomedicine and fulfills a current awareness function. Online databases and the Internet are the primary sources for citations in these bibliographies. Relevance to the subject is the only criterion for inclusion of works in a CBM; the format, ownership, or location of the material are not considered.

Other publications in the Current Bibliographies in Medicine series are available through the Library's World Wide Web site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/resources.html.

Comments and suggestions on this series may be addressed to:

Karen Patrias, Editor
Current Bibliographies in Medicine
Reference Section
National Library of Medicine
Bethesda, MD 20894
Phone: 301-496-6097
E-mail: custserv@nlm.nih.gov

PubMed®, LocatorPlus®, and the NLM Gateway

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PDF Version of This CBM

To view this bibliography in Portable Document Format (PDF), download it from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/dental_caries.pdf. Note that PDF documents require the use of the Adobe® Acrobat® Reader, which can be downloaded from Adobe's Web site at no charge.

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Sample Citation

Citations are formatted according to the rules established for Index Medicus®*. A sample journal citation appears below. For journal articles written in a foreign language, the English translation of the title displays in brackets and the three letter abbreviation for the language of publication appears at the end of the citation.

An availability statement follows many journal article citations. This statement contains an Internet hyperlink to the citation in the NLM PubMed retrieval system. The PubMed record includes an abstract for most articles and may also provide a link to the publisher's Internet site.

Journal Article:

Example:
al-Sehaibany F, White G, Rainey JT. The use of caries detector dye in diagnosis of occlusal carious lesions. J Clin Pediatr Dent 1996 Summer;20(4):293-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9151621

Order, with separating punctuation:
Authors. Article Title. Abbreviated Journal Title Date;Volume(Issue):Pages. Availability.

* For details of the formats used for references, see the following publication: Patrias, Karen. National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic citation. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1991 Apr. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB91-182030.

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Introduction


Diagnosis and Management of Dental Caries

Although significant progress has been made in reducing and controlling dental caries, the disease still remains a problem for many children and adults in the United States. Almost 20 percent of children between the ages of two and four years have had dental caries, and by age 17 nearly four of five youngsters have had at least one carious lesion (cavity) or restoration (filling). More than two-thirds of adults ages 35 to 44 years have lost at least one permanent tooth and about one of every two persons 75 years or older has had root caries affecting at least one tooth.

Dental caries is an infectious, communicable disease resulting in destruction of tooth structure by acid-forming bacteria found in dental plaque, an intraoral biofilm. The disease can result in irreversible loss of tooth minerals and eventually extraction of the tooth, if left unchecked. The availability of fluoride in the mouth, however, can inhibit demineralization, or mineral loss, in early carious lesions and promote remineralization of tooth structure - leading to rebuilt and stronger outer layers of the tooth (i.e., enamel on the crown of the tooth and cementum on the root). Water fluoridation, use of other fluoride therapies such as daily tooth brushing with fluoride-containing toothpaste, placement of dental sealants, and other appropriate oral health care currently are utilized in the prevention and control of dental caries.

During the past few decades changes have been observed not only in the prevalence of dental caries, but also in the distribution and pattern of the disease in the population. Most notably, the relative distribution of dental caries on different tooth surfaces has changed, and the rate of lesion progression through teeth has slowed. These changes have important implications for diagnosing and treating incipient lesions, predicting caries risk, and conducting effective disease prevention programs for individuals or populations. Scientific research continues to make progress in the identification of best practices for diagnosing, treating, and preventing dental caries. Traditional approaches for treating carious lesions in a surgical manner are being replaced by newer strategies that emphasize disease prevention and conservation of tooth structure.

This bibliography was prepared in support of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on Diagnosis and Management of Dental Caries Throughout Life, held in Bethesda, Maryland on March 26-28, 200l. The conference addressed these key questions:

What are the best methods for detecting early and advanced dental caries (validity and feasibility of traditional methods; validity and feasibility of emerging methods)? What are the best indicators for an increased risk of dental caries? What are the best methods available for the primary prevention of dental caries initiation throughout life? What are the best treatments available for reversing or arresting the progression of early dental caries? How should clinical decisions regarding prevention and/or treatment be affected by detection methods and risk assessment? What are promising new research directions for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of dental caries?

The bibliography consists primarily of citations to journal articles written in English and published between 1980 through 2000; some other types of publications such as conference papers have been included as well as some foreign language articles. Both animal and human studies are included, while letters to the editor have been excluded. Items were selected for the bibliography based on topics to be covered at the conference. The bibliography is organized thematically, such that topic areas follow in the order of the conference themes and presentations. Many items are listed under more than one category.

Users of this bibliography may also be interested in an additional Web site prepared for this conference by the University of Michigan Dentistry Library at http://www.lib.umich.edu/dentlib/nihcdc/.

This publication is not copyrighted and may be freely reproduced. However any reproductions of this bibliography, in whole or in part, should include all credits. If you wish to cite this bibliography, the correct format is:

Glock, Martha; Horowitz, Alice M.; Canto, Maria T., compilers. Diagnosis and management of dental caries [bibliography on the Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2001 Feb [insert cited year month day in brackets]. [insert no. of screens or lines in brackets]. (Current bibliographies in medicine; no. 2001-1). 1592 citations from January 1980 through December 2000. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/resources.html.

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Diagnosis

Clinical Diagnosis


Adair SM, Leverett DH, Shaffer CL. Interexaminer agreement for readings of dip slide tests for salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Caries Res 1994;28(2):123-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8156562

Adams AB, Jones DA. The agar-replica technique for dental caries diagnosis. Has its time arrived? Northwest Dent 1996 Jul-Aug;75(4):23-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9487876

Adults are as likely as adolescents to have cavities. Res Activities 1999 Apr;(225):13.

Al-Khateeb S, Angmar-Mansson B, ten Cate JM. Effect of olive oil on the stabilization of light-induced fluorescence measurements in vitro. Caries Res 2000;34(4):326.

al-Sehaibany F, White G, Rainey JT. The use of caries detector dye in diagnosis of occlusal carious lesions. J Clin Pediatr Dent 1996 Summer;20(4):293-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9151621

Alanen P, Hurskainen K, Isokangas P, Pietila I, Levanen J, Saarni UM, Tiekso J. Clinician's ability to identify caries risk subjects. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1994 Apr;22(2):86-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8205785

Alfano RR, Yao SS. Human teeth with and without dental caries studied by visible luminescent spectroscopy. J Dent Res 1981 Feb;60(2):120-2. Available from: PubMed; PMID 6936452

Allen EP, Bayne SC, Becker IM, Donovan TE, Hume WR, Kois JC. Annual review of selected dental literature: report of the Committee on Scientific Investigation of the American Academy of Restorative Dentistry. J Prosthet Dent 1999 Jul;82(1):27-66. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10384164

Altschuler GB, Belikov AV, Cernavin I. A comparison of three methods for the diagnosis of sound, stained, and carious dentine: Conventional, mechanico-acoustic, and laser-acoustic methods. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1999;17(3):115-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11199830

Amarante E, Raadal M, Espelid I. Impact of diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of dental caries in Norwegian children aged 5, 12 and 18 years. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1998 Apr;26(2):87-94. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9645401

Ambudkar IS, Lockwich T, Hiramatsu Y, Baum BJ. Calcium entry in rat parotid acinar cells. Mol Cell Biochem 1992 Sep 8;114(1-2):73-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1461260

American Dental Association. Dental practice parameters: Parameters for 12 oral health conditions. J Am Dent Assoc 1995;126(5 Suppl):1-37.

Amsterdam JT . Dental emergencies: pain and trauma. Emerg Med 1993 Nov;25(15):26-8, 30-2, 37-8 passim.

Analoui M, Ando M, Stookey GK . Use of reflectance spectrum as an indicator of enamel demineralization. Caries Res 2000;34(4):328-9.

Anderson MH, Charbeneau GT. A comparison of digital and optical criteria for detecting carious dentin. J Prosthet Dent 1985 May;53(5):643-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2582117

Anderson P, Davis GR, Ahluwalia MH. Monitoring de- and remineralisation of enamel in vitro using an infrared reflectance meter. Caries Res 1996;30(6):394-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8946106

Ando M, de Jong E de Josselin, Fontana M, Stookey GK, Zero DT. Evaluation of the effect of dehydration on demineralized enamel with quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF). Caries Res 2000;34(4):326.

Angmar-Mansson B, ten Bosch JJ. Advances in methods for diagnosing coronal caries--a review. Adv Dent Res 1993 Aug;7(2):70-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8260014

Ansai T, Yamashita Y, Shibata Y, Katoh Y, Sakao S, Takamatsu N, Miyazaki H, Takehara T. Relationship between dental caries experience of a group of Japanese kindergarten children and the results of two caries activity tests conducted on their saliva and dental plaque. Int J Paediatr Dent 1994 Mar;4(1):13-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7748842

Ansari G, Beeley JA, Reid JS, Foye RH. Caries detector dyes--an in vitro assessment of some new compounds. J Oral Rehabil 1999 Jun;26(6):453-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10397176

Anusavice KJ. Management of dental caries as a chronic infectious disease. J Dent Educ 1998 Oct;62(10):791-802. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9847883

Anusavice KJ. Treatment regimens in preventive and restorative dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc 1995 Jun;126(6):727-43. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7797729

Arai K, Kato K, Nakagaki H, Robinson C. Plaque fluoride released from the glassionomer cement and remineralization of neighbouring enamel in vivo. Caries Res 2000;34(4):340.

Arends J, Schuthof J. Microhardness and lesion depth studies of artificial caries lesions: a comparison of gelatin and HEC based systems. J Biol Buccale 1980 Jun;8(2):175-81. Available from: PubMed; PMID 6930379

Arnbjerg D, Poulsen S, Heidmann J. Evaluation of a photographic method for diagnosis of gingivitis and caries. Scand J Dent Res 1992 Aug;100(4):207-10. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1439524

Aronov A. The intraoral camera: an indispensable diagnostic tool, Part 1. Dent Today 1999 Feb;18(2):94-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10765817

Ashley PF, Ellwood RP, Worthington HV, Davies RM. Predicting occlusal caries using the Electronic Caries Monitor. Caries Res 2000 Mar-Apr;34(2):201-3. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10773640

Assessing research data. CDA J 1988 May;16(5):34-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3180233

Bader JD, Graves RC, Disney JA, Bohannan HM, Stamm JW, Abernathy JR, Lindahl RL. Identifying children who will experience high caries increments. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1986 Aug;14(4):198-201. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3461904

Bader JD, Shugars DA. A case for diagnoses. J Am Coll Dent 1997 Fall;64(3):44-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9420387

Bader JD, Shugars DA. Need for change in standards of caries diagnosis--epidemiology and health services research perspective. J Dent Educ 1993 Jun;57(6):415-21. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8315097

Bader JD, Shugars DA. What do we know about how dentists make caries-related treatment decisions? Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997 Feb;25(1):97-103. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9088698

Bader JD, Shugars DA, McClure FE. Comparison of restorative treatment recommendations based on patients and patient simulations. Oper Dent 1994 Jan-Feb;19(1):20-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8183729

Bao MU, Vernois V, Deschamps N, Revel G. Study of physiopathological phenomena in dental enamel by neutron activation analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 1990 Jul-Dec;26-27:169-76. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1704716

Baum BJ, Burstone CJ, Dubner R, Goldhaber P, Levine MJ, Loesche WJ, Terranova V. Advances in diagnosis and detection of oral diseases. Adv Dent Res 1989 May;3(1):7-13. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2604847

Beiswanger BB, Mallatt ME. Considerations in diagnosing caries. J Indiana Dent Assoc 1987 Sep-Oct;66(5):9-12. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3479545

Benedetto MD, Antonson DE. Use of CO2 laser for visible detection of enamel fissure caries. Quintessence Int 1988 Mar;19(3):187-90. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3152014

Benn DK, Dankel DD 2nd, Clark D, Lesser RB, Bridgwater AB. Standardizing data collection and decision making with an expert system. J Dent Educ 1997 Nov;61(11):885-94. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9420565

Benson PE, Pender N, Higham SM. Enamel demineralisation assessed by computerised image analysis of clinical photographs. J Dent 2000 Jul;28(5):319-26. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10785297

Bjelkhagen H, Sundstrom F, Angmar-Mansson B, Ryden H. Early detection of enamel caries by the luminescence excited by visible laser light. Swed Dent J 1982;6(1):1-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 6951310

Bjorndal L, Darvann T, Lussi A. A computerized analysis of the relation between the occlusal enamel caries lesion and the demineralized dentin. Eur J Oral Sci 1999 Jun;107(3):176-82. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10424381

Boonyasai NJ. Considering a new paradigm in caries diagnosis. Towards a more conservative approach to treatment. N Y State Dent J 1999 Nov;65(9):30-3. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10826024

Boston DW, Cotmore JM, Sperrazza L. Caries diagnosis with dye-staining at amalgam restoration margins. Am J Dent 1995 Dec;8(6):280-2. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8695001

Boston DW, Graver HT. Histobacteriological analysis of acid red dye-stainable dentin found beneath intact amalgam restorations. Oper Dent 1994 Mar-Apr;19(2):65-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8008613

Bowden GH. Does assessment of microbial composition of plaque/saliva allow for diagnosis of disease activity of individuals? Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997 Feb;25(1):76-81. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9088695

Bowden GH. Mutans streptococci caries and chlorhexidine. J Can Dent Assoc 1996 Sep;62(9):700, 703-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8908872

Boyd LD, Palmer C, Dwyer JT. Managing oral health related nutrition issues of high risk infants and children. J Clin Pediatr Dent 1998 Fall;23(1):31-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10023231

Brantley CF, Bader JD, Shugars DA, Nesbit SP. Does the cycle of rerestoration lead to larger restorations? J Am Dent Assoc 1995 Oct;126(10):1407-13. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7594013

Bretz WA, Flaitz C, Moretti A, Corby P, Schneider LG, Nichols CM. Medication usage and dental caries outcome-related variables in HIV/AIDS patients. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2000;14(10):549-54.

Brown JP. Indicators for caries management from the patient history. J Dent Educ 1997 Nov;61(11):855-60. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9420561

Bryant CL. The role of air abrasion in preventing and treating early pit and fissure caries. J Can Dent Assoc 1999 Nov;65(10):566-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10612934

Burbach G. Videographic diagnosis of pit and fissure caries. Dent Today 1995 Jun;14(6):60-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9540478

Burgess RC. Assessment of caries risk factors and preventive practices. J Dent Educ 1995 Oct;59(10):962-71. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7490378

Burke FJ, Wilson NH. When is caries caries, and what should we do about it? Quintessence Int 1998 Oct;29(10):668-72. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9922766

Burt BA. How useful are cross-sectional data from surveys of dental caries? Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997 Feb;25(1):36-41. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9088690

Caliskan Yanikoglu F, Ozturk F, Hayran O, Analoui M, Stookey GK. Detection of natural white spot caries lesions by an ultrasonic system. Caries Res 2000 May-Jun;34(3):225-32. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10867421

Caries diagnosis and risk assessment. A review of preventive strategies and management. J Am Dent Assoc 1995 Jun;126 Suppl:1S-24S. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7790681

Caufield PW, Griffen AL. Dental caries. An infectious and transmissible disease. Pediatr Clin North Am 2000 Oct;47(5):1001-19, v. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11059347

Chestnutt IG, Schafer F, Jacobson AP, Stephen KW. Incremental susceptibility of individual tooth surfaces to dental caries in Scottish adolescents. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1996 Feb;24(1):11-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8833507

Cortes D F, Ellwood R P. Visual inspection, FOTI, combined FOTI/visual examination, DIAGNOdent and ECM for occlusal caries detection. Caries Res 2000;34(4):327.

de Josselin de Jong E, Sundstrom F, Westerling H, Tranaeus S, ten Bosch JJ, Angmar-Mansson B. A new method for in vivo quantification of changes in initial enamel caries with laser fluorescence. Caries Res 1995;29(1):2-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7867045

Deery C, Care R, Chesters R, Huntington E, Stelmachonoka S, Gudkina Y. Prevalence of dental caries in Latvian 11- to 15-year-Old children and the enhanced diagnostic yield of temporary tooth separation, FOTI and electronic caries measurement. Caries Res 2000 Jan-Feb;34(1):2-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10601778

Deery C, Ferrier S, Longbottom C, Nugent ZJ, Pitts NB. Effect of diagnostic criteria and validation system on the interpretation of caries diagnostic results. Caries Res 2000;34(4):322-3.

Deery C, Fyffe HE, Nugent Z, Nuttall NM, Pitts NB. The effect of placing a clear pit and fissure sealant on the validity and reproducibility of occlusal caries diagnosis. Caries Res 1995;29(5):377-81. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8521440

Dental practice parameters. Parameters for 12 oral health conditions. Adopted by the American Dental Association House of Delegates. October 1994. J Am Dent Assoc 1995 May;Suppl:1-37. Comment in: J Am Dent Assoc 1995 Jul;126(7):823-4. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7503848

Dickerson WG. Decay under amalgams and underdiagnosing. Oral Health 1999 Mar;89(3):55. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10323145

Dodds MW. Dental caries diagnosis -- toward the 21st century. Nat Med 1996 Mar;2(3):283. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8612224

Drury TF, Horowitz AM, Ismail AI, Maertens MP, Rozier RG, Selwitz RH. Diagnosing and reporting early childhood caries for research purposes. A report of a workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, the Health Resources and Services Administration, and the Health Care Financing Administration. J Public Health Dent 1999 Summer;59(3):192-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10649591

Espeland MA, Murphy WC, Leverett DH. Assessing diagnostic reliability and estimating incidence rates associated with a strictly progressive disease: dental caries. Stat Med 1988 Mar;7(3):403-16. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3358020

Evans DJ, Matthews S, Pitts NB, Longbottom C, Nugent ZJ. A clinical evaluation of an Erbium:YAG laser for dental cavity preparation. Br Dent J 2000 Jun 24;188(12):677-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11022383

Fennis-Ie YL, Verdonschot EH, van't Hof MA. Performance of some diagnostic systems in the prediction of occlusal caries in permanent molars in 6- and 11-year-old children. J Dent 1998 Jul-Aug;26(5-6):403-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9699429

Fusayama T. Clinical guide for removing caries using a caries-detecting solution. Quintessence Int 1988 Jun;19(6):397-401. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3269590

Fyffe HE, Deery C, Nugent ZJ, Nuttall NM, Pitts NB. Effect of diagnostic threshold on the validity and reliability of epidemiological caries diagnosis using the Dundee Selectable Threshold Method for caries diagnosis (DSTM). Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2000 Feb;28(1):42-51. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10634683

Geiger SB, Gulayev S, Weiss EI. Improving fissure sealant quality: mechanical preparation and filling level. J Dent 2000 Aug;28(6):407-12. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10856805

Gonzalez-Cabezas C, Dunn E, Hervas JM, Fontana Y, Stookey GK. Measurement of early dentin lesions using QLF. Caries Res 2000;34(4):328.

Haak R, Hellmich M, Wicht M. Design parameters of multi-reader ROC studies comparing multiple modalities for caries detection. Caries Res 2000;34(4):323.

Hatibovic-Kofman S, Wright GZ, Braverman I. Microleakage of sealants after conventional, bur, and air-abrasion preparation of pits and fissures. Pediatr Dent 1998 May-Jun;20(3):173-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9635312

Hausen H, Karkkainen S, Seppa L. Application of the high-risk strategy to control dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2000 Feb;28(1):26-34. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10634681

Hawkins RJ. Functional status and untreated dental caries among nursing home residents aged 65 and over. Spec Care Dentist 1999 Jul-Aug;19(4):158-63. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10765881

Hirano Y, Aoba T. Computer-assisted reconstruction of enamel fissures and carious lesions of human premolars. J Dent Res 1995 May;74(5):1200-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7790598

Holmen L, Thylstrup A, Artun J. Clinical and histological features observed during arrestment of active enamel carious lesions in vivo. Caries Res 1987;21(6):546-54. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3479261

Holmen L, Thylstrup A, Ogaard B, Kragh F. A polarized light microscopic study of progressive stages of enamel caries in vivo. Caries Res 1985;19(4):348-54. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3861257

Holmen L, Thylstrup A, Ogaard B, Kragh F. A scanning electron microscopic study of progressive stages of enamel caries in vivo. Caries Res 1985;19(4):355-67. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3861258

Howat AP. A comparison of the sensitivity of caries diagnostic criteria. Caries Res 1981;15(4):331-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 6940668

Hujoel PP, Makinen KK, Bennett CB, Isokangas PJ, Isotupa KP, Pape HR Jr, Lamont RJ, DeRouen TA, Davis S. Do caries explorers transmit infections with persons? An evaluation of second molar caries onsets. Caries Res 1995;29(6):461-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8556749

Huysmans MC, Longbottom C, Pitts NB, Los P, Bruce PG. Impedance spectroscopy of teeth with and without approximal caries lesions--an in vitro study. J Dent Res 1996 Nov;75(11):1871-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9003234

Ie YL, Verdonschot EH, Schaeken MJ, van't Hof MA. Electrical conductance of fissure enamel in recently erupted molar teeth as related to caries status. Caries Res 1995;29(2):94-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7728835

Ismail AI. Clinical diagnosis of precavitated carious lesions. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997 Feb;25(1):13-23. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9088688

Ismail AI, Brodeur JM, Gagnon P, Payette M, Picard D, Hamalian T, Olivier M, Eastwood BJ. Prevalence of non-cavitated and cavitated carious lesions in a random sample of 7-9-year-old schoolchildren in Montreal, Quebec. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1992 Oct;20(5):250-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1424542

Ismail AI, Sohn W. A systematic review of clinical diagnostic criteria of early childhood caries. J Public Health Dent 1999 Summer;59(3):171-91. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10649590

Kay EJ, Watts A, Paterson RC, Blinkhorn AS. Preliminary investigation into the validity of dentists' decisions to restore occlusal surfaces of permanent teeth. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1988 Apr;16(2):91-4. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3162863

Kidd EA, Joyston-Bechal S, Beighton D. The use of a caries detector dye during cavity preparation: a microbiological assessment. Br Dent J 1993 Apr 10;174(7):245-8. Comment in: Br Dent J 1993 Nov 6;175(9):312-3. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8461203

Kimmel L, Tinanoff N. A modified mitis salivarius medium for a caries diagnostic test. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1991 Oct;6(5):275-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1820563

Kingman A, Selwitz RH. Proposed methods for improving the efficiency of the DMFS index in assessing initiation and progression of dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997 Feb;25(1):60-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9088693

Konig KG. Implications of changes in caries prevalence on research. Int Dent J 1994 Aug;44(4 Suppl 1):451-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7814114

Kutsch VK. Microdentistry: a new standard of care. J Mass Dent Soc 1999 Winter;47(4):35-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10808345

Lambert DL. Detecting and restoring the "hidden" carious lesion. Dent Today 1999 Oct;18(10):52-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10803141

Langeland K. Tissue response to dental caries. Endod Dent Traumatol 1987 Aug;3(4):149-71. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3326722

Lu KH, Van Winkle L. A critical evaluation of some problems associated with clinical caries trials by computer simulation. J Dent Res 1984 May;63 Spec No:796-807. Available from: PubMed; PMID 6586784

Lussi A, Francescut P, Achermann F, Reich E, Hotz P, Megert B. The use of the DIAGNOdent during cavity preparation. Caries Res 2000;34(4):327-8.

Madigan A. Tooth pain in preschool children. Emerg Off Pediatr 1999;12(4):135-6.

Mascarenhas AK. Determinants of caries prevalence and severity in higher SES Indian children. Community Dent Health 1999 Jun;16(2):107-13. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10641066

Maupome G, Hernandez-Guerrero JC, Garcia-Luna M, Trejo-Alvarado A, Hernandez-Perez M, Diez-de-Bonilla J. In vivo diagnostic assessment of dentinal caries utilizing acid red and povidone-iodine dyes. Oper Dent 1995 May-Jun;20(3):119-22. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7479189

Mauriello SM, Bader JD, Disney JA, Graves RC. Examiner agreement between hygienists and dentists for caries prevalence examinations. J Public Health Dent 1990 Winter;50(1):32-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2296001

Microbiologic diagnosis in dental caries and periodontal disease. Proceedings of a conference sponsored by the National Institute of Dental Research. Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A. June 2-3, 1986. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1986 Nov;1(1):1-91. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3473413

Munshi AK, Hegde AM, Munshi A. Relationship between the existing caries status, plaque S. mutans and Cariostat caries activity test in children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 1999 Sep;17(3):73-89. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10863496

Niemz MH. Cavity preparation with the Nd:YLF picosecond laser. J Dent Res 1995 May;74(5):1194-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7790597

Nyvad B, Fejerskov O. Assessing the stage of caries lesion activity on the basis of clinical and microbiological examination. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997 Feb;25(1):69-75. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9088694

Nyvad B, Machiulskiene V, Baelum V. Reliability of a new caries diagnostic system differentiating between active and inactive caries lesions. Caries Res 1999 Jul-Aug;33(4):252-60. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10343087

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Radiographic Diagnosis


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Diagnosis of Root Caries


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Diagnosis of Secondary Caries


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Indicators of Risk and Other Etiologic Factors

Socioeconomic and Behavioral Determinants


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Beck JD, Kohout FJ, Hunt RJ, Heckert DA. Root caries: physical, medical and psychosocial correlates in an elderly population. Gerodontics 1987 Dec;3(6):242-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3481708

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Nutrition and Diet


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Low Birth Weight


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Cariogenic Infection


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Inherited Risks


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Metals


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Sheikh C, Erickson PR. Evaluation of plaque pH changes following oral rinse with eight infant formulas. Pediatr Dent 1996 May-Jun;18(3):200-4. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8784909

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Saliva


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Aaltonen AS, Tenovuo J. Association between mother-infant salivary contacts and caries resistance in children: a cohort study. Pediatr Dent 1994 Mar-Apr;16(2):110-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8015951

Adair SM, Hanes CM, Russell CM, Whitford GM. Dental caries and fluorosis among children in a rural Georgia area. Pediatr Dent 1999 Mar-Apr;21(2):81-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10197330

Adair SM, Leverett DH, Shaffer CL. Interexaminer agreement for readings of dip slide tests for salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Caries Res 1994;28(2):123-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8156562

Adams AB. Caries risk assessment. Chronicle 1995 Jan-Feb;58(1):10-3. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9528482

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Alaluusua S, Malmivirta R. Early plaque accumulation--a sign for caries risk in young children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1994 Oct;22(5 Pt 1):273-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7813174

Alaluusua S, Nystrom M, Gronroos L, Peck L. Caries-related microbiological findings in a group of teenagers and their parents. Caries Res 1989;23(1):49-54. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2920384

Alaluusua S, Renkonen OV. Streptococcus mutans establishment and dental caries experience in children from 2 to 4 years old. Scand J Dent Res 1983 Dec;91(6):453-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 6581521

Alam S, Brailsford SR, Adams S, Allison C, Sheehy E, Zoitopoulos L, Kidd EA, Beighton D. Genotypic heterogeneity of streptococcus oralis and distinct aciduric subpopulations in human dental plaque. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000 Aug;66(8):3330-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10919787

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Arnrup K, Crossner CG. Caries prevalence after submandibular duct retroposition in drooling children with neurological disorders. Pediatr Dent 1990 Apr-May;12(2):98-101. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2151958

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Baum BJ, Dai Y, Hiramatsu Y, Horn VJ, Ambudkar IS. Signaling mechanisms that regulate saliva formation. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1993;4(3-4):379-84. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8104047

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Bretz WA, Flaitz C, Moretti A, Corby P, Schneider LG, Nichols CM. Medication usage and dental caries outcome-related variables in HIV/AIDS patients. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2000;14(10):549-54.

Childers NK, Tong G, Mitchell S, Kirk K, Russell MW, Michalek SM. A controlled clinical study of the effect of nasal immunization with a Streptococcus mutans antigen alone or incorporated into liposomes on induction of immune responses. Infect Immun 1999;67(2):618-23. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9916067

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Eriksen HM, Marques MD, Bjertness E, Moe B. Dental caries determinants in an adult Portuguese population and a comparison with Norwegian adults. Acta Odontol Scand 1996 Feb;54(1):49-54. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8669241

Everhart DL, Bamgboye PO, Schwartz MS. Salivary anti-Streptococcus mutans changes over a six-month period in children ages two-five years. J Dent Res 1982 Feb;61(2):386-90. Available from: PubMed; PMID 6948855

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Prevention and Treatment of Dental Caries

Fluoride


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Sealants


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Plaque Prevention and Removal


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Antimicrobial Agents


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Twetman S, Petersson LG. Interdental caries incidence and progression in relation to mutans streptococci suppression after chlorhexidine-thymol varnish treatments in schoolchildren. Acta Odontol Scand 1999 Jun;57(3):144-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10480280

Udin RD. Newer approaches to preventing dental caries in children. J Calif Dent Assoc 1999 Nov;27(11):843-51. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10726553

Ullsfoss BN, Ogaard B, Arends J, Ruben J, Rolla G, Afseth J. Effect of a combined chlorhexidine and NaF mouthrinse: an in vivo human caries model study. Scand J Dent Res 1994 Apr;102(2):109-12. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8016555

van Loveren C, Buijs JF, ten Cate JM. Protection of dentin by triclosan toothpaste in a bacterial demineralisation model. Eur J Oral Sci 1999 Apr;107(2):114-20. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10232460

van Rijkom HM, Truin GJ, van 't Hof MA. A meta-analysis of clinical studies on the caries-inhibiting effect of chlorhexidine treatment. J Dent Res 1996 Feb;75(2):790-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8655776

van Strijp AJ, van Steenbergen TJ, ten Cate JM. Effects of chlorhexidine on the bacterial colonization and degradation of dentin and completely demineralized dentin in situ. Eur J Oral Sci 1997 Feb;105(1):27-35. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9085026

Wennerholm K, Arends J, Birkhed D, Ruben J, Emilson CG, Dijkman AG. Effect of xylitol and sorbitol in chewing-gums on mutans streptococci, plaque pH and mineral loss of enamel. Caries Res 1994;28(1):48-54. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8124697

Widenheim J, Birkhed D, Granath L, Lindgren G. Preeruptive effect of NaF tablets on caries in children from 12 to 17 years of age. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1986 Feb;14(1):1-4. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3456867

Widenheim J, Lindgren G, Granath L, Birkhed D. Model for the study of the preeruptive effect of NaF tablets on caries in permanent teeth. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1985 Apr;13(2):86-92. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3857154

Wright JT, Cutter GR, Dasanayake AP, Stiles HM, Caufield PW. Effect of conventional dental restorative treatment on bacteria in saliva. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1992 Jun;20(3):138-43. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1623705

Xylitol: An effective aid to oral hygiene. J Ir Dent Assoc 1994;40(2):53. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8975043

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Salivary Enhancers


Achong RA, Briskie DM, Hildebrandt GH, Feigal RJ, Loesche WJ. Effect of chlorhexidine varnish mouthguards on the levels of selected oral microorganisms in pediatric patients. Pediatr Dent 1999 May-Jun;21(3):169-75. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10355007

Aguirre-Zero O, Zero DT, Proskin HM. Effect of chewing xylitol chewing gum on salivary flow rate and the acidogenic potential of dental plaque. Caries Res 1993;27(1):55-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8448775

Azcurra AI, Calamari SE, Yankilevich ER, Battellino LJ, Cattoni ST, Colantonio G. [Effects of local treatment with sodium fluoride mouthrinse on peroxidase and hypothiocyanite saliva levels in adolescent]. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Ther Latinoam 1997;47(4):211-20. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9504181 (Spa).

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Chow LC, Takagi S, Shern RJ, Chow TH, Takagi KK, Sieck BA. Effects on whole saliva of chewing gums containing calcium phosphates. J Dent Res 1994 Jan;73(1):26-32. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8294615

Edgar WM, Higham SM. Role of saliva in caries models. Adv Dent Res 1995 Nov;9(3):235-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8615945

Herod EL. The effect of cheese on dental caries: a review of the literature. Aust Dent J 1991 Apr;36(2):120-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1877906

Leach SA, Lee GT, Edgar WM. Remineralization of artificial caries-like lesions in human enamel in situ by chewing sorbitol gum. J Dent Res 1989 Jun;68(6):1064-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2808864

Levine MJ. Salivary macromolecules. A structure/function synopsis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993 Sep 20;694:11-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8215048

Makinen KK, Chen CY, Makinen PL, Bennett CA, Isokangas PJ, Isotupa KP, Pape HR Jr. Properties of whole saliva and dental plaque in relation to 40-month consumption of chewing gums containing xylitol, sorbitol of sucrose. Caries Res 1996;30(3):180-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8860027

Makinen KK, Makinen PL, Pape HR Jr, Peldyak J, Hujoel P, Isotupa KP, Soderling E, Isokangas PJ, Allen P, Bennett C. Conclusion and review of the Michigan Xylitol Programme (1986-1995) for the prevention of dental caries. Int Dent J 1996 Feb;46(1):22-34. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8744914

Makinen KK, Pemberton D, Makinen PL, Chen CY, Cole J, Hujoel PP, Lopatin D, Lambert P. Polyol-combinant saliva stimulants and oral health in Veterans Affairs patients--an exploratory study. Spec Care Dentist 1996 May-Jun;16(3):104-15. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9084323

Manning RH, Edgar WM, Agalamanyi EA. Effects of chewing gums sweetened with sorbitol or a sorbitol/xylitol mixture on the remineralisation of human enamel lesions in situ. Caries Res 1992;26(2):104-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1521303

Morisaki I, Michalek SM, Harmon CC, Torii M, Hamada S, McGhee JR. Effective immunity to dental caries: enhancement of salivary anti-Streptococcus mutans antibody responses with oral adjuvants. Infect Immun 1983 May;40(2):577-91. Available from: PubMed; PMID 6840853

Rotgans J. [Significance of the saliva in the prevention of caries]. Niedersachs Zahnarztebl 1985 Mar;20(3):140-5 contd. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3863091 (Ger).

Tenovuo J. Antimicrobial function of human saliva--how important is it for oral health? Acta Odontol Scand 1998 Oct;56(5):250-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9860091

Tenovuo J, Hurme T, Ahola A, Svedberg C, Ostela I, Lenander-Lumikari M, Neva M. Release of cariostatic agents from a new buffering fluoride- and xylitol-containing lozenge to human whole saliva in vivo. J Oral Rehabil 1997 May;24(5):325-31. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9183024

Tenovuo J, Lumikari M, Soukka T. Salivary lysozyme, lactoferrin and peroxidases: antibacterial effects on cariogenic bacteria and clinical applications in preventive dentistry. Proc Finn Dent Soc 1991;87(2):197-208. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1896432

Vogel GL, Mao Y, Carey CM, Chow LC. Increased overnight fluoride concentrations in saliva, plaque, and plaque fluid after a novel two-solution rinse. J Dent Res 1997 Mar;76(3):761-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9109825

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Non-Cariogenic Sweeteners


Aguirre-Zero O, Zero DT, Proskin HM. Effect of chewing xylitol chewing gum on salivary flow rate and the acidogenic potential of dental plaque. Caries Res 1993;27(1):55-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8448775

Alanen P, Isokangas P, Gutmann K. Xylitol candies in caries prevention: results of a field study in Estonian children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2000 Jun;28(3):218-24. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10830649

Amaechi BT, Higham SM, Edgar WM. Caries inhibiting and remineralizing effect of xylitol in vitro. J Oral Sci 1999 Jun;41(2):71-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10453130

Anderson MH, Molvar MP, Powell LV. Treating dental caries as an infectious disease. Oper Dent 1991 Jan-Feb;16(1):21-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1784536

Anusavice KJ. Chlorhexidine, fluoride varnish, and xylitol chewing gum: underutilized preventive therapies? Gen Dent 1998 Jan-Feb;46(1):34-8, 40. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9667160

Anusavice KJ . Dental materials. Chlorhexidine, fluoride varnish, and xylitol chewing gum: underutilized preventive therapies? Gen Dent 1998 Jan-Feb;46(1):34-6, 38, 40. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9667160

Ashpole BR. Caries prevention with xylitol. J Can Dent Assoc 1989 Sep;55(9):713-4. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2676114

Banoczy J, Hadas E, Esztary I, Marosi I, Nemes J. Three-year results with sorbitol in clinical longitudinal experiments. J Int Assoc Dent Child 1981 Dec;12(2):59-63. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7042853

Bar A. Caries prevention with xylitol. A review of the scientific evidence. World Rev Nutr Diet 1988;55:183-209. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3287773

Beiswanger BB, Boneta AE, Mau MS, Katz BP, Proskin HM, Stookey GK. The effect of chewing sugar-free gum after meals on clinical caries incidence. J Am Dent Assoc 1998 Nov;129(11):1623-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9818584

Birkhed D. Cariologic aspects of xylitol and its use in chewing gum: a review. Acta Odontol Scand 1994 Apr;52(2):116-27. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8048322

Birkhed D. Sugar substitutes--one consequence of the Vipeholm Study? Scand J Dent Res 1989 Apr;97(2):126-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2704975

Birkhed D, Bar A. Sorbitol and dental caries. World Rev Nutr Diet 1991;65:1-37. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2048325

Borges Yanez SA. [Sugar substitutes in the prevention of dental caries: review of the literature]. Pract Odontol 1991 Aug;12(8):59-60, 62, 64-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1796084 (Spa).

Bowen WH. Clinical relevance of adaptation to sorbitol by plaque bacteria: a review. J Clin Dent 1996;7(1):1-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9238876

Bowen WH. Food components and caries. Adv Dent Res 1994 Jul;8(2):215-20. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7865078

Caries prevention with xylitol: a symposium at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Northwest Dent 1988 Nov-Dec;67(6):17-23. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3271992

Chewing gum and the dental health balance. FDI World 1993 Sep-Oct;2(5):13-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9552809

Duggal MS, Tahmassebi JF, Pollard MA. Effect of addition of 0.103 percent citrate to a blackcurrant drink on plaque pH in vivo. Caries Res 1995;29(1):75-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7867055

Durward C, Thou T. Dental caries and sugar-containing liquid medicines for children in New Zealand. N Z Dent J 1997 Dec;93(414):124-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9470445

Edgar WM. Sugar substitutes, chewing gum and dental caries--a review. Br Dent J 1998 Jan 10;184(1):29-32. Comment in: Br Dent J 1998 Jan 10;184(1):26. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9479811

Gaffar A, Blake-Haskins JC, Sullivan R, Simone A, Schmidt R, Saunders F. Cariostatic effects of a xylitol/NaF dentifrice in vivo. Int Dent J 1998 Feb;48(1):32-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9779081

Gales MA, Nguyen TM. Sorbitol compared with xylitol in prevention of dental caries. Ann Pharmacother 2000 Jan;34(1):98-100. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10669192

Hildebrandt GH, Sparks BS. Maintaining mutans streptococci suppression with xylitol chewing gum. J Am Dent Assoc 2000 Jul;131(7):909-16. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10916329

Honkala S, Honkala E, Tynjala J, Kannas L. Use of xylitol chewing gum among Finnish schoolchildren. Acta Odontol Scand 1999 Dec;57(6):306-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10777132

Hujoel PP, Makinen KK, Bennett CA, Isotupa KP, Isokangas PJ, Allen P, Makinen PL. The optimum time to initiate habitual xylitol gum-chewing for obtaining long-term caries prevention. J Dent Res 1999 Mar;78(3):797-803. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10096456

Isogangas P, Makinen KK, Tiekso J, Alanen P. Long-term effect of xylitol chewing gum in the prevention of dental caries: a follow-up 5 years after termination of a prevention program. Caries Res 1993;27(6):495-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8281565

Kandelman D. Sugar, alternative sweeteners and meal frequency in relation to caries prevention: new perspectives. Br J Nutr 1997 Apr;77 Suppl 1:S121-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9155499

Kandelman D, Gagnon G. A 24-month clinical study of the incidence and progression of dental caries in relation to consumption of chewing gum containing xylitol in school preventive programs. J Dent Res 1990 Nov;69(11):1771-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2229617

Kandelman D, Gagnon G. Clinical results after 12 months from a study of the incidence and progression of dental caries in relation to consumption of chewing-gum containing xylitol in school preventive programs. J Dent Res 1987 Aug;66(8):1407-11. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3476611

Makinen KK. Can the pentitol-hexitol theory explain the clinical observations made with xylitol? Med Hypotheses 2000;54(4):603-13. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10859647

Makinen KK. The rocky road of xylitol to its clinical application. J Dent Res 2000 Jun;79(6):1352-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10890712

Makinen KK, Bennett CA, Hujoel PP, Isokangas PJ, Isotupa KP, Pape HR Jr, Makinen KK. Xylitol chewing gums and caries rates: a 40-month cohort study. J Dent Res 1995 Dec;74(12):1904-13. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8600188

Makinen KK, Chen CY, Makinen PL, Bennett CA, Isokangas PJ, Isotupa KP, Pape HR Jr. Properties of whole saliva and dental plaque in relation to 40-month consumption of chewing gums containing xylitol, sorbitol of sucrose. Caries Res 1996;30(3):180-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8860027

Makinen KK, Hujoel PP, Bennett CA, Isokangas P, Isotupa K, Pape HR Jr, Makinen PL. A descriptive report of the effects of a 16-month xylitol chewing-gum programme subsequent to a 40-month sucrose gum programme. Caries Res 1998;32(2):107-12. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9544858

Makinen KK, Hujoel PP, Bennett CA, Isotupa KP, Makinen PL, Allen P. Polyol chewing gums and caries rates in primary dentition: a 24-month cohort study. Caries Res 1996;30(6):408-17. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8946097

Makinen KK, Makinen PL, Pape HR Jr, Allen P, Bennett CA, Isokangas PJ, Isotupa KP. Stabilisation of rampant caries: polyol gums and arrest of dentine caries in two long-term cohort studies in young subjects. Int Dent J 1995 Feb;45(1 Suppl 1):93-107. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7607749

Makinen KK, Makinen PL, Pape HR Jr, Peldyak J, Hujoel P, Isotupa KP, Soderling E, Isokangas PJ, Allen P, Bennett C. Conclusion and review of the Michigan Xylitol Programme (1986-1995) for the prevention of dental caries. Int Dent J 1996 Feb;46(1):22-34. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8744914

Makinen KK, Pemberton D, Makinen PL, Chen CY, Cole J, Hujoel PP, Lopatin D, Lambert P. Polyol-combinant saliva stimulants and oral health in Veterans Affairs patients--an exploratory study. Spec Care Dentist 1996 May-Jun;16(3):104-15. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9084323

Makinen KK, Scheinin A. Xylitol and dental caries. Annu Rev Nutr 1982;2:133-50. Available from: PubMed; PMID 6764729

Manning RH, Edgar WM, Agalamanyi EA. Effects of chewing gums sweetened with sorbitol or a sorbitol/xylitol mixture on the remineralisation of human enamel lesions in situ. Caries Res 1992;26(2):104-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1521303

Masalin K. Caries-risk-reducing effects of xylitol-containing chewing gum and tablets in confectionery workers in Finland. Community Dent Health 1992 Mar;9(1):3-10. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1617485

Nordblad A, Suominen-Taipale L, Murtomaa H, Vartiainen E, Koskela K. Smart Habit Xylitol campaign, a new approach in oral health promotion. Community Dent Health 1995 Dec;12(4):230-4. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8536087

Park KK, Schemehorn BR, Bolton JW, Stookey GK. Effect of sorbitol gum chewing on plaque pH response after ingesting snacks containing predominantly sucrose or starch. Am J Dent 1990 Oct;3(5):185-91. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2076247

Park KK, Schemehorn BR, Stookey GK. Effect of time and duration of sorbitol gum chewing on plaque acidogenicity. Pediatr Dent 1993 May-Jun;15(3):197-202. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8378158

Park KK, Schemehorn BR, Stookey GK, Butchko HH, Sanders PG. Acidogenicity of high-intensity sweeteners and polyols. Am J Dent 1995 Feb;8(1):23-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7546468

Petersson LG, Birkhed D, Gleerup A, Johansson M, Jonsson G. Caries-preventive effect of dentifrices containing various types and concentrations of fluorides and sugar alcohols. Caries Res 1991;25(1):74-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2070385

Peyron M, Matsson L, Birkhed D. Progression of approximal caries in primary molars and the effect of Duraphat treatment. Scand J Dent Res 1992 Dec;100(6):314-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1465563

Rugg-Gunn AJ. Diet and dental caries. Dent Update 1990 Jun;17(5):198-201. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2079153

Scheie AA, Fejerskov OB. Xylitol in caries prevention: what is the evidence for clinical efficacy? Oral Dis 1998 Dec;4(4):268-78. Comment in: Oral Dis 1998 Dec;4(4):226-30. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10200706

Scheinin A, Banoczy J. Xylitol and caries: the collaborative WHO oral disease preventive programme in Hungary. Int Dent J 1985 Mar;35(1):50-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3858229

Simons D, Kidd EA, Beighton D, Jones B. The effect of chlorhexidine/xylitol chewing-gum on cariogenic salivary microflora: a clinical trial in elderly patients. Caries Res 1997;31(2):91-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9118190

Sintes JL, Escalante C, Stewart B, McCool JJ, Garcia L, Volpe AR, Triol C. Enhanced anticaries efficacy of a 0.243% sodium fluoride/10% xylitol/silica dentifrice: 3-year clinical results. Am J Dent 1995 Oct;8(5):231-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8634157

Snacks and caries. Nutr Rev 1987 Jun;45(6):169-72. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3299165

Soderling E, Isokangas P, Pienihakkinen K, Tenovuo J. Influence of maternal xylitol consumption on acquisition of mutans streptococci by infants. J Dent Res 2000 Mar;79(3):882-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10765964

Steinberg D, Sgan-Cohen HD, Stabholz A, Pizanty S, Segal R, Sela MN. The anticariogenic activity of glycyrrhizin: preliminary clinical trials. Isr J Dent Sci 1989 Oct;2(3):153-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2490930

Tanzer JM. Xylitol chewing gum and dental caries. Int Dent J 1995 Feb;45(1 Suppl 1):65-76. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7607747

Tenovuo J, Hurme T, Ahola A, Svedberg C, Ostela I, Lenander-Lumikari M, Neva M. Release of cariostatic agents from a new buffering fluoride- and xylitol-containing lozenge to human whole saliva in vivo. J Oral Rehabil 1997 May;24(5):325-31. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9183024

Tinanoff N, Palmer CA. Dietary determinants of dental caries and dietary recommendations for preschool children. J Public Health Dent 2000 Summer;60(3):197-206; discussion 207-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11109219

Wennerholm K, Arends J, Birkhed D, Ruben J, Emilson CG, Dijkman AG. Effect of xylitol and sorbitol in chewing-gums on mutans streptococci, plaque pH and mineral loss of enamel. Caries Res 1994;28(1):48-54. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8124697

Xylitol: An effective aid to oral hygiene. J Ir Dent Assoc 1994;40(2):53. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8975043

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Behavior Modification


Astrom AN, Rise J. Analysis of adolescents' beliefs about the outcome of using dental floss and drinking non-sugared mineral water. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1996 Jun;24(3):211-6. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8871022

Benitez C, O'Sullivan D, Tinanoff N. Effect of a preventive approach for the treatment of nursing bottle caries. ASDC J Dent Child 1994 Jan-Feb;61(1):46-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8182198

Blinkhorn AS. [Moving nutrition to adaptation to caries control from viewpoint of behavioral research]. Oralprophylaxe 1990 Mar;12(1):41-4. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2206608 (Ger).

Curzon ME, Toumba KJ. The case for secondary and tertiary care by specialist dental services. Community Dent Health 1998 Dec;15 Suppl 1:312-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9973736

Flanders RA. Effectiveness of dental health educational programs in schools. J Am Dent Assoc 1987 Feb;114(2):239-42. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3469272

Frazier PJ. School-based instruction for improving oral health: closing the knowledge gap. Int Dent J 1980 Sep;30(3):257-68. Available from: PubMed; PMID 6934167

Gunay H, Dmoch-Bockhorn K, Gunay Y, Geurtsen W. Effect on caries experience of a long-term preventive program for mothers and children starting during pregnancy. Clin Oral Investig 1998 Sep;2(3):137-42. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9927915

Harris JC, Harris IR. An overview of dental care for the young patient: 3. Treatment measures. Dent Update 1998 May;25(4):152-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9852819

Hujoel PP, Powell LV, Kiyak HA. The effects of simple interventions on tooth mortality: findings in one trial and implications for future studies. J Dent Res 1997 Apr;76(4):867-74. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9126183

Karjalainen S, Paunio P, Ruokola L. [Pedodontic specialty dental health care in the district of Abo]. Suom Hammaslaakarilehti 1991 Feb 15;38(4):232-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 1816619 (Fin).

Katz S. A diet counseling program. J Am Dent Assoc 1981 Jun;102(6):840-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 6946123

Kawabata K, Kawamura M, Sasahara H, Morishita M, Bachchu MA, Iwamoto Y. Development of an oral health indicator in infants. Community Dent Health 1997 Jun;14(2):79-83. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9225535

Louis TA, Fineberg HV, Mosteller F. Findings for public health from meta-analyses. Annu Rev Public Health 1985;6:1-20. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3994809

Nowak AJ, Warren JJ. Infant oral health and oral habits. Pediatr Clin North Am 2000;47(5):1043-66. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11059349

Oliveira ER, Narendran S, Williamson D. Oral health knowledge, attitudes and preventive practices of third grade school children. Pediatr Dent 2000;22(5):395-400. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11048308

Pal K. Children's dental diet. The short-term effects of a behavior modification program. Dent Hyg (Chic) 1986 Feb;60(2):56-61. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3456932

Pellai A, Ciafone M, Mencatelli G, Monticelli G. [Prevention of dental caries. Principles of prevention and their application in a USSL in Crema]. Ig Mod 1998;110(3):263-75. (Ita).

Poche C, McCubbrey H, Munn T. The development of correct toothbrushing technique in preschool children. J Appl Behav Anal 1982 Summer;15(2):315-20. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7118761

Sheller B, Williams BJ, Lombardi SM. Diagnosis and treatment of dental caries-related emergencies in a children's hospital. Pediatr Dent 1997 Nov-Dec;19(8):470-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9442540

Thomson WM, Poulton R, Kruger E, Boyd D. Socio-economic and behavioural risk factors for tooth loss from age 18 to 26 among participants in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Caries Res 2000;34(5):361-6.

Thylstrup A, Vinther D, Christiansen J. Promoting changes in clinical practice. Treatment time and outcome studies in a Danish public child dental health clinic. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997 Feb;25(1):126-34. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9088702

Tinanoff N, Palmer CA. Dietary determinants of dental caries and dietary recommendations for preschool children. J Public Health Dent 2000 Summer;60(3):197-206; discussion 207-9. Available from: PubMed; PMID 11109219

Varpio M, Wellfelt B. Some characteristics of children with dental behaviour problems. Five-year follow-up of pedodontic treatment. Swed Dent J 1991;15(2):85-93. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2063265

Williams JA, Hurst MK, Stokes TF. Peer observation in decreasing uncooperative behavior in young dental patients. Behav Modif 1983 Apr;7(2):225-42. Available from: PubMed; PMID 6679298

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Other Prevention and Treatment


Abernathy JR, Graves RC, Bohannan HM, Stamm JW, Greenberg BG, Disney JA. Development and application of a prediction model for dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1987 Feb;15(1):24-8. Available from: PubMed; PMID 3467890

Adam C, Corpechot MC, Klapisz-Wolikow M. [Pulpotomy of deciduous teeth]. Inf Dent 1990 Nov-15;72(40):3805-15. Available from: PubMed; PMID 2279825 (Fre).

Adams C, Dering NZ. Preventing dental caries. J Nurs Care 1980 May;13(5):18-20. Available from: PubMed; PMID 6900105

Alhadainy HA. Root perforations. A review of literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994 Sep;78(3):368-74. Available from: PubMed; PMID 7970600

Allen EP, Bayne SC, Becker IM, Donovan TE, Hume WR, Kois JC. Annual review of selected dental literature: report of the Committee on Scientific Investigation of the American Academy of Restorative Dentistry. J Prosthet Dent 1999 Jul;82(1):27-66. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10384164

Alvarez Gonzalez J, Cala Cordero J, Pinera Palacio C, Rubio Dominguez J, Molejon Iglesias A. [Oral-dental hygiene in schoolchildren. Knowledge and prevention]. Rev Enferm 1994 Jan;17(185):19-23. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8122065 (Spa).

Andersson-Wenckert IE, Folkesson UH, van Dijken JW. Durability of a polyacid-modified composite resin (compomer) in primary molars. A multicenter study. Acta Odontol Scand 1997 Aug;55(4):255-60. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9298168

Angmar-Mansson B, al-Khateeb S, Tranaeus S. Monitoring the caries process. Optical methods for clinical diagnosis and quantification of enamel caries. Eur J Oral Sci 1996 Aug;104(4 ( Pt 2)):480-5. Available from: PubMed; PMID 8930601

Anson D. Periodontal esthetics and soft-tissue root coverage for treatment of cervical root caries. Compend Contin Educ Dent 1999 Nov;20(11):1043-6, 1048-50, 1052; quiz 1054. Available from: PubMed; PMID 10650390

Anusavice KJ. Buonocore Memorial Lecture. Materials of the future: preservative or restorative? Oper Dent 1998 Jul-Aug;23(4):162-7. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9760917

Anusavice KJ. Optimum treatment based on decision tree-analysis, Part 2. Dent Today 1994 Apr;13(4):90-3. Available from: PubMed; PMID 9540666

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Last updated: 21 June 2001
First published: 21 June 2001
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