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| Current Bibliographies in Medicine | |
Current Bibliographies in Medicine 95-7
Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health
CBM 95-7 Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health January 1990 through September 1995 1966 Citations Prepared by Jennie P. Hunt, M.S.L.S., National Library of Medicine Karen A. Donato, M.S., R.D., National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Carlos J. Crespo, Dr.Pn., M.S., National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health National Library of Medicine Reference Section 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland 20894 1995 National Library of Medicine Cataloging in Publication Hunt, Jennie P. Physical activity and cardiovascular health : January 1990 through September 1995 : 1966 citations / prepared by Jennie P. Hunt, Karen A. Donato, Carlos J. Crespo. --Bethesda, Md. (8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda 20894) : U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, Reference Section ; Pittsburgh, PA : Sold by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1995. -- (Current bibliographies in medicine ; 95-7) Prepared in support of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health, held in Bethesda, Md., Dec. 18-20, 1995. 1. Cardiovascular Diseases - prevention & control - bibliography 2. Exercise - bibliography 3. Exercise Therapy - bibliography I. Donato, Karen A. II. Crespo, Carlos J. III. National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Reference Section IV. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health (1995 : Bethesda, Md.) V. Title VI. Series O2NLM: ZW 1 N272 no.95-7 SERIES NOTE Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) is a continuation in part of the National Library of Medicine's Literature Search Series, which ceased in 1987 with No. 87-15. In 1989 it also subsumed the Specialized Bibliography Series. Each bibliography in the new series covers a distinct subject area of biomedicine and is intended to fulfill a current awareness function. Citations are usually derived from searching a variety of online databases. NLM databases utilized include MEDLINE, AVLINE, BIOETHICSLINE, CANCERLIT, CATLINE, HEALTH, POPLINE and TOXLINE. The only criterion for the inclusion of a particular published work is its relevance to the topic being presented; the format, ownership, or location of the material is not considered. Comments and suggestions on this series may be addressed to: Karen Patrias, Editor Current Bibliographies in Medicine Reference Section National Library of Medicine Bethesda, MD 20894 Phone: 301-496-6097 Fax: 301-402-1384 Internet: patrias@nlm.nih.gov Ordering Information: Current Bibliographies in Medicine is sold by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. To order the entire CBM series for calendar year 1995 (approximately 10 bibliographies), send $47.00 ($58.75 foreign) to the Superintendent of Documents citing GPO List ID: CBM95. For your convenience an order blank is given inside the back cover. Orders for individual bibliographies in the series ($4.75, $5.94 foreign) should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents citing the title, CBM number, and the GPO List ID given above. Internet Access: The Current Bibliographies in Medicine series is also available at no cost to anyone with Internet access through FTP (File Transfer Protocol). FTP to nlmpubs.nlm.nih.gov and login as anonymous. The index file in the "bibs" directory provides information on the bibliographies available. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget through September 30, 1996. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH Over the past twenty-five years, the United States had experienced steady declines in the death toll from cardiovascular disease (CVD), primarily in coronary heart disease and stroke. Lifestyle improvements by the American public and better control of risk factors for heart disease and stroke have been major factors in this decline. Despite the decline, however, heart disease remains the number one and stroke the third leading causes of death. Cardiovascular disease is of multifactorial etiology. Modifiable risk factors include high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, and diabetes. In contrast to the positive trend observed with high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol, overweight and physical inactivity have been on the increase. In light of this, the accumulating evidence of the risk of cardiovascular disease associated with a sedentary lifestyle and the role of physical activity in the prevention and treatment of CVD and other CVD risk factors needs to be examined. The following bibliography was produced in support of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health held in Bethesda, Maryland, on December 18-20, 1995. It provides a list of journals and books which contains information on physical activity or physical fitness and cardiovascular health. The bibliography has been divided into four sections: physical activity and health, physical activity and primary prevention of CVD, physical activity and secondary prevention of CVD, and physical activity in special populations or situations. The first section, on physical activity and health, contains the descriptive epidemiology of physical activity or physical fitness and cardiovascular health, studies dealing with methodological issues and definitions, and early papers on the effects of physical activity/fitness and health. The second section, physical activity and primary prevention of CVD, is comprised of investigations on physical inactivity as a primary, independent, and modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease and those on the effects of physical activity/fitness on other CVD risk factors, such as high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, obesity, diabetes, coagulability, fibrinolysis, and other indirect risk factors associated with heart disease and stroke. Also included are studies on the mechanisms of action, the effect of different modes of physical activity, and the effects of intensity, duration, and frequency of physical activity on cardiovascular health. The third section, physical activity and secondary prevention of CVD, focuses on the effects of cardiac rehabilitation and/or exercise training in reductions in CVD mortality and improvement in the quality of life in patients who have suffered a myocardial infarction, have stable angina pectorus, or have undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Studies on the relationship of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training on pathophysiologic measures, i.e., coronary atherosclerosis, hemodynamic measures, myocardial perfusion, etc., in patients with heart disease are compiled as are those dealing with the psychosocial and behavioral issues. Finally, the fourth section contains studies on physical activity in special populations including behavioral strategies among minority groups, women, children, older adults, and in special situations such as worksite health promotion programs, via health care providers, and through community interventions. A bibliography of select books on physical activity or those containing chapters on the effect of physical activity or physical fitness in the primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease is included at the end. This bibliography is an attempt to collect in one document original journal articles, technical reports, and books identified as of October 1995 in multiple data bases. Results and conclusions of the published articles are the responsibility of the individual authors and not the National Institutes of Health or the National Library of Medicine. This bibliography has some limitations. First, the journal articles or publications available are those which appeared in the English language. Second, there is a lag time between the date of publication and inclusion of the reference in a computerized data base, and thus some recent references may be absent. Third, books that deal with physical activity or physical fitness and cardiovascular health but not as a major area may have been missed. The compilers wish to acknowledge the valuable contribution of Drs. Thomas Doubt, Eva Obarzanek, and Denise Simons-Morton to the successful completion of this project. SEARCH STRATEGY A variety of online databases are usually searched in preparing bibliographies in the CBM series. To assist you in updating or otherwise manipulating the material in this search, the strategy used for the NLM's MEDLINE database is given below. Please note that the search strategies presented here differ from individual demand searches in that they are generally broadly formulated and irrelevant citations edited out prior to printing. SS 1 = EXP EXERTION OR EXP SPORTS OR CAMPING OR DANCING SS 2 = (TW) INACTIVE OR INACTIVITY OR SEDENTARY OR ALL PHYSICAL: AND ALL ACTIV: SS 3 = CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (PX) SS 4 = 1 AND 3 OR 2 AND 3 SS 5 = 4 AND NOT FOR (LA) GRATEFUL MED To make online searching easier and more efficient, the Library offers GRATEFUL MED, microcomputer-based software that provides a user-friendly interface to most NLM databases. This software was specifically developed for health professionals and features multiple choice menus and "fill in the blank" screens for easy search preparation. GRATEFUL MED runs on an IBM PC (or IBM-compatible) with DOS 2.0 or a Macintosh, and requires a Hayes (or Hayes-compatible) modem. It may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service in Springfield, Virginia, for $29.95 (plus $3.00 per order for shipping). For your convenience, an order blank has been enclosed at the back of this bibliography. SAMPLE CITATIONS Citations in this bibliographic series are formatted according to the rules established for Index Medicus. Sample journal and monograph citations appear below. For journal articles written in a foreign language, the English translation of the title is placed in brackets; for monographs, the title is given in the original language. In both cases the language of publication is shown by a three letter abbreviation appearing at the end of the citation. Note also that a colon (:) may appear within an author's name or article title. The NLM computer system automatically inserts this symbol in the place of a diacritical mark. Journal Article: Authors Article Title Bauman A, Owen N. Habitual physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors. Med J Aust 1991 Jan 7;154(1):22-8. Abbreviated Journal Date Volume Issue Pages Title Monograph: Authors/Editors Title Webber BA, Prior JA, editors. Physiotherapy for respiratory and cardiac problems. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1993. 461 p. Place of Publisher Date Total No. Publication of Pages _________________________________ *For details of the formats used for references, see the following publication: Patrias, Karen. National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic citation. Bethesda (MD): The Library;1991 Apr. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB91-182030. TABLE OF CONTENTS Physical Activity and Health Physical Activity and Primary Prevention Mechanisms of Action Association with Other Risk Factors Physical Activity and Secondary Prevention Mechanisms of Action Cardiac Rehabilitation Physical Activity in Special Populations Monographs PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH Adamopoulos PN, Macrilakis K, Papamichael C, Malakos I, Panayidis N, Moulopoulos SD. Physical activity and relationship with coronary heart disease risk factors. Acta Cardiol 1993;48(6):523-34. Albanes D, Conway JM, Taylor PR, Moe PW, Judd J. Validation and comparison of eight physical activity questionnaires. Epidemiology 1990 Jan;1(1):65-71. American College of Sports Medicine. Position Stand. Physical activity, physical fitness, and hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993 Oct;25(10):i-x. Comment in: Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994 Oct;26(10):1295-6. Amsterdam EA. Sudden death during exercise. Cardiology 1990;77(5):411-7. Arraiz GA, Wigle DT, Mao Y. Risk assessment of physical activity and physical fitness in the Canada Health Survey mortality follow-up study. J Clin Epidemiol 1992 Apr;45(4):419-28. Arroll B, Beaglehole R. Potential misclassification in studies of physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991 Oct;23(10):1176-8. Atkins CJ, Senn K, Rupp J, Kaplan RM, Patterson TL, Sallis JF Jr, Nader PR. Attendance at health promotion programs: baseline predictors and program outcomes. Health Educ Q 1990 Winter;17(4):417-28. Aalkau B, Vray M, Eschwege E. Epidemiology of peripheral arterial disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1994;23 Suppl 3:S8-16. Bashshur R, Quick R. Health attitudes and behaviours of Native Alaskans. Arctic Med Res 1991;Suppl:313-9. Battie MC. Aerobic fitness and its measurement. Spine 1991 Jun;16(6):677-8. Bauman A, Owen N. Habitual physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors. Med J Aust 1991 Jan 7;154(1):22-8. Bauman A, Owen N, Rushworth RL. Recent trends and socio-demographic determinants of exercise participation in Australia. Community Health Stud 1990;14(1):19-26. Behrman JR, Sickles RC, Taubman P. Age-specific death rates with tobacco smoking and occupational activity: sensitivity to sample length, functional form, and unobserved frailty. Demography 1990 May;27(2):267-84. Bennett SA. Inequalities in risk factors and cardiovascular mortality among Australia's immigrants. Aust J Public Health 1993 Sep;17(3):251-61. Berg JE, Hostmark AT. Workload and cardiovascular risk factors in executives and non-executives of the same company. Occup Med (Oxf) 1994 May;44(2):87-90. Bergel RR. Disabling effects of inactivity and importance of physical conditioning. A historical perspective. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1990 Nov;16(4):791-801. Berlin JA, Colditz GA. A meta-analysis of physical activity in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Am J Epidemiol 1990 Oct;132(4):612-28. Comment in: Am J Epidemiol 1991 Jul 15;134(2):232-4. Bijnen FC, Caspersen CJ, Mosterd WL. Physical inactivity as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: a WHO and International Society and Federation of Cardiology position statement. Bull World Health Organ 1994;72(1):1-4. Bild DE, Fitzpatrick A, Fried LP, Wong ND, Haan MN, Lyles M, Bovill E, Polak JF, Schulz R. Age-related trends in cardiovascular morbidity and physical functioning in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993 Oct;41(10):1047-56. Bjornstad H, Storstein L, Dyre Meen H, Hals O. Electrocardiographic findings according to level of fitness and sport activity. Cardiology 1993;83(4):268-79. Bjornstad H, Storstein L, Dyre Meen H, Hals O. Electrocardiographic findings of heart rate and conduction times in athletic students and sedentary control subjects. Cardiology 1993;83(4):258-67. Bjornstad H, Storstein L, Meen HD, Hals O. Electrocardiographic findings in athletic students and sedentary controls. Cardiology 1991;79(4):290-305. Blair SN, Dowda M, Pate RR, Kronenfeld J, Howe HG Jr, Parker G, Blair A, Fridinger F. Reliability of long-term recall of participation in physical activity by middle-aged men and women. Am J Epidemiol 1991 Feb 1;133(3):266-75. Blair SN, Kohl HW, Barlow CE. Physical activity, physical fitness, and all-cause mortality in women: do women need to be active? J Am Coll Nutr 1993 Aug;12(4):368-71. Blair SN, Kohl HW 3rd, Barlow CE, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Gibbons LW, Macera CA. Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men. JAMA 1995 Apr 12;273(14):1093-8. Bonheur B, Young SW. Exercise as a health-promoting lifestyle choice. Appl Nurs Res 1991 Feb;4(1):2-6. Booth ML, Macaskill P, Owen N, Oldenburg B, Marcus BH, Bauman A. Population prevalence and correlates of stages of change in physical activity. Health Educ Q 1993 Fall;20(3):431-40. Bostick RM, Luepker RV, Kofron PM, Pirie PL. Changes in physician practice for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med 1991 Mar;151(3):478-84. Bouchard C, Leon AS, Rao PC, Skinner JS, Wilmore JH. Fitness and risk factors for coronary disease [letter]. J Clin Epidemiol 1990;43(9):1005-12. Comment on: J Clin Epidemiol 1989;42(3):189-200. Briscoe J, Akin J, Guilkey D. People are not passive acceptors of threats to health: endogeneity and its consequences. Int J Epidemiol 1990 Mar;19(1):147-53. Brownson RC, Smith CA, Jorge NE, Deprima LT, Dean CG, Cates RW. The role of data-driven planning and coalition development in preventing cardiovascular disease. Public Health Rep 1992 Jan-Feb;107(1):32-7. Buchner DM, Wagner EH. Preventing frail health. Clin Geriatr Med 1992 Feb;8(1):1-17. Burke AP, Farb A, Virmani R, Goodin J, Smialek JE. Sports-related and non-sports-related sudden cardiac death in young adults. Am Heart J 1991 Feb;121(2 Pt 1):568-75. Burt VL, Harris T. The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: contributing data on aging and health. Gerontologist 1994 Aug;34(4):486-90. Canon F, Levol B, Duforez F. Assessment of physical activity in daily life. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995;25 Suppl 1:S28-34. Cardinal BJ. Reliability and validity of the Lifestyle Exercise Inventory. Percept Mot Skills 1993 Dec;77(3 Pt 2):1274. Cardiovascular diseases. Coronary heart disease attributable to sedentary lifestyle, 1988. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1990 Dec 7;65(49):381-3. Caspersen CJ, Bloemberg BP, Saris WH, Merritt RK, Kromhout D. The prevalence of selected physical activities and their relation with coronary heart disease risk factors in elderly men: the Zutphen Study, 1985. Am J Epidemiol 1991 Jun 1;133(11):1078-92. Caspersen CJ, Kriska AM, Dearwater SR. Physical activity epidemiology as applied to elderly populations. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1994 Feb;8(1):7-27. Cauley JA, Donfield SM, Laporte RE, Warhaftig NE. Physical activity by socioeconomic status in two population based cohorts. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991 Mar;23(3):343-51. Chandrashekhar Y, Anand IS. Exercise as a coronary protective factor. Am Heart J 1991 Dec;122(6):1723-39. Clausen J, Jensen G. Blood pressure and mortality: an epidemiological survey with 10 years follow-up. J Hum Hypertens 1992 Feb;6(1):53-9. Coronary heart disease attributable to sedentary lifestyle--selected states, 1988. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1990 Aug 17;39(32):541-4. Crawford MH. Exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. Importance of coronary blood flow [editorial]. Circulation 1991 Jul;84(1):424-5. Comment on: Circulation 1991 Jul;84(1):49-56. Comment in: Circulation 1992 Jan;85(1):388. Crombie IK, Smith WC, Tavendale R, Tunstall-Pedoe H. Geographical clustering of risk factors and lifestyle for coronary heart disease in the Scottish Heart Health Study. Br Heart J 1990 Sep;64(3):199-203. Dargie HJ, Grant S. Exercise. BMJ 1991 Oct 12;303(6807):910-2. Comment in: BMJ 1991 Nov 23;303(6813):1333. Davis MA, Neuhaus JM, Moritz DJ, Lein D, Barclay JD, Murphy SP. Health behaviors and survival among middle-aged and older men and women in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Prev Med 1994 May;23(3):369-76. DiPietro L, Williamson DF, Caspersen CJ, Eaker E. The descriptive epidemiology of selected physical activities and body weight among adults trying to lose weight: the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey, 1989. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1993 Feb;17(2):69-76. Eaton CB. Relation of physical activity and cardiovascular fitness to coronary heart disease, Part II: Cardiovascular fitness and the safety and efficacy of physical activity prescription. J Am Board Fam Pract 1992 Mar-Apr;5(2):157-65. Eaton CB, Lapane KL, Garber CE, Assaf AR, Lasater TM, Carleton RA. Physical activity, physical fitness, and coronary heart disease risk factors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995 Mar;27(3):340-6. Eaton CB, Medalie JH, Flocke SA, Zyzanski SJ, Yaari S, Goldbourt U. Self-reported physical activity predicts long-term coronary heart disease and all-cause mortalities. Twenty-one-year follow-up of the Israeli Ischemic Heart Disease Study. Arch Fam Med 1995 Apr;4(4):323-9. Comment in: Arch Fam Med 1995 Apr;4(4):309-10. Eaton CB, Nafziger AN, Strogatz DS, Pearson TA. Self-reported physical activity in a rural county: a New York county health census. Am J Public Health 1994 Jan;84(1):29-32. Edmunds MW. Strategies for promoting physical fitness. Nurs Clin North Am 1991 Dec;26(4):855-66. Epidemiology and prevention of cardiovascular diseases in elderly people. Report of a WHO Study Group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1995;853:1-67. Ernst E. Jogging--for a healthy heart and worn-out hips? [editorial]. J Intern Med 1990 Oct;228(4):295-7. Ernst E. Peripheral vascular disease. Benefits of exercise. Sports Med 1991 Sep;12(3):149-51. Feinstein RA, Francis KT, Lorish C. Physical activity and fitness assessment. Ala Med 1991 Aug;61(2):10-2, 14. Fletcher GF. The exercise standards from the American Heart Association--a commentary. J Med Assoc Ga 1991 Feb;80(2):89-92. Ford ES, Herman WH. Leisure-time physical activity patterns in the U.S. diabetic population. Findings from the 1990 National Health Interview Survey--Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Supplement. Diabetes Care 1995 Jan;18(1):27-33. Franklin BA, Hogan P, Bonzheim K, Bakalyar D, Terrien E, Gordon S, Timmis GC. Cardiac demands of heavy snow shoveling. JAMA 1995 Mar 15;273(11):880-2. Friedewald VE Jr, Spence DW. Sudden cardiac death associated with exercise: the risk-benefit issue. Am J Cardiol 1990 Jul 15;66(2):183-8. Comment in: Am J Cardiol 1991 Feb 1;67(4):330. Fries JF, Singh G, Morfeld D, Hubert HB, Lane NE, Brown BW Jr. Running and the development of disability with age. Ann Intern Med 1994 Oct 1;121(7):502-9. Comment in: ACP J Club 1995 Jan-Feb;122(1):23 and Ann Intern Med 1995 Mar 15;122(6):475. Fries JF, Williams CA, Morfeld D. Improvement in intergenerational health. Am J Public Health 1992 Jan;82(1):109-12. From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of recommended levels of physical activity among women--Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1992. JAMA 1995 Apr 5;273(13):986-7. From the Centers for Disease Control. Coronary heart disease attributable to sedentary lifestyle--selected states, 1988. JAMA 1990 Sep 19;264(11):1390, 1392. From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Public health focus: physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1993 Oct 6;270(13):1529-30. Fylkesnes K, Forde OH. The Tromso Study: predictors of self-evaluated health--has society adopted the expanded health concept? Soc Sci Med 1991;32(2):141-6. Gartside PS, Glueck CJ. The important role of modifiable dietary and behavioral characteristics in the causation and prevention of coronary heart disease hospitalization and mortality: the prospective NHANES I follow-up study. J Am Coll Nutr 1995 Feb;14(1):71-9. Gemson DH, Sloan RP, Messeri P, Goldberg IJ. A public health model for cardiovascular risk reduction. Impact of cholesterol screening with brief nonphysician counseling. Arch Intern Med 1990 May;150(5):985-9. Giese WK. Physical activity in South Carolina [editorial]. J S C Med Assoc 1993 Aug;89(8):399. Goldberg L, Elliot DL. Guidelines for physical activity [letter]. J Gen Intern Med 1993 Dec;8(12):714-5. Grant S, Aitchison T, Pettigrew AR, Orrell JM. The effects of a university fitness programme on health-related variables in previously sedentary males. Br J Sports Med 1992 Mar;26(1):39-44. Gudbrandsson T, Julius S, Jamerson K, Smith S, Krause L, Schork N. Recreational exercise and cardiovascular status in the rural community of Tecumseh, Michigan. Blood Press 1994 May;13(3):178-84. Guezennec CY, Satabin P, Legrand H, Bigard AX. Physical performance and metabolic changes induced by combined prolonged exercise and different energy intakes in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 1994;68(6):525-30. Guthrie JR, Smith AM, Dennerstein L, Morse C. Physical activity and the menopause experience: a cross-sectional study. Maturitas 1994 Dec;20(2-3):71-80. Gyarfas I. Lifestyle for preventing cardiovascular disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1990;16 Suppl 8:S1-2. Haggarty P, McNeill G, Manneh MK, Davidson L, Milne E, Duncan G, Ashton J. The influence of exercise on the energy requirements of adult males in the UK. Br J Nutr 1994 Dec;72(6):700-813. Haskell WL. J.B. Wolffe Memorial Lecture. Health consequences of physical activity: understanding and challenges regarding dose-response. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994 Jun;26(6):649-60. Head A. To run or not to run? That is the question: exercise and reduced risk of coronary heart disease. Br J Clin Pract 1993 Jul-Aug;47(4):211-3. Heath GW, Smith JD. Physical activity patterns among adults in Georgia: results from the 1990 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. South Med J 1994 Apr;87(4):435-9. Heitmann BL. The influence of fatness, weight change, slimming history and other lifestyle variables on diet reporting in Danish men and women aged 35-65 years. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1993 Jun;17(6):329-36. Hesslegrave P. The importance of fitness. Nursing (Lond) 1990 Oct 11-24;4(20):31. Hong Y, Bots ML, Pan X, Wang H, Jing H, Hofman A, Chen H. Physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors in rural Shanghai, China. Int J Epidemiol 1994 Dec;23(6):1154-8. Hopkins WG, Wilson NC, Russell DG. Validation of the physical activity instrument for the Life in New Zealand national survey. Am J Epidemiol 1991 Jan;133(1):73-82. Horne TE. Predictors of physical activity intentions and behaviour for rural homemakers. Can J Public Health 1994 Mar-Apr;85(2):132-5. Hornsby WG Jr. Heart-rate guidelines for exercise [letter]. Diabetes Care 1991 Aug;14(8):766. Comment on: Diabetes Care 1991 Jan;14(1):78. Housley E, Leng GC, Donnan PT, Fowkes FG. Physical activity and risk of peripheral arterial disease in the general population: Edinburgh Artery Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 1993 Dec;47(6):475-80. Jacobs DR Jr, Hahn LP, Folsom AR, Hannan PJ, Sprafka JM, Burke GL. Time trends in leisure-time physical activity in the upper midwest 1957-1987: University of Minnesota studies. Epidemiology 1991 Jan;2(1):8-15. Comment in: Epidemiology 1991 Jul;2(4):313-6. Johnson NA, Boyle CA, Heller RF. Leisure-time physical activity and other health behaviours: are they related? Aust J Public Health 1995 Feb;19(1):69-75. Kann L, Warren CW, Harris WA, Collins JL, Douglas KA, Collins ME, Williams BI, Ross JG, Kolbe LJ. Youth risk behavior surveillance--United States, 1993. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 1995 Mar 24;44(1):1-56. Kann L, Warren W, Collins JL, Ross J, Collins B, Kolbe LJ. Results from the national school-based 1991 Youth Risk Behavior Survey and progress toward achieving related health objectives for the nation. Public Health Rep 1993;108 Suppl 1:47-67. Kelder SH, Perry CL, Klepp KI, Lytle LL. Longitudinal tracking of adolescent smoking, physical activity, and food choice behaviors. Am J Public Health 1994 Jul;84(7):1121-6. Kemper HC, Snel J, Verschuur R, Storm-van Essen L. Tracking of health and risk indicators of cardiovascular diseases from teenager to adult: Amsterdam Growth and Health Study. Prev Med 1990 Nov;19(6):642-55. Kendrick JS, Williamson DF, Caspersen CJ. Re: A meta-analysis of physical activity in the prevention of coronary heart disease [letter]. Am J Epidemiol 1991 Jul 15;134(2):232-4. Comment on: Am J Epidemiol 1990 Oct;132(4):612-28. Klesges RC, Eck LH, Mellon MW, Fulliton W, Somes GW, Hanson CL. The accuracy of self-reports of physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990 Oct;22(5):690-7. Klonoff EA, Annechild A, Landrine H. Predicting exercise adherence in women: the role of psychological and physiological factors. Prev Med 1994 Mar;23(2):257-62. 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Relationships between health protective behaviors. J Community Health 1990 Feb;15(1):19-34. Kujala UM, Kaprio J, Taimela S, Sarna S. Prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease in former elite athletes Metabolism 1994 Oct;43(10):1255-60. Published erratum appears in Metabolism 1994 Nov;43(11):1456. Kujala UM, Viljanen T, Taimela S, Viitasalo JT. Physical activity, VO2max, and jumping height in an urban population. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994 Jul;26(7):889-95. Kuntzleman CT. Childhood fitness: what is happening? What needs to be done? Prev Med 1993 Jul;22(4):520-32. Kupari M, Hekali P, Keto P, Poutanen VP, Tikkanen MJ, Standerstkjold-Nordenstam CG. Relation of aortic stiffness to factors modifying the risk of atherosclerosis in healthy people. Arterioscler Thromb 1994 Mar;14(3):386-94. LaFontaine T, Dabney S, Brownson R, Smith C. The effect of physical activity on all cause mortality compared to cardiovascular mortality: a review of research and recommendations. 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