 |
|
| Current Bibliographies in Medicine | |
Current Bibliographies in Medicine 94-10
Infectious Disease Testing for Blood Transfusions
CBM 94-10 Infectious Disease Testing for Blood Transfusions January 1975 through October 1994 1888 Citations Prepared by Martha H. Glock, M.L.S., National Library of Medicine Paul R. McCurdy, M.D., National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health National Library of Medicine Reference Section 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland 20894 1994 National Library of Medicine Cataloging in Publication Glock, Martha Infectious disease testing for blood transfusions : January 1975 through October 1994 : 1888 citations / prepared by Martha H. Glock, Paul R. McCurdy. -- Bethesda, Md. (8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda 20894) : U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, Reference Section; Pittsburgh, PA : Sold by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1994. -- (Current bibliographies in medicine ; 94-10) Available from NLM at no cost through Internet FTP. Prepared in support of the Consensus Development Conference on Infectious Disease Testing for Blood Transfusions, held on January 9-11, 1995 at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Md. 1. Blood Transfusion - bibliography 2. Communicable Diseases - blood - bibliography 3. HIV Infections - blood - bibliography 4. Hepatitis, Viral, Human - blood - bibliography I. McCurdy, Paul R. II. National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Reference Section III. Consensus Development Conference on Infectious Disease Testing for Blood Transfusions (1995 : National Institutes of Health) IV. Title V. Series 02NLM: ZW 1 N272 no.94-10 SERIES NOTE Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) is a continuation in part of the National Library of Medicine's Literature Search Series, which ceased in 1987 with No. 87-15. In 1989 it also subsumed the Specialized Bibliography Series. Each bibliography in the new series covers a distinct subject area of biomedicine and is intended to fulfill a current awareness function. Citations are usually derived from searching a variety of online databases. NLM databases utilized include MEDLINE, AVLINE, BIOETHICSLINE, CANCERLIT, CATLINE, HEALTH, POPLINE and TOXLINE. The only criterion for the inclusion of a particular published work is its relevance to the topic being presented; the format, ownership, or location of the material is not considered. Comments and suggestions on this series may be addressed to: Karen Patrias, Editor Current Bibliographies in Medicine Reference Section National Library of Medicine Bethesda, MD 20894 Phone: 301-496-6097 Fax: 301-402-1384 Internet: patrias@nlm.nih.gov This bibliography, CBM 94-10, is the last publication in this series for calendar year 1994. Ordering Information: Current Bibliographies in Medicine is sold by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. To order the entire CBM series for calendar year 1994 (approximately 10 bibliographies), send $60.00 ($75.00 foreign) to the Superintendent of Documents citing GPO List ID: CBM94. For your convenience an order blank is given inside the back cover. Orders for individual bibliographies in the series ($8.50, $10.63 foreign) should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents citing the title, CBM number, and the GPO List ID given above. Internet Access: The Current Bibliographies in Medicine series is also available at no cost to anyone with Internet access through FTP (File Transfer Protocol). FTP to nlmpubs.nlm.nih.gov and login as anonymous. The index file in the "bibs" directory provides information on the bibliographies available. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget through September 30, 1994. INFECTIOUS DISEASE TESTING FOR BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS The determination that the AIDS virus (human immunodeficiency virus, HIV) could be transmitted by blood transfusion focussed public, medical, regulatory, and Congressional interest on blood transfusion safety. Although the emergence of AIDS and the discovery of HIV triggered the interest, hepatitis had long been known to be transmitted by blood transfusion and to some was a bigger threat to transfused patients. In addition to improving the screening of donors by modifying the health history questionnaire, six new tests have been added to two older ones that were applied to donated blood to reduce the potential for infectious units to escape detection and be transfused. One of the old tests directly detects viruses or portions thereof (e.g. HBsAG), while most of the new ones detect antibodies to viruses (e.g., antibodies to HIV-1, HIV-2, HBcAg, HTLV-I, and HCV). The last of the six new tests is a non-specific indicator of liver inflammation (ALT). The utility of two of these tests (ALT and antibodies to HBcAg) has been questioned, as has been the value of a long-used test, the serological test for syphilis. Because of concern that some of these tests may have outlived their usefulness, that resources are being wasted and that extra tests mean some extra human errors, the National Institutes of Health sponsored a Consensus Development Conference on Infectious Disease Testing for Blood Transfusions. This bibliography was prepared to support this Conference, held on January 9-11, 1995 at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, MD. Because the concept of surrogate testing for hepatitis was developed in the mid-to-late 1970's, an attempt was made to include key articles and papers back to 1975. The number of articles that have addressed infectious disease testing of donated blood is so large, however, that it has been necessary to be selective. For example, the relationship between surrogate tests such as ALT and antibodies to HBcAg and non-A, non-B hepatitis or HIV infection is likely to be different in parts of Europe and in Asia, Africa, and South America than in the United States. Accordingly the list does not include many papers that report studies done in those areas. In particular, no articles in a language other than English have been included if they were published before 1990. Some books and book chapters have been included, but the bibliography primarily consists of journal articles and conference papers and abstracts. Unfortunately, in the selection process some worthy papers may have been overlooked. The bibliography is arranged by disease or virus tested for, and citations appear in only one category, although it is recognized that some of the tests relate to more than one transfusion-transmitted disease. SEARCH STRATEGY A variety of online databases are usually searched in preparing bibliographies in the CBM series. To assist you in updating or otherwise manipulating the material in this search, the strategy used for the NLM's MEDLINE database is given below. Please note that the search strategies presented here differ from individual demand searches in that they are generally broadly formulated and irrelevant citations edited out prior to printing. SS 1 = BLOOD TRANSFUSION OR BLOOD DONORS OR BLOOD BANKS OR EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION, WHOLE BLOOD OR ERYTHROCYTE TRANSFUSION OR BLOOD COMPONENT TRANSFUSION SS 2 = (TW) INFECTIOUS AND ALL DISEASE# OR COMMUNICABLE AND ALL DISEASE# SS 3 = 1 AND 2 SS 4 = COMMUNICABLE DISEASES SS 5 = EXP HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN OR EXP HEPATITIS VIRUSES SS 6 = EXP HEPATITIS ANTIBODIES OR EXP HEPATITIS B ANTIGENS SS 7 = EXP HIV OR HIV ANTIBODIES OR EXP HIV ANTIGENS OR EXP HIV INFECTIONS SS 8 = EXP SYPHILIS OR EXP CHAGAS DISEASE OR EXP LYME DISEASE SS 9 = BABESIOSIS OR BARTONELLA OR BARTONELLA INFECTIONS SS 10 = EXP PARVOVIRIDAE OR EXP PARVOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS SS 11 = VIREMIA OR BACTEREMIA OR FUNGEMIA SS 12 = 4 OR 5 OR 6 OR 7 OR 8 OR 9 OR 10 OR 11 SS 13 = 1 AND 12 SS 14 = ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE/BLOOD OR MASS SCREENING SS 15 = 14 AND EXP BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS SS 16 = 3 OR 13 OR 15 GRATEFUL MED To make online searching easier and more efficient, the Library offers GRATEFUL MED, microcomputer-based software that provides a user-friendly interface to most NLM databases. This software was specifically developed for health professionals and features multiple choice menus and "fill in the blank" screens for easy search preparation. GRATEFUL MED runs on an IBM PC (or IBM- compatible) with DOS 2.0 or a Macintosh, and requires a Hayes (or Hayes-compatible) modem. It may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service in Springfield, Virginia, for $29.95 (plus $3.00 per order for shipping). For your convenience, an order blank has been enclosed at the back of this bibliography. SAMPLE CITATIONS Citations in this bibliographic series are formatted according to the rules established for Index Medicus. Sample journal and monograph citations appear below. For journal articles written in a foreign language, the English translation of the title is placed in brackets; for monographs, the title is given in the original language. In both cases the language of publication is shown by a three letter abbreviation appearing at the end of the citation. Note also that a colon (:) may appear within an author's name or article title. The NLM computer system automatically inserts this symbol in the place of a diacritical mark. Journal Article: Authors Article Title Barbara JA, Tegtmeier GE. Cytomegalovirus and blood transfusion. Blood Rev 1987 Sep;1(3):207-11. Abbreviated Journal Date Volume Issue Pages Title Monograph: Authors/Editors Title Smith DM, Carlson KB, editors. Current scientific/ethical dilemmas in blood transfusion. Arlington (VA): American Association of Blood Banks; 1987. 113 p. Place of Publisher Date Total Publication Pages _________________________________ *For details of the formats used for references, see the following publication: Patrias, Karen. National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic citation. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1991 Apr. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB91-182030. TABLE OF CONTENTS General AIDS/HIV/HTLV Babesiosis Bacteremia Chagas Disease Cytomegalovirus Hepatitis Lyme Disease Parvovirus Syphilis and Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases (Other than AIDS/HIV/HTLV) Other Diseases General Adoumie R, Lockanathan R, Yen A, Chiu RC. Character of shed blood in cardiac and thoracic surgery patients: implications for reinfusion. Can J Surg 1994 Jun;37(3):203-7. AuBuchon JP, Dodd RY. Analysis of the relative safety of autologous blood units available for transfusion to homologous recipients. Transfusion 1988 Sep-Oct;28(5):403-5. Comment in: Transfusion 1989 May;29(4):373-5. Beauregard P, Blajchman MA. Hemolytic and pseudo-hemolytic transfusion reactions: an overview of the hemolytic transfusion reactions and the clinical conditions that mimic them. Transfus Med Rev 1994 Jul;8(3):184-99. Brunko P. [Regulation of drugs derived from human blood and plasma in the European Community]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1992 Dec;35(6):425-8. (Fre). Buraia TL, Butakov AA, Drozhennikov VA, Nikulin VN, Pinegin BV, Iushchuk ND. [Changes in the myeloperoxidase and acid phosphatase activities in human peripheral blood neutrophils with the cells stimulated in vitro]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1991 Oct;(10):52-5. (Rus). Busch MP, Guiltinan A, Skettino S, Cordell R, Zeger G, Kleinman S. Safety of blood donations following a natural disaster. Transfusion 1991 Oct;31(8):719-23. Carmel R, Shulman IA. Blood transfusion in medically treatable chronic anemia. Pernicious anemia as a model for transfusion overuse. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989 Sep;113(9):995-7. Cernescu C, Cristea A, Deutsch I. [The improvement of a serological screening method in blood transfusion]. Rev Roum Virol 1990 Jul-Dec;41(3-4):181-95. (Fre). Chen HS, Yang ZH. Perfluorocarbon as blood substitute in clinical applications and in war casualties. Biomater Artif Cells Artif Organs 1988;16(1-3):403-9. Corcoran E. The burden of proof. Donated blood runs a costly gauntlet of tests. Sci Am 1989 Apr;260(4):79-80. Eckert RD, Wallace EL. Securing a safer blood supply: two views. Washington: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research; 1985. 153 p. Gargouri J, Brunot A, Souissi T. [Infection control safety in blood transfusions]. Tunis Med 1993 Feb;71(2):63-70. (Fre). Gimble J, Kline L, Friedman LI. Evaluation of technical and behavioral issues in predonation alanine aminotransferase testing. Transfusion 1989 Sep;29(7):584-9. Heim MU, Mempel W. [The need for thorough infection screening in donors of autologous blood]. Beitr Infusionther 1991;28:313-6. (Ger). Heiss MM, Mempel W, Delanoff C, Mempel M, Jauch KW, Schildberg FW. [Clinical effects of blood transfusion-associated immune modulation on outcome of tumor surgery]. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 1993 Jun;20 Suppl 2:25-9. (Ger). Hume HA, Ali AM, Decary F, Blajchman MA. Evaluation of pediatric transfusion practice using criteria maps. Transfusion 1991 Jan;31(1):52-8. Kruskall MS, Popovsky MA, Pacini DG, Donovan LM, Ransil BJ. Autologous versus homologous donors. Evaluation of markers for infectious disease. Transfusion 1988 May-Jun;28(3):286-8. Lanzer G, Beyer J, Weisshaar D. [Walkaway systems in general practice: Behring ELISA Processor III]. Beitr Infusionther 1993;31:218-23. (Ger). Laske A, Carrel T, Bauer E, Schonbeck M, Schmid ER, von Segesser LK, Turina M. [Blood transfusion and reducing the need for blood in heart transplantation]. Helv Chir Acta 1991 May;57(6):883-8. (Ger). Lennon RL, Hosking MP, Gray JR, Klassen RA, Popovsky MA, Warner MA. The effects of intraoperative blood salvage and induced hypotension on transfusion requirements during spinal surgical procedures. Mayo Clin Proc 1987 Dec;62(12):1090-4. Love TR, Hendren WG, O'Keefe DD, Daggett WM. Transfusion of predonated autologous blood in elective cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 1987 May;43(5):508-12. Mallory D, Malamut D, Sandler SG. A decade of rare donor services in the United States. Report of the American Red Cross Rare Donor Registry (1981-1990). Vox Sang 1992;63(3):186-91. Mallouh AA, Asha M. Beneficial effect of blood transfusion in children with sickle cell chest syndrome. Am J Dis Child 1988 Feb;142(2):178-82. McBride JA, O'Hoski P, Barnes CC, Spiak C, Blajchman MA. Rhesus alloimmunization following intensive plasma exchange. Transfusion 1983 Jul-Aug;23(4):352-4. Mortimer PP. Blood donor screening: benefits and costs [editorial]. Br J Hosp Med 1992 Oct 7-20;48(7):356-7. Popovsky MA, Devine PA, Taswell HF. Intraoperative autologous transfusion. Mayo Clin Proc 1985 Feb;60(2):125-34. Quartier P, Floch C, Meier F, Fruchart MF, Brossard Y, Lejeune C. [Massive fetomaternal hemorrhage and prevention of fetomaternal Rhesus incompatibility. The failure of our present system of prevention]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 1993;22(5):517-9. (Fre). Reesink HW, Nydegger UE, Tegtmeier GE, Barbara J, Seidl S, Woodfield DG, Okochi K, Courouce AM, Van der Poel CL. Blood donor screening or `over-screening': how far to go in avoiding transmission of infectious agents? [editorial]. Vox Sang 1992;63(1):59-69. Rosen A, Klein M, Beck A. [Follow-up in HELLP syndrome]. Zentralbl Gynakol 1990;112(5):273-7. (Ger). Safi MA, Ghaznawi HT, Arafa MS, Moselhi M. An immunoserological study among blood donors of Makkah region, Saudi Arabia. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 1989 Jun;19(1):91-9. Schmidt PJ. Introducing new tests before transfusion. Who shall decide? Arch Pathol Lab Med 1994 Apr;118(4):454-6. Seltzer DG, Brown MD, Tompkins JS, Enger I, Cammisa FP Jr. Toward the elimination of homologous blood use in elective lumbar spine surgery. J Spinal Disord 1993 Oct;6(5):412-21. Sherwood WC. Donor deferral registries. Transfus Med Rev 1993 Apr;7(2):121-8. Shulman IA, Saxena S, Nelson JM. The impact of alanine aminotransferase testing on Hispanic blood donations. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1987 Oct;111(10):988-9. Soloway HB, Kaplan HS. Mathematical implications of inadvertent sample swapping and the perception of apparent rates of gross error [letter]. Clin Chem 1990 Aug;36(8 Pt 1):1525-6. Sorace JM, Carnahan GE, Moore GW, Berman JJ. Automated review of blood donor screening test patterns at a regional blood center. Am J Clin Pathol 1992 Sep;98(3):334-44. Sridhara S, Clarke BJ, Ofosu FA, High KA, Blajchman MA. The direct binding of human factor VII in plasma to recombinant human tissue factor. Thromb Res 1993 May 15;70(4):307-16. Strauss RG, Levy GJ, Sotelo-Avila C, Albanese MA, Hume H, Schloz L, Blazina J, Werner A, Barrasso C, Blanchette V, et al. National survey of neonatal transfusion practices: II. Blood component therapy. Pediatrics 1993 Mar;91(3):530-6. Toy PT, Stehling LC, Strauss RG, Esposito B, Huling D, Poole L, Sears R. Underutilization of autologous blood donation among eligible elective surgical patients. Am J Surg 1986 Nov;152(5):483-6. Vorob'ev AI, Dabberkha NM. [The problems of modern transfusion science]. Ter Arkh 1991;63(7):4-9. (Rus). Wagner SJ, Bardossy L, Moroff G, Dodd RY, Blajchman MA. Assessment of the hemostatic effectiveness of human platelets treated with aminomethyltrimethyl psoralen and UV A light using a rabbit ear bleeding time technique. Blood 1993 Dec 1;82(11):3489-92. Watanabe J. [Laboratory tests in Japanese Red Cross Blood Centers to prevent transfusion-transmitted diseases]. Rinsho Byori 1991 Mar;Suppl 88:60-9. (Jpn). Weissauer W, Opderbecke HW. [Preoperative patient education about transfusion risks--medico-legal considerations of a BGH decision]. Chirurg 1993 Oct;64(10 Suppl):199-205. (Ger). Weisshaar D. [Experiences with the ES-600 equipment]. Beitr Infusionther 1993;31:215-7. (Ger). Willett DE. The duty to warn about transfusion risks. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989 Mar;113(3):307-10. Williams KM, Williams AE, Kline LM, Dodd RY. Stability of serum alanine aminotransferase activity. Transfusion 1987 Sep- Oct;27(5):431-3. Wun T, Paglieroni T, Holland P. Prolonged circulation of activated platelets following plasmapheresis. J Clin Apheresis 1994;9(1):10-6. AIDS/HIV/HTLV The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Commentary. Council on Scientific Affairs. JAMA 1984 Oct 19;252(15):2037-43. [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)]. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1990 Feb 23;65(8):56-7. (Fre). [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Surveillance of HIV-2 infection in blood donors, 1987-1989]. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1991 Mar 22;66(12):84-5. (Fre). [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Surveillance update to 30 September 1989 in the WHO European Region]. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1990 Feb 2;65(5):31-4. (Fre). [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and sexually transmitted diseases]. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1991 Aug 16;66(33):243-6. (Fre). Adams M, Lee TH, Busch MP, Heitman J, Marshall GJ, Gjerset GF, Mosley JW. Rapid freezing of whole blood or buffy coat samples for polymerase chain reaction and cell culture analysis: application to detection of human immunodeficiency virus in blood donor and recipient repositories. The Transfusion Safety Study Group. Transfusion 1993 Jun;33(6):504-8. Adler WH, Nagel JE. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the elderly. Drugs Aging 1994 May;4(5):410-6. Aledort LM. AIDS: an update. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1983 Sep;18(9):159-65, 169-71. Aledort LM. Blood products and immune changes: impacts without HIV infection. Semin Hematol 1988 Apr;25(2 Suppl 1):14-9. Aledort LM, Hilgartner MW, Pike MC, Gjerset GF, Koerper MA, Lian EY, Lusher JM, Mosley JW. Variability in serial CD4 counts and relation to progression of HIV-I infection to AIDS in haemophilic patients. Transfusion Safety Study Group. BMJ 1992 Jan 25;304(6821):212-6. Aledort LM, Operskalski EA, Dietrich SL, Koerper MA, Gjerset GF, Lusher JM, Lian EC, Mosley JW. Low CD4+ counts in a study of transfusion safety. The Transfusion Safety Study Group [letter]. N Engl J Med 1993 Feb 11;328(6):441-2. Published erratum appears in N Engl J Med 1993 Apr 15;328(15):1128. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1993 Feb 11;328(6):429-31. Alfurayh O, Sobh M, Buali A, Ali MA, Barri Y, Qunibi W, Taher S. Hepatitis C virus infection in chronic haemodialysis patients, a clinicopathologic study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992;7(4):327-32. Comment in: Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992;7(12):1259-60. Allain JP. Prevalence of HTLV-III/LAV antibodies in patients with hemophilia and in their sexual partners in France [letter]. N Engl J Med 1986 Aug 21;315(8):517-8. Allen UD, Guerriere M, Read SE, Detsky AS. Percutaneous injuries among health care workers. The real value of human immunodeficiency virus testing of `donor' blood. Arch Intern Med 1991 Oct;151(10):2033-40. Almond B. AIDS - a moral issue: the ethical, legal and social aspects. New York: St. Martin's Press; 1990. 186 p. Alter HJ, Eichberg JW, Masur H, Saxinger WC, Gallo R, Macher AM, Lane HC, Fauci AS. Transmission of HTLV-III infection from human plasma to chimpanzees: an animal model for AIDS. Science 1984 Nov 2;226(4674):549-52. Alter HJ, Epstein JS, Swenson SG, VanRaden MJ, Ward JW, Kaslow RA, Menitove JE, Klein HG, Sandler SG, Sayers MH, et al. Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p24 antigen in U.S. blood donors--an assessment of the efficacy of testing in donor screening. The HIV-Antigen Study Group. N Engl J Med 1990 Nov 8;323(19):1312-7. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1991 Oct 17;325(16):1174-5. AMA guidelines: counseling of HIV-seropositive transfusion recipients. Minn Med 1987 Aug;70(8):437-8. American Medical Association, Board of Trustees. AMA HIV policy update: report X (I-89). Chicago: The Association; 1989 Dec. 26 p. Anderson DW, Epstein JS, Lee TH, Lairmore MD, Saxinger C, Kalyanaraman VS, Slamon D, Parks W, Poiesz BJ, Pierik LT, et al. Serological confirmation of human T-lymphotropic virus type I infection in healthy blood and plasma donors. Blood 1989 Nov 15;74(7):2585-91. Anderson KC, Gorgone BC, Marlink RG, Ferriani R, Essex ME, Benz PM, Groopman JE. Transfusion-acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection among immunocompromised persons. Ann Intern Med 1986 Oct;105(4):519-27. Anderson LJ. The AIDS crisis and the medical-legal implications of transfusion therapy. ANNA J 1991 Jun;18(3):291-4, 322. Andes WA, Daul CB, deShazo RD, Palmer CH. Seroconversion to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in hemophiliacs. Relation to lymphadenopathy. Transfusion 1988 Mar-Apr;28(2):98-102. Andreu J, Abad MA, Sanchez-Quijano A, Torronteras R, Luque F, Garcia de las Heras J, Soto B, Pineda JA, Leal M, Lissen E. High rate of nonspecific anti-hepatitis C reactivity amongst homosexual men in comparison with that found in other sexually active groups and blood donors. Viral Hepatitis and AIDS Study Group. J Intern Med 1994 Jul;236(1):73-7. Anthony JC, Vlahov D, Nelson KE, Cohn S, Astemborski J, Solomon L. New evidence on intravenous cocaine use and the risk of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Am J Epidemiol 1991 Nov 15;134(10):1175-89. Aronson DL. Infection of hemophiliacs with HIV. J Clin Apheresis 1993;8(2):117-9. Aronson DL. Regulation and licensing of U.S. plasma products: response to AIDS. Dev Biol Stand 1987;67:215-20. Ashton LJ, Learmont J, Luo K, Wylie B, Stewart G, Kaldor JM. HIV infection in recipients of blood products from donors with known duration of infection. Lancet 1994 Sep 10;344(8924):718-20. Astemborski J, Vlahov D, Warren D, Solomon L, Nelson KE. The trading of sex for drugs or money and HIV seropositivity among female intravenous drug users. Am J Public Health 1994 Mar;84(3):382-7. Atlas SJ, Singer DE, Skates SJ. Changing blood use in the AIDS era: the case of elective hip surgery. Transfusion 1994 May;34(5):365-7. Aubert V, Wauters JP, Schneider P, Chave JP, Frei PC. Follow-up of HIV-1 seroconversion in a dialysed patient infected by an `HIV-negative' blood unit [letter]. AIDS 1990 Sep;4(9):929-30. Ayala A, Rodriguez C, Belliard M, Perez J, Khoury E. Prevalence of HIV infection in blood donors [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1993 Jun 6-11;9(2):739. Ayres L, Avillez F, Garcia-Benito A, Deinhardt F, Gurtler L, Denis F, Leonard G, Ranger S, Grob P, Joller-Jemelka H, et al. Multicenter evaluation of a new recombinant enzyme immunoassay for the combined detection of antibody to HIV-1 and HIV-2. AIDS 1990 Feb;4(2):131-8. Backer U, Gathof A, Howe J, Strobel E, Deinhardt F, Gurtler L, Grob P, Joller-Jemelka H, Kuhnl P, Seidl S, et al. A new second- generation anti-HIV-1 enzyme immunoassay using recombinant envelope and core proteins. AIDS 1988 Dec;2(6):477-80. Baecker U, Weinauer F, Michel P, Weise W. HIV antigen screening in blood donors [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1993 Jun 6-11;9(2):739. Baker AF. Liability without fault and the AIDS plague compel a new approach to cases of transfusion-transmitted disease. Spec Law Dig Health Care (Mon) 1991 Aug;(150):7-470. Balfour HH Jr. Transfusion and the human immunodeficiency virus [editorial]. Transfusion 1993 Feb;33(2):101-2. Comment on: Transfusion 1993 Feb;33(2):111-8. Ballem P, Buskard N, Elliot M, Adatia A. Review of the British Columbia Canada CRCBTS lookback program for HIV-positive blood donors [abstract]. Clin Invest Med 1988;11(4 Suppl):C54. Ballester OF, Abdallah JM, Prasad AS. Lymphocyte subpopulation abnormalities in sickle cell anemia: a distinctive pattern from that of AIDS. Am J Hematol 1986 Jan;21(1):23-7. Barak M, Merzbach D, Gruener N. Neopterin measured in serum and tissue culture supernates by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. Clin Chem 1989 Jul;35(7):1467-71. Barbara JA. Challenges in transfusion microbiology. Transfus Med Rev 1993 Apr;7(2):96-103. Barbara JA, Contreras M. Hepatitis C virus screening: UK Blood Transfusion Service on the threshold. Med Lab Sci 1991 Jul;48(3):171-4. Barbara JA, Garson JA. Polymerase chain reaction and transfusion microbiology. Vox Sang 1993;64(2):73-81. Barbara JA, Tedder RS. Viral infections transmitted by blood and its products. Clin Haematol 1984 Oct;13(3):693-707. Barrett JE, Dawson G, Heller J, Bairstow C, Fico R, Webber JS, Gutierrez R, Decker RH. Performance evaluation of the Abbott HTLV III EIA, a test for antibody to HTLV III in donor blood. Am J Clin Pathol 1986 Aug;86(2):180-5. Barry MJ, Cleary PD, Fineberg HV. Screening for HIV infection: risks, benefits, and the burden of proof. Law Med Health Care 1986 Dec;14(5-6):259-67. Baruch A, Masci J, Schechter C, Nicholas P. Prevalence and presenting characteristics of hiv patients 60 years and older [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1992 Jul 19-24;8(2):C246. Battery claim allowed for alleged failure to use family-donated blood. J Health Hosp Law 1991 Oct;24(10):327-8. Battjes RJ, Pickens RW, Amsel Z. Introduction of HIV infection among intravenous drug abusers in low prevalence areas. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1989;2(6):533-9. Baumgarten K, Chiewsilp P, Gilcher R, Gurtler L, Hampl H, Henrard D, Holzberger G, Jullien AM, Kuhnl P, Matthes G, et al. [Comments on HIV antigen screening of blood donors]. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 1993 Jun;20(3):96-8. (Ger). Bayer R. AIDS and liberalism: a response to Patricia Illingworth. Bioethics 1992 Jan;6(1):23-7. Bayer R. Gays and the stigma of bad blood. Hastings Cent Rep 1983 Apr;13(2):5-7. Bayer R. Private acts, social consequences: AIDS and the politics of public health. New York: Free Press; 1989. 282 p. Bayer R, Levine C, Murray TH. Guidelines for confidentiality in research on AIDS. AIDS Res 1983-84;1(4):275-97. Bayer R, Levine C, Wolf SM. HIV antibody screening: an ethical framework for evaluating proposed programs. JAMA 1986 Oct 3;256(13):1768-74. Beal RW, van Aken WG. Gift or good? A contemporary examination of the voluntary and commercial aspects of blood donation. Vox Sang 1992;63(1):1-5. Comment in: Vox Sang 1993;65(2):165-6. Bencivelli F. [HIV infection and blood transfusion.] G Mal Infett Parassit 1988;40(11):1139-41. (Ita). Berkelman RL, Heyward WL, Stehr-Green JK, Curran JW. Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med 1989 Jun;86(6 Pt 2):761-70. Comment in: Am J Med 1989 Oct;87(4):489. Berkman SA, Groopman JE. Transfusion associated AIDS. Transfus Med Rev 1988 Mar;2(1):18-28. Berteau F, Mention J, Tissedre J, Narraido B, Grall C, Glowaczover E, Keita A, Laval Y, Bedjabaga I, Ossari S. [Evaluation of the seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human t-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) in Haut Ogooue Province in Gabon in pregnant women and blood donor control groups]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1993;86(1):12-5. (Fre). Biggar RJ, Rosenberg PS. HIV infection/AIDS in the United States during the 1990s. Clin Infect Dis 1993 Aug;17 Suppl 1:S219-23. Blaxhult A, Granath F, Lidman K, Giesecke J. The influence of age on the latency period to AIDS in people infected by HIV through blood transfusion. AIDS 1990 Feb;4(2):125-9. Blood issues update: minimizing the risk of transfusion- associated HIV infection. American Hospital Association Technical Advisory Task Force on Blood Resources. Hosp Technol Ser 1989 Aug;8(21):1-14. Bonanni G, D'Ambrosio F, Marino S. [HIV and other retroviruses in the screening of blood donors (letter)]. Recenti Prog Med 1991 Feb;82(2):122-4. (Ita). Borzini P. [Platelet immunology: diagnostic aspects of thrombocytopenia]. Haematologica 1991 Jun;76 Suppl 3:116-23. (Ita). Bouchard I, Espinoza P, Stein S, Polo DeVoto J, D'Havillivillee P, Benamouzig R. [Hospital visits and HIV infection in the prison environment (abstract)]. Int Conf AIDS 1989;5:81. (Fre). Bourquelot P, Oksenhendler E, Wolff M, Fegueux S, Piketty C, D'Agay MF, Clauvel JP. [Hemophagocytic syndrome in HIV infection]. Presse Med 1993 Sep 11;22(26):1217-20. (Fre). Bove JR. The response to AIDS [editorial]. Transfusion 1985 Jan-Feb;25(1):1-2. Bove JR. Testing in the years ahead: new pressures and new concerns. Transfusion 1990 Jan;30(1):63-7. Bove JR. Transfusion-associated hepatitis and AIDS. What is the risk? N Engl J Med 1987 Jul 23;317(4):242-5. Bove JR. Transfusion-transmitted diseases: current problems and challenges. Prog Hematol 1986;14:123-47. Bove JR, Dodd RY, Miller WV, Sandler SG. How should we handle the ethical questions regarding information to donors and patients and the practical implications regarding deferral of donors and handling of donated blood in the event of introducing a screening test for HTLV-III as in order to prevent transmission of AIDS by blood transfusion? [clinical conference]. Vox Sang 1985;49(3):234-9. Brady MT, Cuartas JF. HIV infection of multiply-transfused pediatric oncology patients in a low-prevalence area. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1992 Aug;14(3):233-5. Brady MT, Ng A. Protection of neonates from transfusion- associated AIDS by the use of CMV-seronegative blood before availability of specific serologic tests for HTLV-III (HIV). Am J Perinatol 1987 Oct;4(4):305-7. Brauer P, Wullenweber J, Sibrowski W. [HIV: how great is the residual risk? (letter)]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1994 May 13;119(19):715-6. (Ger). Brinchmann JE. [Factors influencing the development of the HIV pandemic]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1992 Jun 30;112(17):2231-4. (Nor). Brownlee RG, Sunzeri FJ, Busch MP. Application of capillary DNA chromatography to detect AIDS virus (HIV-1) DNA in blood. J Chromatogr 1990 Nov 30;533:87-96. Buck BE, Malinin TI, Brown MD. Bone transplantation and human immunodeficiency virus. An estimate of risk of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Clin Orthop 1989 Mar;(240):129-36. Buckley JD, Pike MC, Mosley JW. Statistical approaches to evaluating prognostic indices in HIV infection. The Transfusion Safety Study Group [letter]. AIDS 1991 Nov;5(11):1398. Burckhardt JJ, Zuercher-Krauskopf M, Senn M, Bachmann P. Six years experience with follow-up of indeterminate anti-HIV western blot in blood donors [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1992 Jul 19-24;8(2):C279 (abstract no. PoC 4206). Busch M. HIV-1 p24 antigen screening of male blood donors in localities with high HIV-1 antibody prevalence [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1989 Jun 4-9;5:344 (abstract no. T.B.P.347). Busch MP. Laboratory diagnosis of HIV infection. Transfus Med Rev 1988 Dec;2(4):250-63. Busch MP, Donegan E, Stuart M, Mosley JW. Donor HIV-1 p24 antigenaemia and course of infection in recipients Transfusion Safety Study Group [letter]. Lancet 1990 Jun 2;335(8701):1342. Busch M, Eble B, Ulrich P, El Amad Z, Perkins H, Vyas G. Prospective evaluation of contemporary screened blood donors for occult HIV infection [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1989 Jun 4-9;5:46 (abstract no. M.A.O. 10). Busch MP, Eble BE, Babu G, Khayam-Bashi H, Heilbron D, Murphy EL, Perkins HA, Vyas GN. Evaluation of contemporary screened blood donors for HIV-1 infection using pooled cell culture and DNA amplification techniques [abstract]. Transfusion 1991;31(8 Suppl):49s. Busch MP, Eble BE, Khayam-Bashi H, Heilbron D, Murphy EL, Kwok S, Sninsky J, Perkins HA, Vyas GN. Evaluation of screened blood donations for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by culture and DNA amplification of pooled cells. N Engl J Med 1991 Jul 4;325(1):1-5. Busch MP, el Amad Z, McHugh TM, Chien D, Polito AJ. Reliable confirmation and quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody using a recombinant-antigen immunoblot assay. Transfusion 1991 Feb;31(2):129-37. Busch MP, Henrard DR, Hewlett IK, Mehaffey WF, Epstein JS, Allain JP, Lee TH, Mosley JW. Poor sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of detection of HIV-1 DNA in serum by polymerase chain reaction. The Transfusion Safety Study Group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992;5(9):872-7. Busch MP, Kleinman S, Calabro M, Laycock M, Thompson R, Retrovirus. Evaluation of anti-HTLV supplemental testing in US blood donors [abstract]. Transfusion 1992;32(8 Suppl):57s. Busch MP, Laycock M, Kleinman SH, Wages JW Jr, Calabro M, Kaplan JE, Khabbaz RF, Hollingsworth CG. Accuracy of supplementary serologic testing for human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II in US blood donors. Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study. Blood 1994 Feb 15;83(4):1143-8. Busch MP, Perkins HA, Holland PV, Doll LS, Petersen L. Questionable efficacy of confidential unit exclusion [letter]. Transfusion 1990 Sep;30(7):668-9. Comment on: Transfusion 1989 Nov-Dec;29(9):823-6. Comment in: Transfusion 1991 Mar- Apr;31(3):286-7. Busch MP, Petersen L, Schable C, Perkins H. Monitoring blood donors for HIV-2 infection by testing anti-HIV-1 reactive sera. Transfusion 1990 Feb;30(2):184-7. Busch MP, Rajagopalan MS, Gantz DM, Fu S, Steimer KS, Vyas GN. In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry for improved assessment of human immunodeficiency virus cultures. Am J Clin Pathol 1987 Dec;88(6):673-80. Busch MP, Taylor PE, Lenes BA, Kleinman SH, Stuart M, Stevens CE, Tomasulo PA, Allain JP, Hollingsworth CG, Mosley JW. Screening of selected male blood donors for p24 antigen of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. The Transfusion Safety Study Group. N Engl J Med 1990 Nov 8;323(19):1308-12. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1991 Oct 17;325(16):1174-5. Busch MP, Valinski J, Paglieroni T, Prince H, Mosley JW, et al. Prevalence and significance of idiopathic CD4-Positive T- Lymphocytopenia ICL in US voluntary blood donors [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1993 Jun 6-11;9(1):92 (abstract no. WS-C11-1). Busch MP, Valinsky JE, Paglieroni T, Prince HE, Crutcher GJ, Gjerset GF, Operskalski EA, Charlebois E, Bianco C, Holland PV, et al. Screening of blood donors for idiopathic CD4+ T- lymphocytopenia. Transfusion 1994 Mar;34(3):192-7. Busch MP, Young MJ, Samson SM, Mosley JW, Ward JW, Perkins HA. Risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission by blood transfusions before the implementation of HIV-1 antibody screening. The Transfusion Safety Study Group. Transfusion 1991 Jan;31(1):4-11. Calender A, Gessain A, Essex M, de The G. Seroepidemiology of human T-cell leukemia virus in the French West Indies: antibodies in blood donors and patients with lymphoproliferative diseases who do not have AIDS. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1984;437:175-6. Calman AF, Busch MP, Vyas GN, McHugh TM, Stites DP, Peterlin BM. Transcription and replication of human immunodeficiency virus-1 in B lymphocytes in vitro. AIDS 1988 Jun;2(3):185-93. Cantani A. [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): the child and the mother]. Allerg Immunol (Paris) 1990 Dec;22(10):419-24. (Fre). Carlson JR, Bryant ML, Hinrichs SH, Yamamoto JK, Levy NB, Yee J, Higgins J, Levine AM, Holland P, Gardner MB, et al. AIDS serology testing in low- and high-risk groups. JAMA 1985 Jun 21;253(23):3405-8. Carlson JR, Yee J, Hinrichs SH, Bryant ML, Gardner MB, Pedersen NC. Comparison of indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot for detection of anti-human immunodeficiency virus antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 1987 Mar;25(3):494-7. Carr R, Veitch SE, Edmond E, Peutherer JF, Prescott RJ, Steel CM, Ludlam CA. Abnormalities of circulating lymphocyte subsets in haemophiliacs in an AIDS-free population. Lancet 1984 Jun 30;1(8392):1431-4. Carson JL, Russell LB, Taragin MI, Sonnenberg FA, Duff AE, Bauer S. The risks of blood transfusion: the relative influence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and non-A, non-B hepatitis. Am J Med 1992 Jan;92(1):45-52. Comment in: Am J Med 1992 Sep;93(3):356-8 and Am J Med 1992 Nov;93(5):586. Casabona J, Barba G, Segura A. [Preliminary results of the analysis of donations carried out in Catalonia from 1985 to 1987 (letter)]. Med Clin (Barc) 1990 Jan 20;94(2):77. (Spa). Casey JM, Kim Y, Andersen PR, Watson KF, Fox JL, Devare SG. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III: immunologic characterization and primary structure analysis of the major internal protein, p24. J Virol 1985 Aug;55(2):417-23. Caspari G, Gerlich WH. [HIV-p24 antigen test in blood donors: yes or no?]. Med Klin 1994 Jan 15;89(1):25-32, 47. Comment in: Med Klin 1994 Jan 15;89(1):41. (Ger). Castro O, Saxinger C, Barnes S, Alexander S, Flagg R, Frederick W. Prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus and to human T cell leukemia virus type I in transfused sickle cell disease patients. J Infect Dis 1990 Sep;162(3):743-5. Ceuppens JL, Vermylen J, Colaert J, Desmyter J, Gautama K, Stevens E, The AL, Vanham G, Vermylen C, Verstraete M. Immunological alterations in haemophiliacs treated with lyophilized Factor VIII cryoprecipitate from volunteer donors. Thromb Haemost 1984 Apr 30;51(2):207-11. Chamberland ME, Castro KG, Haverkos HW, Miller BI, Thomas PA, Reiss R, Walker J, Spira TJ, Jaffe HW, Curran JW. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the United States: an analysis of cases outside high-incidence groups. Ann Intern Med 1984 Nov;101(5):617-23. Chamberland ME, Petersen LR, Munn VP, White CR, Johnson ES, Busch MP, Grindon AJ, Kamel H, Ness PM, Shafer AW, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection among health care workers who donate blood. Ann Intern Med 1994 Aug 15;121(4):269-73. Cheingsong-Popov R, Weiss RA, Dalgleish A, Tedder RS, Shanson DC, Jeffries DJ, Ferns RB, Briggs EM, Weller IV, Mitton S, et al. Prevalence of antibody to human T-lymphotropic virus type III in AIDS and AIDS-risk patients in Britain. Lancet 1984 Sep 1;2(8401):477-80. Chen ISY, Rosenblatt JD, Black AC, Arrigo SJ, Green PL. HTLV-II prevalence and regulation of gene expression [abstract]. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1990;6(1):134-5. Chiavetta JA, Nusbacher J, Wall A. Donor self-exclusion patterns and human immunodeficiency virus antibody test results over a twelve-month period. Transfusion 1989 Jan;29(1):81-3. Chiodi F, Biberfeld G, Parks E, Norrby E, Mufson M. Screening of African sera stored for more than 17 years for HIV antibodies by site-directed serology. Eur J Epidemiol 1989 Mar;5(1):42-6. Chitwood DD, Page JB, Comerford M, Inciardi JA, McCoy CB, Trapido E, Lai SH. The donation and sale of blood by intravenous drug users. Am J Public Health 1991 May;81(5):631-3. Chorba TL, Jason JM, Ramsey RB, Lechner K, Pabinger-Fasching I, Kalyanaraman VS, McDougal JS, Cabradilla CD, Tregillus LC, Lawrence DN, et al. HTLV-I antibody status in hemophilia patients treated with factor concentrates prepared from U.S. plasma sources and in hemophilia patients with AIDS. Thromb Haemost 1985 Apr 22;53(2):180-2. Church JA, Isaacs H. Transfusion-associated acquired immune deficiency syndrome in infants. J Pediatr 1984 Nov;105(5):731-7. Cleary PD, Rogers TF, Singer E, Avorn J, van Devanter N, Perry S, Pindyck J. Health education about AIDS among seropositive blood donors. Health Educ Q 1986 Winter;13(4):317-29. Cleary PD, Singer E, Rogers TF, Avorn J, Van Devanter N, Soumerai S, Perry S, Pindyck J. Sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of HIV antibody-positive blood donors. Am J Public Health 1988 Aug;78(8):953-7. Cleary PD, Van Devanter N, Rogers TF, Singer E, Avorn J, Pindyck J. Trends in sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of HIV antibody-positive blood donors. AIDS Educ Prev 1991 Spring;3(1):60-71. Cleary PD, Van Devanter N, Rogers TF, Singer E, Shipton-Levy R, Steilen M, Stuart A, Avorn J, Pindyck J. Depressive symptoms in blood donors notified of HIV infection. Am J Public Health 1993 Apr;83(4):534-9. Clerici M, Berzofsky JA, Shearer GM, Giorgi JV, Tacket C. HIV-1 from a seronegative transplant donor [letter]. N Engl J Med 1992 Aug 20;327(8):564-5. Comment on: N Engl J Med 1992 Mar 12;326(11):726-32. Cohen ND, Munoz A, Reitz BA, Ness PK, Frazier OH, Yawn DH, Lee H, Blattner W, Donahue JG, Nelson KE, et al. Transmission of retroviruses by transfusion of screened blood in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 1989 May 4;320(18):1172-6. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1989 Nov 9;321(19):1338-9. Coll J, Yazbeck H, Gutierrez J. [Anticardiolipin antibodies in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (letter)]. Med Clin (Barc) 1993 Mar 6;100(9):357-8. (Spa). Colman N. Introduction: closing the window on AIDS. Transfus Med Rev 1989 Jan;3(1 Suppl 1):1-3. Conley LJ, Holmberg SD. Transmission of AIDS from blood screened negative for antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus [letter]. N Engl J Med 1992 May 28;326(22):1499-500. Conri C, Mestre C, Constans J, Vital C. [Periarteritis nodosa- type vasculitis and infection with human immunodeficiency virus]. Rev Med Interne 1991 Jan-Feb;12(1):47-51. (Fre). Consensus conference. Perioperative red blood cell transfusion. JAMA 1988 Nov 11;260(18):2700-3. The constitutional rights of AIDS carriers. Harvard Law Rev 1986 Apr;99(6):1274-92. Conte JE. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus in the hospital: epidemiology, infection control, and biosafety considerations. Ann Intern Med 1986 Nov;105(5):730-6. Contreras M, Barbara J. Screening for HIV p24 antigen [letter]. Lancet 1992 Feb 15;339(8790):438-9. Comment on: Lancet 1992 Jan 11;339(8785):130-1. Contreras M, Hewitt PE, Barbara JA, Mochnaty PZ. Blood donors at high risk of transmitting the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985 Mar 9;290(6470):749-50. Courouce AM. [HIV seropositivity in blood donors and estimation of the residual risk of transfusion (abstract)]. Int Conf AIDS 1989 Jun 4-9;5:83. (Fre). Courouce AM. [HIV seropositivity in blood donors from 1990 to 1992: prevalence, estimation of residual risk of transfusion- related infections and epidemiology]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1993 Jul;36(4):327-37. (Fre). Courouce AM. [Type C viral hepatitis]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1990 Mar;33(2):81-95. (Fre). Courouce AM, Barin F, Maniez M, Janot C, Noel L, Elghouzzi MH. Effectiveness of assays for antibodies to HIV and p24 antigen to detect very recent HIV infections in blood donors. The Retrovirus Study Group of the French Society of Blood Transfusion [letter]. AIDS 1992 Dec;6(12):1548-50. Courouce AM, Baudelot J, Elghouzzi MH, Gueguen M, Janot C, Lemaire JM, Maniez M, Mesnier F, Noel L, North ML, et al. [Prevalence and epidemiologic features of subjects found to be infected with HIV when donating blood. CTS of the Retrovirus Study Group of the Societe Nationale de Transfusion Sanguine]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1990 Dec;33(6):431-8. (Fre). Cumming PD, Wallace EL, Schorr JB, Dodd RY. Exposure of patients to human immunodeficiency virus through the transfusion of blood components that test antibody-negative. N Engl J Med 1989 Oct 5;321(14):941-6. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1990 Mar 22;322(12):850-1. Curran WJ. AIDS research and the window of opportunity. N Eng J Med 1985 Apr 4;312(14):903-4. Curran JW, Barker LF. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome associated with transfusions: the evolving perspective. Ann Intern Med 1984 Feb;100(2):298-300. Curran JW, Lawrence DN, Jaffe H, Kaplan JE, Zyla LD, Chamberland M, Weinstein R, Lui KJ, Schonberger LB, Spira TJ, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) associated with transfusions. N Engl J Med 1984 Jan 12;310(2):69-75. Dai ZC. AIDS prevention and control in China. Chin Med J (Engl) 1991 Oct;104(10):795-8. Das PC, de Vries AH, McShine RL, Smit Sibinga CT. HIV antigen tests on selected blood donors [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1990 Jun 20-23;6(1):274 (abstract no. Th.C.598). Das PC, de Vries AH, McShine RL, Smit Sibinga CT. HIV antigen tests among new blood donors [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1989 Jun 4-9;5:346 (abstract no. T.B.P. 354). Daul CB, deShazo RD, Andes WA. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in hemophiliac patients. A three-year prospective evaluation. Am J Med 1988 May;84(5):801-9. de Juan Martin F, Gomez Barrena V, Garcia Vera C, Gresa Munoz M, Arcauz Eguren P, Omenaca Teres M, Martin Moradillo M. [Visceral leishmaniasis revealing post-transfusional HIV infection]. An Esp Pediatr 1991 Feb;34(2):158-60. (Spa). de la Cruz CA, de Diego R, Canal MI, Cabrerizo P, Tisner M, Navia J. [Anesthesiologic implications of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection]. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 1990 Mar- Apr;37(2):75-80. (Spa). de Stasio G. [Transfusion risks and alternatives to transfusion]. Recenti Prog Med 1992 Jun;83(6):321-9. (Ita). de Vries HR. [Doctor's delay in HIV infection caused by blood transfusion (letter)]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1992 Oct 3;136(40):1989. (Dut). Debat P, Houndo L, Arulnaden JL, Lemonnier MP, Bismuth A. [Detection of HIV in donated blood]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1992 Jan;35(1):11-2. (Fre). Dekaban G, Inwood M, Waters D, Drouin J, Teitel J. Absence of human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II infection in an Ontario hemophilia population. Transfusion 1992 Jul-Aug;32(6):513-6. Delaporte E, Peeters M, Bardy JL, Ville Y, Placca L, Bedjabaga I, Larouze B, Piot P. Blood transfusion as a major risk factor for HTLV-I infection among hospitalized children in Gabon (Equatorial Africa). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993 Apr;6(4):424-8. DePalma L, Luban NL. Transmission of human T-lymphotrophic virus type I infection to a neonatal infant by transfusion of washed and irradiated red cells. Transfusion 1993 Jul;33(7):582-4. Desfemmes T, Chouaid C, Febvre M, Housset B, Lebeau B. [Geriatric AIDS (6 years after pneumonectomy). Apropos of a case]. Rev Pneumol Clin 1991;47(4):192-3. (Fre). Desposito F, McSherry GD, Oleske JM. Blood product acquired HIV infection in children. Pediatr Ann 1988 May;17(5):341-5. Di Nola F. [AIDS in Italy]. Minerva Chir 1991 Oct 31;46(20):1150-1. (Ita). Di Nola F. [AIDS in transplantation]. Minerva Urol Nefrol 1992 Jul-Sep;44(3):230-1. (Ita). Dickens BM. Legal rights and duties in the AIDS epidemic. Science 1988 Feb 5;239(4840):580-6. Dietrich SL. The epidemiology of HIV infection in hemophiliacs. Prog Clin Biol Res 1990;324:79-86. Dietrich SL, Mosley JW, Lusher JM, Hilgartner MW, Operskalski EA, Habel L, Aledort LM, Gjerset GF, Koerper MA, Lewis BH, et al. Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by dry-heated clotting factor concentrates. Transfusion Safety Study Group. Vox Sang 1990;59(3):129-35. Dobec M, Jung M, Zupancic-Salek S, Burek V, Mihaljevic I, Grgicevic D. [The combined immunoenzyme test: anti-HIV-1 and -2 and anti-HTLV-1 in the detection of donors with retrovirus infections]. Lijec Vjesn 1993 May-Jun;115(5-6):142-5. (Scr). Dock NL, Kleinman SH, Rayfield MA, Schable CA, Williams AE, Dodd RY. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and indeterminate western blot patterns. Prospective studies in a low prevalence population. Arch Intern Med 1991 Mar;151(3):525-30. Dock NL, Lamberson HV Jr, O'Brien TA, Tribe DE, Alexander SS, Poiesz BJ. Evaluation of atypical human immunodeficiency virus immunoblot reactivity in blood donors. Transfusion 1988 Sep- Oct;28(5):412-8. Dodd RY, Fang CT. The western immunoblot procedure for HIV antibodies and its interpretation. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1990 Mar;114(3):240-5. Dodd RY, Houlihan K, Lamberson HV. The specificity of enzyme immunoassays for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus: impact on record and donor management [letter]. Transfusion 1993 Aug;33(8):693. Doll L. Homosexually and nonhomosexually identified male blood donors who have sex with men a behavioral comparison [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1990 Jun 20-23;6(1):146 (abstract no. Th.D.49). Doll LS, Petersen LR, White CR, Ward JW. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected blood donors: behavioral characteristics and reasons for donation. The HIV Blood Donor Study Group. Transfusion 1991 Oct;31(8):704-9. Domok I, Illes B, Foldes I, Kulcsar G, Fust G, Vass A, Horvath A, Varnai F, Endroczi E. [The position of the AIDS Committee of the Ministry of Social and Health Services on the publication: Controversies Concerning AIDS, published in Medicus Universalis, No.6, 1989]. Orv Hetil 1990 Aug 12;131(32):1765-7. (Hun). Donahue JG, Nelson KE, Munoz A, McAllister HA, Yawn DH, Ness PM, Cohen ND. Transmission of HIV by transfusion of screened blood [letter]. N Engl J Med 1990 Dec 13;323(24):1709. Donegan E, Busch MP, Galleshaw JA, Shaw GM, Mosley JW. Transfusion of blood components from a donor with human T- lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) infection. The Transfusion Safety Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1990 Oct 1;113(7):555-6. Donegan E, Johnson D, Remedios V, Cohen S. Mass notification of transfusion recipients at risk for HIV infection [letter]. JAMA 1988 Aug 19;260(7):922-3. Donegan E, Lee H, Operskalski EA, Shaw GM, Kleinman SH, Busch MP, Stevens CE, Schiff ER, Nowicki MJ, Hollingsworth CG, et al. Transfusion transmission of retroviruses: human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II compared with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Transfusion 1994 Jun;34(6):478-83. Donegan E, Lenes BA, Tomasulo PA, Mosley JW, Mosely JW/[corrected to Mosley JW]. Transmission of HIV-1 by component type and duration of shelf storage before transfusion [letter]. Transfusion 1990 Nov-Dec;30(9):851-2. Published erratum appears in Transfusion 1991 Mar-Apr;31(3):287. Donegan E, Pell P, Lee H, Shaw GM, Mosley JW. Transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type I by blood components from a donor lacking anti-p24: a case report. The Transfusion Safety Study Group. Transfusion 1992 Jan;32(1):68-71. Donegan E, Stuart M, Niland JC, Sacks HS, Azen SP, Dietrich SL, Faucett C, Fletcher MA, Kleinman SH, Operskalski EA, et al. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) among recipients of antibody-positive blood donations. Ann Intern Med 1990 Nov 15;113(10):733-9. Comment in: Ann Intern Med 1990 Nov;113(10):729-30. Douglas D, Harper M, Ness P, Polk F. HIV antibody and concurrent serologic markers in male blood donors who deny risk [abstract]. Transfusion (Phila) 1987;27(6):549. Dudok de Wit C. [HIV-positive blood donors, 1985-1993]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1994 May 28;138(22):1135. (Dut). Dufoort G, Courouce AM, Ancelle-Park R, Bletry O. No clinical signs 14 years after HIV-2 transmission via blood transfusion [letter]. Lancet 1988 Aug 27;2(8609):510. Dupont E, Lambermont M. [Prevention of risks related to blood transfusions]. Rev Med Brux 1993 Mar;14(3):59-62. (Fre). Eberle J, Gathof B, Backer U, Gossrau E, Stute R, Baumgarten K, Bergmann H, Reissigl H, Gurtler L, Deinhardt P. p24 HIV antigen screening of blood donors [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1989 Jun 4-9;5:246 (abstract no. M.B.P.148). Eble B, Busch M, Hurt M, Nason M, Garner J, Guiltinan A, Vyas G, Khayam-Bashi H. Resolution of western blot-indeterminate and high risk seronegative blood donors by PCR [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1990 Jun 20-23;6(1):136 (abstract no. Th.A.12). Eble BE, Busch MP, Guiltinan AM, Khayam-Bashi H, Murphy EL. Determination of human T lymphotropic virus type by polymerase chain reaction and correlation with risk factors in northern California blood donors. J Infect Dis 1993 Apr;167(4):954-7. Published erratum appears in J Infect Dis 1993 Jul;168(1):262. Eble BE, Busch MP, Khayam-Bashi H, Nason MA, Samson S, Vyas GN. Resolution of infection status of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seroindeterminate donors and high-risk seronegative individuals with polymerase chain reaction and virus culture: absence of persistent silent HIV type 1 infection in a high- prevalence area. Transfusion 1992 Jul-Aug;32(6):503-8. Comment in: Transfusion 1992 Jul-Aug;32(6):497-9. Eggers HJ. [Value of the HIV-p24 antigen test in blood banks (editorial)]. Med Klin 1994 Jan 15;89(1):41. Comment on: Med Klin 1994 Jan 15;89(1):25-32, 47. (Ger). Ehmke W, Bielefeld, Haike HJ. [Administration of an HIV contaminated blood unit and hospital liability]. Versicherungsmedizin 1992 Jun 1;44(3):76-80. (Ger). Eichberg JW, Alter HJ, Dreesman GR. Longitudinal study of HTLV- III-infected chimpanzees by lymphocyte subpopulation analysis. J Med Primatol 1985;14(6):317-26. Eichberg JW, Zarling JM, Alter HJ, Levy JA, Berman PW, Gregory T, Lasky LA, McClure J, Cobb KE, Moran PA, et al. T-cell responses to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and its recombinant antigens in HIV-infected chimpanzees. J Virol 1987 Dec;61(12):3804-8. Eiseman B, Schrotter G. [Perioperative blood transfusions. Changed indications and new alternatives]. Zentralbl Chir 1990;115(4):193-9. (Ger). Eisenstaedt RS, Getzen TE. Screening blood donors for human immunodeficiency virus antibody: cost-benefit analysis. Am J Public Health 1988 Apr;78(4):450-4. Eklund J, Jorgensen J, Hogman C, Jensson O, Kornstad L. [Recommendations from the 12th Scandinavian meeting on transfusion medicine]. Nord Med 1990;105(4):119-20. (Dan). Epstein JS. Sensitivity and consistency of screening tests for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [editorial]. Transfusion 1991 Jun;31(5):388-9. Epstein JS, Fricke WA. Current safety of clotting factor concentrates. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1990 Mar;114(3):335-40. Comment in: Arch Pathol Lab Med 1990 Dec;114(12):1188-9. Estermann J, Sulliger JM, Skarabis H. [Epidemiology of HIV infections in Switzerland and the German Federal Republic-- contribution of official surveillance systems, of anonymous testing and of blood donor screening]. Gesundheitswesen 1992 Mar;54(3):122-6. (Ger). Evatt BL, Chorba TL. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in hemophilia. Clin Lab Med 1984 Jun;4(2):333-44. Evatt BL, Gomperts ED, McDougal JS, Ramsey RB. Coincidental appearance of LAV/HTLV-III antibodies in hemophiliacs and the onset of the AIDS epidemic. N Engl J Med 1985 Feb 21;312(8):483-6. Evatt BL, Ramsey RB, Lawrence DN, Zyla LD, Curran JW. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in patients with hemophilia. Ann Intern Med 1984 Apr;100(4):499-504. Evatt BL, Stein SF, Francis DP, Lawrence DN, McLane MF, McDougal JS, Lee TH, Spira TJ, Cabradilla C, Mullens JI, Essex M. Antibodies to human T cell leukaemia virus-associated membrane antigens in haemophiliacs: evidence for infection before 1980. Lancet 1983 Sep 24;2(8352):698-700. Eyster ME, Alter HJ, Aledort LM, Quan S, Hatzakis A, Goedert JJ. Heterosexual co-transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Ann Intern Med 1991 Nov 15;115(10):764-8. Eyster ME, Diamondstone LS, Lien JM, Ehmann WC, Quan S, Goedert JJ. Natural history of hepatitis C virus infection in multitransfused hemophiliacs: effect of coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus. The Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993 Jun;6(6):602-10. Fabre G, Joussemet M, Vincent M. [Epidemiologic study of HIV serology among blood donors in the north-eastern region of France]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1990 Jun;33(3):223-5. (Fre). Falchek MM, Alter HJ. Transmission of HTLV-I by blood transfusion in cardiac surgery patients [abstract]. Transfusion (Phila) 1988;28(6 Suppl):22s. Farzadegan H, Vlahov D, Solomon L, Munoz A, Astemborski J, Taylor E, Burnley A, Nelson KE. Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by polymerase chain reaction in a cohort of seronegative intravenous drug users. J Infect Dis 1993 Aug;168(2):327-31. Feorino PM, Jaffe HW, Palmer E, Peterman TA, Francis DP, Kalyanaraman VS, Weinstein RA, Stoneburner RL, Alexander WJ, Raevsky C, et al. Transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Evidence for persistent infection in blood donors. N Engl J Med 1985 May 16;312(20):1293-6. Feorino PM, Kalyanaraman VS, Haverkos HW, Cabradilla CD, Warfield DT, Jaffe HW, Harrison AK, Gottlieb MS, Goldfinger D, Chermann JC, et al. Lymphadenopathy associated virus infection of a blood donor--recipient pair with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Science 1984 Jul 6;225(4657):69-72. Fiedler H. Can anti-HBc testing decrease the residual risk of transfusion-related HIV transmission? [letter]. Vox Sang 1991;61(2):144-5. Fiedler H. [HIV: how big is the residual risk? (letter)]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1993 Dec 17;118(50):1867. (Ger). Fincher RM, de Silva M, Lobel S, Spencer M. AIDS-related complex in a heterosexual man seven weeks after a transfusion [letter]. N Engl J Med 1985 Nov 7;313(19):1226-7. Fiore JR, Angarano G, Fico C, Di Stefano M, Fracasso C, Pastore G. [Isolation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from whole blood]. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1991 May;67(5):535-42. (Ita). Fletcher MA, Azen SP, Adelsberg B, Gjerset G, Hassett J, Kaplan J, Niland JC, Odom-Maryon T, Parker JW, Stites DP, et al. Immunophenotyping in a multicenter study: the Transfusion Safety Study experience. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1989 Jul;52(1):38-47. Fletcher MA, Gjerset GF, Hassett J, Donegan E, Parker JW, Mosley JW. Lymphocyte immunophenotypes among anti-HTLV-I/II-positive blood donors and recipients. The Transfusion Safety Study Group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1991;4(6):628-32. Fletcher MA, Mosley JW, Hassett J, Gjerset GF, Kaplan J, Parker JW, Donegan E, Lusher JM, Lee H. Effect of age on human immunodeficiency virus type 1-induced changes in lymphocyte populations among persons with congenital clotting disorders. Transfusion Safety Study Group. Blood 1992 Aug 1;80(3):831-40. Flores-Castaneda MS, Salinas-Carmona MC, Yanez-Rodriguez A. [Immunoelectroblotting in Mexican subjects at high risk for infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)]. Rev Invest Clin 1991 Jul-Sep;43(3):229-33. (Spa). Food and Drug Administration (US). General biological products standards, additional standards for human blood and blood products; test for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); final rule. Fed Reg 1988 Jan 5;53(2):111-7. Fournel JJ. [Second symposium on transfusion security]. Transfus Clin Biol 1994;1(3):177-9. (Fre). Fournel JJ, Baudin C. [Blood transfusions: improved safety (interview of Dr. J.J. Fournel by Chantal Baudin)]. Chir Dent Fr 1991 Apr 11;61(560):43-8. (Fre). Francis DP, Curran JW, Essex M. Epidemic acquired immune deficiency syndrome: epidemiologic evidence for a transmissible agent. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983 Jul;71(1):1-4. Frenzel H, Lefevre H. [Infection hazard due to blood or blood components (letter)]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1993 Sep 17;118(37):1341; discussion 1344. (Ger). Frey L, Pacheco A, Messmer K. [Preoperative isovolemic hemodilution]. Beitr Infusionther 1993;29:40-50. (Ger). Friedland GH, Klein RS. Transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 1987 Oct 29;317(18):1125-35. Fuchs D, Hausen A, Reibnegger G, Schoenitzer D, Werner ER, Dierich MP, Wachter H. HIV vaccination and blood transfusion [letter]. Nature 1987 Dec 24-31;330(6150):702-3. Fuchs D, Wachter H, Schonitzer D. [Neopterin and blood transfusion (letter)]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1992 Oct 9;117(41):1578-9. (Ger). Fultz PN, McClure HM, Swenson RB, McGrath CR, Brodie A, Getchell JP, Jensen FC, Anderson DC, Broderson JR, Francis DP. Persistent infection of chimpanzees with human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus: a potential model for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Virol 1986 Apr;58(1):116-24. Gadol N, Crutcher GJ, Busch MP. Detection of intracellular HIV in lymphocytes by flow cytometry. Cytometry 1994 Apr 1;15(4):359-70. Gamba G. [Immunologic changes in polytransfused hemophiliacs]. Haematologica 1991 Jun;76 Suppl 3:420-3. (Ita). Garcia-Martos P, Bascunana A, Benjumeda M, Guerrero F, Marin P, de la Rubia F. [Pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi in a patient with AIDS (letter)]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1991 Dec;9(10):664. (Spa). Garovoy MR, Engleman EG. Immune mechanisms in transfusion. Transfus Med Rev 1988 Dec;2(4):275-7. Gascon P, Zoumbos NC, Young NS. Immunologic abnormalities in patients receiving multiple blood transfusions. Ann Intern Med 1984 Feb;100(2):173-7. Gaynor S, Kessler D, Berge P, Andrews S, DelValle C. Risk factors for HIV among New York blood donors in 1988 [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1989 Jun 4-9;5:245 (abstract no. M.B.P.141). Gelles GM. Costs and benefits of HIV-1 antibody testing of donated blood. J Policy Anal Manage 1993 Summer;12(3):512-31. Genesca J, Shih JW, Esteban JI, Alter HJ. Comparison of four different antigen-capture assays for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus antigen (HIV-Ag). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1989;2(2):170-77. Genesca J, Shih JW, Jett BW, Hewlett IK, Epstein JS, Alter HJ. What do western blot indeterminate patterns for human immunodeficiency virus mean in EIA-negative blood donors? Lancet 1989 Oct 28;2(8670):1023-5. Comment in: Lancet 1989 Dec 2;2(8675):1330-1 and Lancet 1990 Feb 3;335(8684):292-3. Genesca J, Wang RY, Alter HJ, Shih JW. Clinical correlation and genetic polymorphism of the human immunodeficiency virus proviral DNA obtained after polymerase chain reaction amplification. J Infect Dis 1990 Nov;162(5):1025-30. George JR, Rayfield MA, Phillips S, Heyward WL, Krebs JW, Odehouri K, Soudre R, De Cock KM, Schochetman G. Efficacies of US Food and Drug Administration-licensed HIV-1-screening enzyme immunoassays for detecting antibodies to HIV-2. AIDS 1990 Apr;4(4):321-6. Gibbons J, Cory JM, Hewlett IK, Epstein JS, Eyster ME. Silent infections with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are highly unlikely in multitransfused seronegative hemophiliacs. Blood 1990 Nov 15;76(10):1924-6. Comment in: Blood 1991 Oct 1;78(7):1893-4. Gilcher RO, Chandler LK, Belcher LO, Smith JW. A comparison of serologic characteristics in HIV antibody positive vs. HIV antibody negative volunteer blood donors [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1989 Jun 4-9;5:920 (abstract no. E.709). Gilcher RO, Swanda S, Belcher L, Swenson S. HTLV-I a transfusion medicine problem [abstract]. Transfusion (Phila) 1988;28(6 Suppl):21s. Gimble JG, Friedman LI. Effects of oral donor questioning about high-risk behaviors for human immunodeficiency virus infection. Transfusion 1992 Jun;32(5):446-9. Girard A. [Leukocyte depletion of blood products and post- transfusion infections]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1993 Jun;36(3):265-79. (Fre). Girard M, Macron M, Senechal C, Fournier B, Bombail D. Detection of HIV antigen in blood donors [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1993 Jun 6-11;9(2):739 (abstract no. PO-C21-3134). Gjerset GF, Mosley JW. Safety of factor VIII [letter]. Ann Intern Med 1991 Jan 15;114(2):171. Comment on: Ann Intern Med 1990 Jul 1;113(1):27-32. Gjerset GF, Pike MC, Mosley JW, Hassett J, Fletcher MA, Donegan E, Parker JW, Counts RB, Zhou Y, Kasper CK, et al. Effect of low- and intermediate-purity clotting factor therapy on progression of human immunodeficiency virus infection in congenital clotting disorders. Transfusion Safety Study Group. Blood 1994 Sep 1;84(5):1666-71. Gladysz A, Machaj A, Simon K, Gruszecka H, Molin I, Lukowiak J. [Clinical characteristics of patients with AIDS treated at the Infectious Disease Clinic, Medical Academy, in Wroclaw during the years 1989-1990]. Przegl Epidemiol 1991;45(4):365-8. (Pol). Global programme on AIDS. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1993 Oct 29;68(44):321-3. (Eng, Fre). Global programme on AIDS. A study on the effect of blood transfusion on survival among children in a Kenyan hospital. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1994 Mar 11;69(10):69-71. (Eng, Fre). Global programme on AIDS and global blood safety initiative. Recommendations for testing for HIV antibody on serum pools. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1991 Nov 1;66(44):326-7. (Eng, Fre). Gloskowska-Moraczewska Z, Seyfriedowa H. [Dubious results of determining the presence of anti-HIV-1 antibodies in blood donors]. Acta Haematol Pol 1991;22(1):120-6. (Pol). Gluck D, Kubanek B. [Recent data on HIV epidemiology in Germany]. Beitr Infusionther 1993;31:1-4. (Ger). Gluck D, Kubanek B, Caspari G, Elbert G, Gathof B, Grassmann W, Hesse R, Holzberger G, Koerner K, Richter K, et al. [HIV study of the German Red Cross of West Germany 1985-1989: prevalence/incidence and mode of infection, retrospective studies]. Beitr Infusionther 1990;26:1-4. (Ger). Gluck D, Kubanek B, Gaus W, Elbert G, Grassmann W, Hesse R, Holzberger G, Koerner K, Mendner T, Peichl-Hoffmann G, et al. [HIV study of German Red Cross blood banks in Germany and Berlin]. Beitr Infusionther 1991;28:7-8. (Ger). Gluck D, Kubanek B, Gaus W, Elbert G, Grassmann W, Hesse R, Holzberger G, Koerner K, Peichl-Hoffmann G, Richter K. [Current data on the prevalence and epidemiology of HIV from the HIV study by the German Red Cross of West Germany]. Infusionstherapie 1990 Jun;17(3):160-2. Published erratum appears in Infusionstherapie 1990 Aug;17(4):230. (Ger). Gneragbe T, Mutombo T. [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in a rural milieu. Case of Dabou and its surroundings]. Med Trop (Mars) 1993 Jul-Sep;53(3):309-13. (Fre). Gongora-Biachi RA, Gonzalez-Martinez P, Puerto IF, Alvarez-Moguel R. [Prevalence of retrovirus (HIV-1 and HTLV-I) infection in blood donors in the state of Yucutan, Mexico (letter)]. Sangre (Barc) 1990 Dec;35(6):489-90. (Spa). Gonzalez-Martinez P, Castro-Sansores C, Vivas-Rosel ML, Gongora- Biachi RA. [Infection by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I/II in polytransfused patients in the state of Yucatan, Mexico]. Sangre (Barc) 1994 Feb;39(1):45-8. (Spa). Goodnough LT. Erythropoietin as a pharmacologic alternative to blood transfusion in the surgical patient. Transfus Med Rev 1990 Oct;4(4):288-96. Goodnough LT, Shuck JM. Risks, options, and informed consent for blood transfusion in elective surgery. Am J Surg 1990 Jun;159(6):602-9. Comment in: Am J Surg 1992 Mar;163(3):366-7. Gostin L. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a review of science, health policy, and law. In: Witt MD, editor. AIDS and patient management: legal, ethical and social issues. Owings Mill (MD): National Health Publishing; 1986. p. 3-24. Gostin L, Curran WJ. AIDS screening, confidentiality, and the duty to warn. Am J Pub Health 1987 Mar;77(3):361-5. Gotz JM, Nielander AJ, Brouwers PJ, ten Napel CH. [Doctor's delay in HIV infection caused by blood transfusion]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1992 Aug 15;136(33):1611-3. (Dut). Grandgeorge M, Pelloquin F. Inactivation of the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) during the manufacturing of placental albumin and gammaglobulins. Transfusion 1989 Sep;29(7):629-34. Gras C, Gendron Y, Philippon G, Chungue E, Laudon F, Sirven D, Renaud A, Lebras J, Cardines D, Prigent D, et al. [Epidemiological surveillance of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in French Polynesia in 1991]. Med Trop (Mars) 1992 Jan-Mar;52(1):51-6. (Fre). Greatbatch W, Holmes W. Blood transfusion and AIDS in the USA. J R Soc Health 1991 Aug;111(4):123-5. Greve PA Jr. Medical, ethical, and legal issues associated with HIV. J Intraven Nurs 1991 May-Jun;14(3 Suppl P):S30-5; discussion S36-7. Grindon AJ, Critchley SE, Ward JW. Risk of HIV infection in recipients of untested blood from donors now anti-HIV-positive. Transfusion 1988 Sep-Oct;28(5):419-21. Groopman JE, Salahuddin SZ, Sarngadharan MG, Mullins JI, Sullivan JL, Mulder C, O'Hara CJ, Cheeseman SH, Haverkos H, Forgacs P, et al. Virologic studies in a case of transfusion-associated AIDS. N Engl J Med 1984 Nov 29;311(22):1419-22. Grunenberg R, Kruger J. [Screening for HIV-1 antibodies in recipients of potentially HIV infected preserved blood]. Beitr Infusionther 1990;26:12-4. (Ger). Guillard A, Tirtaine C, Ouzan D, Follana R. [The medical interview motivated by the discovery of markers of viral hepatitis permits the identification, in blood donors, of behavior at risk for HIV infection]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1990 Jul;33(4):249-58. (Fre). Gurtler L. [Viral safety of blood and blood products]. Fortschr Med 1993 Nov 30;111(33):526-7. (Ger). Gurtler L, Schramm W. [Infection risk caused by blood or blood products (editorial)]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1993 Apr 8;118(14):520-2. (Ger). Gurtler LG. [Current aspects of HIV infection]. Beitr Infusionther 1991;28:1-6. (Ger). Hamerschlak N. AIDS risk and prevention in transfusions. Nat Immun Cell Growth Regul 1990;9(3):150-4. Hamerschlak N, Pasternak J, Amato Neto V. [Current risk of AIDS transmission by transfusion]. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo 1993 Jul-Aug;48(4):183-5. (Por). Hanfland P. [Synopsis of the newest regulations for hemotherapy: consequences for physicians and hospital insurance (editorial)]. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 1993 Jun;20(3):70-4. (Ger). Hardy AM. AIDS knowledge and attitudes for October-December 1990. Provisional data from the National Health Interview Survey. Adv Data 1991 Jul 1;(204):1-12. Hardy AM, Dawson DA. HIV antibody testing among adults in the United States: data from 1988 NHIS. Am J Public Health 1990 May;80(5):586-9. Hatzidimitriou K, Kontopoulou I, Mandalaki T, Renieri N, Sofroniadou K, Politi C, Loizou K, Spiliotopoulou I, Gialeraki A, Panayotopoulou K, et al. HIV seropositivity in Greek blood donors (1985-1990) [letter]. Vox Sang 1991;61(3):215-6. Haukenes G, Shao J, Mhalu F, Nome S, Sam NE. The AIDS epidemic in Tanzania: rate of spread of HIV in blood donors and pregnant women in Dar es Salaam. Scand J Infect Dis 1992;24(6):701-6. Havlichek DH Jr, Greenman E, Plaisier K. High prevalence of historical risk factors for blood-borne infections among inpatients at three community hospitals. Am J Infect Control 1991 Apr;19(2):67-72. Hayashi PH, Flynn N, McCurdy SA, Kuramoto IK, Holland PV, Zeldis JB. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Med Virol 1991 Mar;33(3):177-80. Heneine W, Lerche NW, Woods T, Spira T, Liff JM, Eley W, Yee JL, Kaplan JE, Khabbaz RF. The search for human infection with simian type D retroviruses. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993 Sep;6(9):1062-6. Henrion R, Henrion-Geant E, Mandelbrot L. [Routes of HIV infection in a pregnant population in metropolitan France: evolution over a three year period]. Presse Med 1991 Sep 21;20(29):1365-8. (Fre). Hermann DHJ. AIDS and the law. In: Reamer FC, editor. AIDS and ethics. New York: Columbia University Press; 1991. p. 277-309. Hernigou P, Kergrohen F, Fevrier MJ, Goutallier D. [The risk of transmission of HIV virus during orthopedic surgery and its prevention]. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 1991 Jun;58(6):427-31. (Fre). Hernigou P, Kergrohen F, Julieron A, Goutallier D, Beaujan F. [HIV virus and orthopedic surgery]. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 1993;79(1):5-12. (Fre). Herr V, Ambruso D, Fairfax M, Neumann A, Swanson P, Lee H. Transfusion-associated transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II: experience of a regional blood center. Transfusion 1993 Mar;33(3):208-11. Hessol NA, Koblin BA, van Griensven GJ, Bacchetti P, Liu JY, Stevens CE, Coutinho RA, Buchbinder SP, Katz MH. Progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection among homosexual men in hepatitis B vaccine trial cohorts in Amsterdam, New York City, and San Francisco, 1978-1991. Am J Epidemiol 1994 Jun 1;139(11):1077-87. Heymann SJ, Brewer TF. The infectious risks of transfusions in the United States: a decision-analytic approach. Am J Infect Control 1993 Aug;21(4):174-82. Heymann SJ, Brewer TF, Fineberg HV, Wilson ME. How safe is safe enough? New infections and the U.S. blood supply [editorial]. Ann Intern Med 1992 Oct 1;117(7):612-4. Comment on: Ann Intern Med 1992 Oct 1;117(7):554-9. Comment in: Ann Intern Med 1993 Apr 1;118(7):574-5. Hickman M, Mortimer JY, Rawlinson VI. Donor screening for HIV: how many false negatives? [letter]. Lancet 1988 May 28;1(8596):1221. Hilfenhaus J, Weidmann E. Fibrin glue safety: inactivation of potential viral contaminants by pasteurization of the human plasma components. Arzneimittelforschung 1985;35(11):1617-9. Hilgartner M. AIDS in the transfusion recipient. Pediatr Clin North Am 1991 Feb;38(1):121-31. Hilgartner M. Results of the transfusion safety study. Ann Hematol 1994;68 Suppl 3:S59. Hilgartner MW. AIDS in the transfused patient. Am J Dis Child 1987 Feb;141(2):194-8. Hilgartner MW, Buckley JD, Operskalski EA, Pike MC, Mosley JW. Purity of factor VIII concentrates and serial CD4 counts. The Transfusion Safety Study Group. Lancet 1993 May 29;341(8857):1373-4. Hilgartner MW, Donfield SM, Willoughby A, Contant CF Jr, Evatt BL, Gomperts ED, Hoots WK, Jason J, Loveland KA, McKinlay SM, et al. Hemophilia growth and development study. Design, methods, and entry data. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1993 May;15(2):208-18. HIV antibody screening of blood donations 1987-1989. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1990 Oct 26;65(43):330-1. (Eng, Fre). HIV antibody testing in children. Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society. Can Med Assoc J 1993 Mar 1;148(5):759-64. (Eng, Fre). [HIV screening of pregnant women and blood donors]. Lakartidningen 1993 May 12;90(19):1851. (Swe). HIV testing of transfusion recipients. Connecticut State Medical Society Committee on Organ and Tissue Transfers. Conn Med 1990 Apr;54(4):217-8. Hoerni B. [Multidisciplinary consultation. A diagnosis of AIDS]. Bull Cancer (Paris) 1990;77(10):1037-47. (Fre). Hogman C. [HIV and ethics--information and disinformation]. Lakartidningen 1992 Oct 7;89(41):3341-2. (Swe). Hogman CF, Messeter L. [Discrepancies in the statistics of HIV- positive persons should be corrected (letter)]. Lakartidningen 1993 May 12;90(19):1839. (Swe). Holland PV, Richards CA, Teghtmeyer JR, Douville CM, Carlson JR, Hinrichs SH, Pedersen NC. Anti-HTLV-III testing of blood donors: reproducibility and confirmability of commercial test kits. Transfusion 1985 Jul-Aug;25(4):395-7. Holman RC, Chorba TL, Clarke MJ, Evatt BL. Epidemiology of AIDS in females with hemophilia and other chronic bleeding disorders in the United States: comparisons with males with chronic bleeding disorders and AIDS and with nonhemophilic female blood- transfusion recipients with AIDS. Am J Hematol 1992 Sep;41(1):19-23. Horowitz B. Blood protein derivative viral safety: observations and analysis. Yale J Biol Med 1990 Sep-Oct;63(5):361-9. Horowitz B. Inactivation of viruses found with plasma proteins. Biotechnology 1991;19:417-30. Horowitz B, Rywkin S, Margolis-Nunno H, Williams B, Geacintov N, Prince AM, Pascual D, Ragno G, Valeri CR, Huima-Byron T. Inactivation of viruses in red cell and platelet concentrates with aluminum phthalocyanine (AIPc) sulfonates. Blood Cells 1992;18(1):141-9; discussion 150. Horowitz B, Williams B, Rywkin S, Prince AM, Pascual D, Geacintov N, Valinsky J. Inactivation of viruses in blood with aluminum phthalocyanine derivatives. Transfusion 1991 Feb;31(2):102-8. Hosoi T. [Summary of the Educational Seminar at the 38th Congress of Japan Society of Blood Transfusion]. Rinsho Byori 1991 Mar;Suppl 88:410-3. (Jpn). Houweling H. [Iatrogenic HIV infection]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1993 Apr 3;137(14):701-6. Published errata appear in Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1993 May 8;137(19):984 and 1993 Dec 25;137(52):2744. (Dut). HTLV-I--a screen too many? [editorial]. Lancet 1990 Nov 10;336(8724):1161. Comment in: Lancet 1990 Dec 15;336(8729):1517. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1987 Dec 18;36(49):801-4. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the United States: a review of current knowledge. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1987 Dec 18;36 Suppl 6:1-48. Published erratum appears in MMWR 1988 Aug 12;37(31):479. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in transfusion recipients and their family members. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1987 Mar 20;36(10):137-40. Human immunodeficiency virus infection transmitted from an organ donor screened for HIV antibody--North Carolina. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1987 May 29;36(20):306-8. Human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus antibody testing at alternate sites. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1986 May 2;35(17):284-7. Hwang LY, Beasley RP, Busch MP, Lane PK, Vyas GN. Human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence among blood product recipients in San Francisco before transfusion. Transfusion 1989 Feb;29(2):113-8. Hyslop A, Ha B, Miller H, Sandler SG, Fang C. Detection of HIV-2 antibody in HTLV-I-II seropositive blood donors [abstract]. Transfusion 1991;31(8 Suppl):5s. Immunologic and virologic status of multitransfused patients: role of type and origin of blood products. By the AIDS-Hemophilia French Study Group. Blood 1985 Oct;66(4):896-901. The impact of routine HTLV-III antibody testing on public health. Natl Inst Health Consens Dev Conf Consens Statement 1986;6(5):1-9. Imrey HH, Williams BT. Alternative test sequences for HIV screening of donated blood. J Med Syst 1989 Jun;13(3):177-86. Irani MS, Dudley AW Jr, Lucco LJ. Case of HIV-1 transmission by antigen-positive, antibody-negative blood [letter]. N Engl J Med 1991 Oct 17;325(16):1174-5. Comment on: N Engl J Med 1990 Nov 8;323(19):1308-12 and N Engl J Med 1990 Nov 8;323(19):1312-7. Isarangkura P, Mahaphan W, Chiewsilp P, Chuansumrit A, Hathirat P. HIV transmission by seronegative blood components: report of 2 probable cases. Vox Sang 1993;65(2):114-6. Jackson B, Hanson M, Kwok S, Stramer S, Balfour HH Jr, MacDonald K. HIV infection in western blot indeterminate blood donors [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1989 Jun 4-9;5:345 (abstract no. T.B.P.348). Jackson JB. The polymerase chain reaction in transfusion medicine. Transfusion 1990 Jan;30(1):51-7. Jackson JB, MacDonald KL, Cadwell J, Sullivan C, Kline WE, Hanson M, Sannerud KJ, Stramer SL, Fildes NJ, Kwok SY, et al. Absence of HIV infection in blood donors with indeterminate western blot tests for antibody to HIV-1. N Engl J Med 1990 Jan 25;322(4):217-22. Jacobson MA, Peiperl L, Volberding PA, Porteous D, Toy PT, Feigal D. Red cell transfusion therapy for anemia in patients with AIDS and ARC: incidence, associated factors, and outcome. Transfusion 1990 Feb;30(2):133-7. Jaffe HW, Francis DP, McLane MF, Cabradilla C, Curran JW, Kilbourne BW, Lawrence DN, Haverkos HW, Spira TJ, Dodd RY, et al. Transfusion-associated AIDS: serologic evidence of human T-cell leukemia virus infection of donors. Science 1984 Mar 23;223(4642):1309-12. Jaffe HW, Sarngadharan MG, DeVico AL, Bruch L, Getchell JP, Kalyanaraman VS, Haverkos HW, Stoneburner RL, Gallo RC, Curran JW. Infection with HTLV-III/LAV and transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Serologic evidence of an association. JAMA 1985 Aug 9;254(6):770-3. Janssen RS, Osame M, Igata A, Kubota H, Nishitani H, Khabbaz RF. HTLV-I associated myelopathy (HAM) is associated with blood transfusion [abstract]. Neurology 1989;39(3 Suppl 1):382. Janvier D, Reviron M, Reviron J. False negative results in a competitive immunoassay for anti-HIV-antibodies due to the presence of rheumatoid factors. Vox Sang 1989;56(4):237-42. Jason J, Hilgartner M, Holman RC, Dixon G, Spira TJ, Aledort L, Evatt B. Immune status of blood product recipients. JAMA 1985 Feb 22;253(8):1140-5. Jason J, Holman RC, Dixon G, Lawrence DN, Bozeman LH, Chorba TL, Tregillus L, Evatt BL. Effects of exposure to factor concentrates containing donations from identified AIDS patients. A matched cohort study. JAMA 1986 Oct 3;256(13):1758-62. Jason JM, McDougal JS, Cabradilla C, Kalyanaraman VS, Evatt BL. Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I) p24 antibody in New York City blood product recipients. Am J Hematol 1985 Oct;20(2):129-37. Jett JR, Kuritsky JN, Katzmann JA, Homburger HA. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome associated with blood-product transfusions. Ann Intern Med 1983 Nov;99(5):621-4. Ji Y. [Selection of methods for HIV screening of donors' sera and blood products]. Chung Kuo I Hsueh Ko Hsueh Yuan Hsueh Pao 1991 Dec;13(6):408-11. (Chi). Jimenez Romano R, Gimeno Ortiz A. [Retrovirus HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection in populations at risk. Estremadura]. Rev Sanid Hig Publica (Madr) 1991 May-Jun;65(3):239-46. (Spa). Joint statement on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) related to transfusion. Transfusion 1983 Mar-Apr;23(2):87-8. Jones DS, Byers RH, Bush TJ, Oxtoby MJ, Rogers MF. Epidemiology of transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in children in the United States, 1981 through 1989. Pediatrics 1992 Jan;89(1):123-7. Jordan WC. Blood testing: an irrational decision [letter]. J Natl Med Assoc 1987 Aug;79(8):801, 805. Joyce ML, Krentler KA, Dietrich NS. Recruiting blood donors in view of AIDS: what ambulatory care facilities need to understand. J Ambulatory Care Manage 1989 Aug;12(3):28-35. Jullien AM, Courouce AM, Richard D, Favre M, Lefrere JJ, Habibi B. Transmission of HIV by blood from seronegative donors [letter]. Lancet 1988 Nov 26;2(8622):1248-9. Kager PA. [HIV-infection and the international traveler. I. The non-HIV-infected traveler]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1991 Jun 8;135(23):1032-4. (Dut). Kaiser V. [AIDS-related legal questions in trauma surgery]. Aktuelle Traumatol 1994 Feb;24(1):35-7. (Ger). Kakaiya RM, Cable RG, Keltonic J. Look back: the status of recipients of blood from donors subsequently found to have antibody to HIV [letter]. JAMA 1987 Mar 6;257(9):1176-7. Kalbfleisch JD, Lawless JF. Estimating the incubation time distribution and expected number of cases of transfusion- associated acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Transfusion 1989 Oct;29(8):672-6. Kallings LO. HIV infection in the nineties. Vaccine 1993;11(5):525-8. Kalyanaraman VS, Cabradilla CD, Getchell JP, Narayanan R, Braff EH, Chermann JC, Barre-Sinoussi F, Montagnier L, Spira TJ, Kaplan J, et al. Antibodies to the core protein of lymphadenopathy- associated virus (LAV) in patients with AIDS. Science 1984 Jul 20;225(4659):321-3. Kamihira S. [Development of blood products--the status and appropriate application of blood transfusion]. Nippon Rinsho 1991 Dec;49 Suppl:799-804. (Jpn). Kaplan HS, Kleinman SH. AIDS: blood donor studies and screening programs. Prog Clin Biol Res 1985;182:297-308. Kaplan M. Human retroviruses: a common virology. Transfus Med Rev 1989 Jan;3(1 Suppl 1):4-8. Keller KM, Bambauer C, Wirth S, Queisser-Luft A, Falke D, Baumann W. [Hepatitis A, B, CMV, EBV and HIV infections in premature and term newborn infants following polytransfusion]. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 1990 Sep;138(9):611-4. (Ger). Kennedy M, Petersen L, Doll L. Five-year trends in HIV seroprevalence and risk behaviors among U.S. blood donors: a multicenter study [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1993 Jun 6-11;9(2):737 (abstract no. PO-C21-3118). Kerman RH, van Buren CT, Lewis RM, Frazier OH, Cooley D, Kahan BD. The impact of HLA A, B, and DR blood transfusions and immune responder status on cardiac allograft recipients treated with cyclosporine. Transplantation 1988 Feb;45(2):333-7. Kerouedan D, Bontez W, Bondurand A, Abisse S, Konate S. [Blood transfusions in Africa during the AIDS epidemic. Condition of localities and perspectives in the Ivory Coast]. Sante 1994 Jan- Feb;4(1):37-42. (Fre). Kessler D, Georges-Yates E, Bianco C. Impact of direct questions about HIV risk of predonation deferrals [abstract]. Transfusion 1992;32(8 Suppl):67s. Khabbaz RF, Heneine W, Grindon A, Hartley TM, Shulman G, Kaplan JE. Are indeterminate HTLV serologic results in USA blood donors due to HTLV-Ior HTLV-II? [abstract]. Transfusion 1991;31(8 Suppl):41s. Kimura T. [Blood transfusion. (2)]. Kanagawa Shigaku 1990 Sep;25(2):257-8. (Jpn). King SM, McCrindle BW, Fearon M, Major C, Cook D. Results of the HIV information project for transfusion recipients at the Hospital for Sick Children--Toronto, Ontario. Can Commun Dis Rep 1994 May 30;20(10):77-80. (Eng, Fre). Klein G. [Possibilities for avoiding homologous blood transfusion in surgical interventions]. Unfallchirurgie 1992 Oct;18(5):280-4. (Ger). Klein RS, Spivak M, Dubler NN, Mohandas K. Knowledge about AIDS and testing for HIV infection among New York City blood donors [letter]. AIDS 1989 Apr;3(4):243-4. Kleinman S. The significance of HIV-1-indeterminate western blot results in blood donor populations. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1990 Mar;114(3):298-303. Kleinman S, Anton-Guirigis H, Culver BD, Taylor TH, Prince HE, Kaplan HS. Anti-HTLV III ELISA and Western blot testing in a blood donor population: implications for donor notification. Vox Sang 1986;51(2):143-7. Kleinman S, Fitzpatrick L, Secord K, Wilke D. Follow-up testing and notification of anti-HIV Western blot atypical (indeterminant) donors. Transfusion 1988 May-Jun;28(3):280-2. Kleinman SH, Niland JC, Azen SP, Operskalski EA, Barbosa LH, Chernoff AI, Edwards VM, Lenes BA, Marshall GJ, Nemo GJ, et al. Prevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 among blood donors prior to screening. The Transfusion Safety Study/NHLBI Donor Repository. Transfusion 1989 Sep;29(7):572-80. Kleinman Y, Yust I, Maayan S, Rave D, Merdler C, Michaeli D, Schlesinger M. Transmission of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) by a blood transfusion given in 1979 in Israel. Isr J Med Sci 1986 May;22(5):404-7. Knodler B, Kuhnl P. [HIV antigen test of blood donors]. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 1993 Jun;20 Suppl 2:10-1. (Ger). Knodler B, Kuhnl P, Roos D, Courouce AM. [Comparative study of 8 combined HIV-1,2-antibody tests]. Beitr Infusionther 1991;28:9-12. (Ger). Knutsen AP, Bouhasin JD, Joist JH, Scrivner D, Mueller KR, Gioia K, Janney S. Decrease of CD4 cell number and function in HIV- seropositive hemophiliacs in a longitudinal study. Ann Allergy 1989 Sep;63(3):189-94. Knuver-Hopf J, Mohr H, Beyer J, Lambrecht B, Mix D, Rubsamen- Waigmann H, Schmitt H. HIV-2 antibody testing of blood donors with doubtful immunoblot results for HIV-1. Blut 1989 Mar;58(3):155-7. Koblin BA, Morrison JM, Taylor PE, Stoneburner RL, Stevens CE. Mortality trends in a cohort of homosexual men in New York City, 1978-1988. Am J Epidemiol 1992 Sep 15;136(6):646-56. Koblin BA, Taylor PE, Rubinstein P, Stevens CE. Effect of duration of hepatitis B virus infection on the association between human immunodeficiency virus type-1 and hepatitis B viral replication. Hepatology 1992 Apr;15(4):590-2. Koch MA, Schwartlander B, Kirschner W. [Blood donors as the sentinel population for sexually transmissible diseases--results of a sociodemographic study and survey of sexual behavior]. Gesundheitswesen 1993 Oct;55(10):504-13. (Ger). Koepke MD, Levey SM, Koepke JA. A medicolegal evaluation of directed blood donation. AIDS Public Policy J 1988 Summer;3(3):4-10. Kohlhof A, Flessenkamper S. Tenth case of HIV transmission after plasma donation [letter]. Lancet 1988 Oct 22;2(8617):965. Koop CE. Surgeon General's report on acquired immune deficiency syndrome. JAMA 1986Nov 28;256(20):2783-9. Krasinski K, Borkowsky W, Holzman RS. Prognosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection in children and adolescents. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989 Apr;8(4):216-20. Kretschmer V. [Risks of infection caused by blood and blood products with reference to the so-called AIDS scandal (editorial)]. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 1993 Dec;20(6):286-90. (Ger). Kruskall MS, Umlas J. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and directed blood donations. A dilemma for American medicine. Arch Surg 1988 Jan;123(1):23-5. Kubanek B, Cardoso M, Gluck D, Koerner K. [Risk of infection transmission by blood components]. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 1993 Apr;20(1-2):54-9. (Ger). Kuehnl P, Roggendorf M, Stangel W, Seidl S, Laufs R, Sibrowski W, Bornhoevd K, Polywka S, Kalmar G. HCV antibodies in NANBH patients and members of HIV risk groups pilot study. Beitr Infusionther 1990;26:30-2. (Ger). Kwok S, Lipka JJ, McKinney N, Kellogg DE, Poiesz B, Foung SK, Sninsky JJ. Low incidence of HTLV infections in random blood donors with indeterminate western blot patterns. Transfusion 1990 Jul-Aug;30(6):491-4. Lahmann N. [Hemophilia and AIDS]. Wiss Z Martin Luther Univ Halle Wittenberg Math Naturwiss Reihe 1990;39(3):162. (Ger). Lambert DC. [Prospects of the cost of AIDS-related death in France (1970-2020)]. Cah Sociol Demogr Med 1993 Jul- Sep;33(3):249-87. (Fre). Lambin P, Desjobert H, Debbia M, Fine JM, Muller JY. Serum neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin in anti-HIV positive blood donors [letter]. Lancet 1986 Nov 22;2(8517):1216. Lange JM, van den Berg H, Dooren LJ, Vossen JM, Kuis W, Goudsmit J. HTLV-III/LAV infection in nine children infected by a single plasma donor: clinical outcome and recognition patterns of viral proteins. J Infect Dis 1986 Jul;154(1):171-4. Larsen MO. [AIDS-risk and blood transfusion (letter)]. Ugeskr Laeger 1994 Feb 28;156(9):1325. (Dan). Laurence J, Brun-Vezinet F, Schutzer SE, Rouzioux C, Klatzmann D, Barre-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Montagnier L. Lymphadenopathy- associated viral antibody in AIDS. Immune correlations and definition of a carrier state. N Engl J Med 1984 Nov 15;311(20):1269-73. Lawrence DN. A review of clinical studies evaluating the efficacy of HIV inactivation methods. Prog Clin Biol Res 1990;324:151-60. Lawrence DN, Jason JM, Bouhasin JD, McDougal JS, Knutsen AP, Evatt BL, Joist JH. HTLV-III/LAV antibody status of spouses and household contacts assisting in home infusion of hemophilia patients. Blood 1985 Sep;66(3):703-5. Le Pont F, Costagliola D, Rouzioux C, Valleron AJ. Evaluation of the potential benefit of routine blood donor screening for HIV P24 antigen [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1992 Jul 19-24;8(3):173 (abstract no. PuC 8122). Le Pont F, Massari V, Jullien AM, Costagliola D, Valleron AJ. Anti-HBc testing can decrease the residual risk of transfusion- related HIV transmission by more than one third [letter]. Vox Sang 1990;59(4):248-50. Leads from the MMWR. Apparent transmission of human T- lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus from child to mother providing health care. JAMA 1986 Feb 28;255(8):1005, 1009-10. Leads from the MMWR. HIV human immunodeficiency virus infection transmitted from an organ donor screened for HIV antibody--North Carolina. JAMA 1987 Jul 17;258(3):308-9. Leads from the MMWR. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in transfusion recipients and their family members. JAMA 1987 Apr 10;257(14):1860-1. Leads from the MMWR. Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus antibody in U.S. active-duty military personnel, April 1988. JAMA 1988 Sep 2;260(9):1205-6. Leads from the MMWR. Revised definition of persons who should refrain from donating blood and plasma. JAMA 1985 Oct 11;254(14):1886. Learmont J, Tindall B, Evans L, Cooper DA. Long term asymptomatic infection in a group of blood transfusion recipients with a single common donor [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1992 Jul 19-24;8(3):173 (abstract no. PuC 8123). Lee CA, Phillips A, Elford J, Miller EJ, Bofill M, Griffiths PD, Kernoff PB. The natural history of human immunodeficiency virus infection in a haemophilic cohort. Br J Haematol 1989 Oct;73(2):228-34. Lee HH, Sherwood WC, Smith DE, Tegtmeier GE, Fernando LP, Fang CT, Kleinman SH. HTLV-1 and HTLV-II infection in U.S. blood donors in associated with different risk factors [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1990 Jun 20-23;6(1):195 (abstract no. Th.A.302). Lee HH, Swanson P, Rosenblatt JD, Chen IS, Sherwood WC, Smith DE, Tegtmeier GE, Fernando LP, Fang CT, Osame M, et al. Relative prevalence and risk factors of HTLV-I and HTLV-II infection in US blood donors. Lancet 1991 Jun 15;337(8755):1435-9. Lee TH, el-Amad Z, Reis M, Adams M, Donegan EA, O'Brien TR, Moss AR, Busch MP. Absence of HIV-1 DNA in high-risk seronegative individuals using high-input polymerase chain reaction. AIDS 1991 Oct;5(10):1201-7. Lee TH, Reis M, Busch MP. PCR quantitation of HIV-infected cell burden pre-post-seroconversion [abstract]. Transfusion 1992;32(8 Suppl):57s. Lee TH, Sunzeri FJ, Tobler LH, Williams BG, Busch MP. Quantitative assessment of HIV-1 DNA load by coamplification of HIV-1 gag and HLA-DQ-alpha genes. AIDS 1991 Jun;5(6):683-91. Lefrere JJ, Courouce AM, Lucotte G, Boitard C, Kaplan C, Nicolas JC, Bricout F, Lambin P, Doinel C, Muller JY, et al. Follow-up of subjects with isolated and persistent anti-core (anti-p24 or anti-p17) antibodies to HIV. AIDS 1988 Aug;2(4):287-90. Lefrere JJ, Courouce AM, Rouger P, Duedari N, Elghouzzi MH. p24 antigen and HIV screening [letter]. Lancet 1992 Apr 18;339(8799):999-1000. Lefrere JJ, de Montalembert M, Mariotti M, Girot R, Salmon C, Rouger P, Rey J. Absence of HIV DNA sequences in seronegative polytransfused thalassemic patients. Vox Sang 1990;59(4):218-21. Lefrere JJ, Elghouzzi MH, Paquez F, N'Dalla J, Nubel L. Interviews with anti-HIV-positive individuals detected through the systematic screening of blood donations: consequences on predonation medical interview. Vox Sang 1992;62(1):25-8. Lefrere JJ, Jullien AM. [Practical approach to the discovery of a positive HIV serology in a blood donor]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1991 Jul;34(4):295-304. (Fre). Lefrere JJ, Mariotti M, Thauvin M. B19 parvovirus DNA in solvent/detergent-treated anti-haemophilia concentrates. Lancet 1994 Jan 22;343(8891):211-2. Comment in: Lancet 1994 Mar 26;343(8900):798. Lefrere JJ, Paquez F, Duc A, Rouger P, Salmon C. [Interviews with HIV seropositive subjects identified at the time of blood donation: consequences for pre-donation interviews]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1990 Jul;33(4):239-48. (Fre). Lefrere JJ, Richard D, Courouce AM, Cotte G, Guillard A, Mesnier F, Aubertin J, Morlat P, Noel L, Smilovici W, et al. Risk factors of HIV-seropositive subjects detected through blood donation in France, 1985-1988 [letter]. Transfusion 1989 Jan;29(1):84-6. Lefrere JJ, Rouger P. [Transfusion and AIDS? Who should be transfused?]. Ann Chir 1990;44(7):489-92. (Fre). Leitman SF, Klein HG, Melpolder JJ, Read EJ, Esteban JI, Leonard EM, Harvath L, Shih JW, Nealon R, Foy J, et al. Clinical implications of positive tests for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in asymptomatic blood donors. N Engl J Med 1989 Oct 5;321(14):917-24. Lemmel EM. [Federal public health service--quo vadis?]. Fortschr Med 1993 Nov 20;111(32):28-30. (Ger). Leon de Gonzalez G, Hernandez T, Arias F, Celis S, Acosta V, Semprun O, Lugo de Moron M. [HIV and blood donors: past, present and future]. Sangre (Barc) 1994 Feb;39(1):15-21. (Spa). Levine C, Mayer K, Goldfinger D, Reiss RF, Pindyck J. The community blood supply and patients' choice. [Introduction and set of three articles on the pros and cons of the current U.S. community blood supply system versus directed blood donations]. Hastings Cent Rep 1987 Apr;17(2):5-10. Lewis WF, Dodd RY. Trends in prevalence of HIV infection among USA blood donors [abstract]. Transfusion 1992;32(8 Suppl):56s. Libert MH, Verdonk G. [Sexually transmissible diseases and medical ethics]. Acta Urol Belg 1993 Jan-Jun;61(1-2):71-80. (Fre). Ligtenberg PC, Hoepelman IM, Vrehen HM, Borleffs JC. [Zidovudine treatment and need of blood transfusion in patients with AIDS]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1991 Jan 26;135(4):130-3. (Dut). Lin L, Londe H, Hanson CV, Wiesehahn G, Isaacs S, Cimino G, Corash L. Photochemical inactivation of cell-associated human immunodeficiency virus in platelet concentrates. Blood 1993 Jul 1;82(1):292-7. Lipton KS. Blood donor services and liability issues relating to acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Leg Med 1986 Jun;7(2):131-86. LoBello SG. Differences between blood donors and nondonors in AIDS-related attitudes. Psychol Rep 1990 Jun;66(3 Pt 1):867-70. Locke SE, Kowaloff HB, Hoff RG, Safran C, Popovsky MA, Cotton DJ, Finkelstein DM, Page PL, Slack WV. Computer-based interview for screening blood donors for risk of HIV transmission. JAMA 1992 Sep 9;268(10):1301-5. Comment in: JAMA 1993 Mar 24-31;269(12):1505-6. Locke SE, Kowaloff HB, Hoff RG, Safran C, Popovsky MA, Cotton DJ, Finkelstein DM, Page PL, Slack WV. Computer interview for screening blood donors for risk of HIV transmission. MD Comput 1994 Jan-Feb;11(1):26-32. Loiacono BR, Carter GR, Carter CS, Leitman SF, Klein HG. Efficacy of various methods of confidential unit exclusion in identifying potentially infectious blood donations. Transfusion 1989 Nov-Dec;29(9):823-6. Comment in: Transfusion 1990 Sep;30(7):668-9 and Transfusion 1991 Mar-Apr;31(3):286-7. London WT. Epidemiologic lessons from viral hepatitis B. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1984;437:100-5. Louis JP, Trebucq A, Hengy C, Danyod M, Fatchou G, Tirandibaye N, Granga D, Buriot D, Meslet B, Milleliri JM, et al. [Epidemiology of infections caused by HIV-1, HIV-2 and HTLV-1 in the republic of Chad]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1990;83(5):603-10. (Fre). Loyau P. [AIDS: physicians condemned in French hemophiliac scandal]. Sygeplejersken 1992 Nov 11;92(46):12-3. (Dan). Loyau P. [AIDS--this century's medical scandal]. Sygeplejersken 1992 Aug 12;92(33):6-12. (Dan). Lu W, Shih JW, Tourani JM, Eme D, Alter HJ, Andrieu JM. Lack of isolate-specific neutralizing activity is correlated with an increased viral burden in rapidly progressing HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS 1993 Nov;7 Suppl 2:S91-9. Lucia JF, Garcia Aranda A. [Hemophilia and blood derivatives: past and future (editorial)]. Med Clin (Barc) 1991 Mar 30;96(12):456-8. (Spa). Lucia JF, Garcia Aranda A. [Incidence of seroconversion for the human immunodeficiency virus in non-hemophiliac patients receiving low doses of prothrombin complex factors (letter)]. Med Clin (Barc) 1991 Sep 28;97(10):398-9. (Spa). Lui KJ, Darrow WW, Rutherford GW 3d. A model-based estimate of the mean incubation period for AIDS in homosexual men. Science 1988 Jun 3;240(4857):1333-5. Lui KJ, Lawrence DN, Morgan WM, Peterman TA, Haverkos HW, Bregman DJ. A model-based approach for estimating the mean incubation period of transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986 May;83(10):3051-5. Lui KJ, Peterman TA, Lawrence DN, Allen JR. A model-based approach to characterize the incubation period of paediatric transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Stat Med 1988 Mar;7(3):395-401. Lusher JM, Operskalski EA, Aledort LM, Dietrich SL, Gjerset GF, Hilgartner MW, Koerper MA, Pegelow CH, Lee H, Mosley JW. Risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection among sexual and nonsexual household contacts of persons with congenital clotting disorders. Pediatrics 1991 Aug;88(2):242-9. Luzzati R, Mengoli C, Dattoli R, Rossi E, Solbiati M, Bassetti D, Della Gassa O, De Rossi A, Chieco-Bianchi L, Tridente G. [Infections of HTLV III virus in Verona Italy]. G Mal Infett Parassit 1986;38(4):393-5. (Ita). Mac Kenzie WR, Davis JP, Peterson DE, Hibbard AJ, Becker G, Zarvan BS. Multiple false-positive serologic tests for HIV, HTLV-1, and hepatitis C following influenza vaccination, 1991. JAMA 1992 Aug 26;268(8):1015-7. Makris M. Safety of antithrombin III concentrate [letter]. Blood 1990 Aug 1;76(3):649-50. Comment on: Blood 1990 Jan 1;75(1):33-9. Manns A, Blattner WA. The epidemiology of the human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I and type II: etiologic role in human disease. Transfusion 1991 Jan;31(1):67-75. Mansilla Bermenjo MJ, Marchan Carranza E, Carbayo Garcia JJ, Moraleda Velasco P. [Geriatric AIDS: 2 new cases (letter)]. Aten Primaria 1994 Feb 15;13(2):98-9. (Spa). Mariotti M, Rouger P, Thauvin M, Salmon C, Lefrere JJ. Failure to detect evidence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection by polymerase chain reaction assay in blood donors with isolated core antibodies (anti-p24 or -p17) to HIV-1. Transfusion 1990 Oct;30(8):704-6. Matthews JL, Newman JT, Sogandares-Bernal F, Judy MM, Skiles H, Leveson JE, Marengo-Rowe AJ, Chanh TC. Photodynamic therapy of viral contaminants with potential for blood banking applications. Transfusion 1988 Jan-Feb;28(1):81-3. Maurer C, Kiehl W, Altmann D. [HIV prevalence and HIV incidence in blood donors in Baden-Wurttemberg]. Beitr Infusionther 1993;31:5-9. (Ger). Mayer A, Sunzeri F, Lee TH, Busch MP. Separation and detection of DNA polynucleotides using capillary electrophoresis. Application to detection of polymerase chain reaction-amplified human immunodeficiency virus and HLA DNA. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1991 Dec;115(12):1228-34. Mayo DJ, Rose AM, Matchett SE, Hoppe PA, Solomon JM, McCurdy KK. Screening potential blood donors at risk for human immunodeficiency virus. Transfusion 1991 Jun;31(5):466-74. Mazurin AV, Karamov EV, Tsymbal IN, Chaplinskas SA, Plakhuta TG, Vdovin VV. [Risk of HIV infection in children with hemophilia]. Pediatriia 1990;(5):96-7. (Rus). McCleod MJ, Pecora AA, Sorbello AF, Condoluci D. Seronegative acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). J Am Osteopath Assoc 1991 Jan;91(1):72, 79-82. McCullough J. The nation's changing blood supply system. JAMA 1993 May 5;269(17):2239-45. McDougal JS, Jaffe HW, Cabridilla CD, Sarngadharan MG, Nicholson JK, Kalyanaraman VS, Schable CA, Kilbourne B, Evatt BL, Gallo RC, et al. Screening tests for blood donors presumed to have transmitted the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Blood 1985 Mar;65(3):772-5. McMahon CA, Dock NL, Lentz EB, Lamberson HV Jr. Atypical human immunodeficiency virus immunoblot reactivity in blood donors negative by screening assays [abstract]. Transfusion (Phila) 1988;28(6 Suppl):13s. McNearney T, Hornickova Z, Kloster B, Birdwell A, Storch GA, Polmar SH, Arens M, Ratner L. Evolution of sequence divergence among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates derived from a blood donor and a recipient. Pediatr Res 1993 Jan;33(1):36-42. Medley GF, Anderson RM, Cox DR, Billard L. Incubation period of AIDS in patients infected via blood transfusion. Nature 1987 Aug 20-26;328(6132):719-21. Medley GF, Billard L, Cox DR, Anderson RM. The distribution of the incubation period for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1988 Apr 22;233(1272):367-77. Melbye M. [The Anders Jahre Prize for young researchers 1992. HIV/AIDS--an epidemiological challenge]. Nord Med 1993;108(3):72-5. (Dan). Melbye M. The natural history of human T lymphotropic virus-III infection: the cause of AIDS. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986 Jan 4;292(6512):5-12. Melief CJ, Goudsmit J. Transmission of lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV-I and LAV/HTLV-III) by blood transfusion and blood products. Vox Sang 1986;50(1):1-11. Mempel W. [Current focus: blood transfusion. Risks and problems in blood transfusion]. Zentralbl Chir 1993;118(9):563-6. (Ger). Mendelson DN, Sandler SG. A model for estimating incremental benefits and costs of testing donated blood for human immunodeficiency virus antigen (HIV-Ag). Transfusion 1990 Jan;30(1):73-5. Menitove JE, Lewandowski C, Ashworth LW, Carey PM. Confidential unit exclusion process continues to identify donors with an increased frequency of HIV seropositivity [abstract]. Transfusion 1991;31(8 Suppl):69s. Miller K, Donegan E, Curran P, Shelley TJ. Effects of counselling on knowledge about HIV-1 among transfusion recipients and their partners. Transfusion Safety Study Group. AIDS Care 1990;2(2):155-62. Molaro GL. [Transfusion: risks and future prospects]. G Clin Med 1990 Oct;71(10):547-59. (Ita). Molina Moguel JL, Ruiz Illezcas R, Forsbach Sanchez S, Carreno Alvarez S, Picco Diaz I. [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in pediatric patients]. Pract Odontol 1990 Dec;11(12):31, 34, 36-7. (Spa). Moncharmont P, Voisin A, Kieger C, Chevre C. [Value of information and responsibility of blood donors in the prevention of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (letter)]. Presse Med 1991 Oct 5;20(31):1513. Published erratum appears in Presse Med 1991 Oct 26;20(34):1690. (Fre). Moraczewska Z, Seyfriedowa H, Kacperska E, Szata W, Mazurkiewicz W, Babiuch L. [HIV-1 infection in blood donors and blood recipients]. Przegl Epidemiol 1990;44(3):149-54. (Pol). Morini A, Di Giusto M, Lambiasi A, Cantonetti G. [Pregnancy in HIV positive women: psycho-emotional aspects. Study of 16 cases]. Minerva Ginecol 1993 Jan-Feb;45(1-2):39-46. (Ita). Mosley JW. Antibody to HTLV-I-II among blood donors in four cities of the United States [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1989 Jun 4-9;5:146 (abstract no. Th.A.P.32). Mosley JW. Antibody to HTLV among blood donors in three cities of the USA [abstract]. J Cell Biochem Suppl 1989;13 Pt B:307. Mounanga M, Revangue BS. [HIV-1 seroprevalence in pregnant women in Libreville (Gabon)]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 1993;22(5):509-12. (Fre). Muganga N, Nkuadiolandu A, Mashako LM. [Clinical manifestations of AIDS in children in Kinshasa]. Pediatrie (Bucur) 1991;46(12):825-9. (Fre). Murphy EL, Engstrom JW, Miller K, Sacher RA, Busch MP, Hollingsworth CG. HTLV-II associated myelopathy in 43-year-old woman. REDS Investigators [letter]. Lancet 1993 Mar 20;341(8847):757-8. Nagy K, Jan A, Banhegyi D, Varnai F. [Isolation of human immunodeficiency virus from Hungarian AIDS and ARC patients]. Orv Hetil 1990 Apr 29;131(17):895-8. (Hun). Naimi N, Plancherel C, Bosser C, Jeannet M, de Moerloose P. Anticardiolipin antibodies in HIV-negative and HIV-positive haemophiliacs. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1990 Mar-Apr;1(1):5-8. Nakada S. [Blood-transfusion in Vietnam]. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi 1994 Jan;41(1):95-100. (Jpn). National Academy of Sciences (US), Institute of Medicine. Confronting AIDS: directions for public health, health care, and research. Washington: National Academy Press; 1986. 374 p. National Institutes of Health (US). The impact of routine HTLV- III antibody testing of blood and plasma donors on public health. JAMA 1986 Oct 3;256(13):1778-83. Natural history of primary infection with LAV in multitransfused patients. By the AIDS-Hemophilia French Study Group. Blood 1986 Jul;68(1):89-94. Negishi M. [Preventive methods against HIV transmission]. Nippon Rinsho 1993 Sep;51 Suppl:509-11. (Jpn). Nelson KE, Donahue JG, Munoz A, Cohen ND, Ness PM, Teague A, Stambolis VA, Yawn DH, Callicott B, McAllister H, et al. Transmission of retroviruses from seronegative donors by transfusion during cardiac surgery. A multicenter study of HIV-1 and HTLV-I/II infections. Ann Intern Med 1992 Oct 1;117(7):554-9. Comment in: Ann Intern Med 1992 Oct 1;117(7):612-4. Nelson KE, Vlahov D, Cohn S, Odunmbaku M, Lindsay A, Antohony JC, Hook EW 3d. Sexually transmitted diseases in a population of intravenous drug users: association with seropositivity to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). J Infect Dis 1991 Sep;164(3):457-63. Nelson KE, Vlahov D, Margolick J, Bernal M, Taylor E. Blood and plasma donations among a cohort of intravenous drug users. JAMA 1990 Apr 25;263(16):2194-7. Ness PM, Douglas D, Koziol D, Harper M, Munoz A, Polk BF. Decreasing seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in a regional blood donor population. Transfusion 1990 Mar- Apr;30(3):201-6. NIH Consensus Statement available on perioperative red cell transfusion. Am J Public Health 1988 Dec;78(12):1588. Ninomiya K. [Rationalization of the use of blood and blood preparations]. Rinsho Byori 1991 Mar;Suppl 88:20-8. (Jpn). Nishioka K. [Blood transfusion and HIV infection. Current status in the world and Japan]. Rinsho Byori 1991 Mar;Suppl 88:183-94. (Jpn). Norman GL, Barker SS, Rasheed S. Immunoblot reactivity of a non- HIV protein with human sera. Transfusion Safety Study Group. J Clin Lab Anal 1989;3(3):148-51. Northoff H, Schneider U. [Responsibility for reporting HIV infection in Germany and overseas]. HNO 1994 Jun;42(6):321. (Ger). Novelli VM, Mostafavipour H, Abulaban M, Ekteish F, Milder J, Azadeh B. High prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in children with thalassemia exposed to blood imported from the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987 Aug;6(8):765-6. Nuchprayoon C, Tanprasert S, Chumnijarakij T. Is routine p24 HIV antigen screening justified in Thai blood donors? [letter]. Lancet 1992 Oct 24;340(8826):1041. Nusbacher J, Chiavetta J, Naiman R, Buchner B, Reeves J, Scalia V, Herst R. Evaluation of a confidential method of excluding blood donors exposed to human immunodeficiency virus: studies on hepatitis and cytomegalovirus markers. Transfusion 1987 Mar- Apr;27(2):207-9. Nusbacher J, Chiavetta J, Naiman R, Buchner B, Scalia V, Herst R. Evaluation of a confidential method of excluding blood donors exposed to human immunodeficiency virus. Transfusion 1986 Nov- Dec;6(6):539-41. Nusbacher J, Naiman R. Longitudinal follow-up of blood donors found to be reactive for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) by enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA+) but negative by western blot (WB-). Transfusion 1989 May;29(4):365-7. O'Brien TR, Busch MP, Donegan E, Ward JW, Wong L, Samson SM, Perkins HA, Altman R, Stoneburner RL, Holmberg SD. Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from transfusion recipients to their sex partners. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1994 Jul;7(7):705-10. O'Brien TR, George JR, Epstein JS, Holmberg SD, Schochetman G. Testing for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in the United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1992 Jul 17;41(RR-12):1-9. O'Brien TR, George JR, Holmberg SD. Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection in the United States. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and public health implications. JAMA 1992 May 27;267(20):2775-9. Oleske JM, Minnefor AB. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome in children. Pediatr Infect Dis 1983 Mar-Apr;2(2):85-6. Olivares-Lopez F. [Blood transfusion-associated AIDS]. Salud Publica Mex 1993 Jul-Aug;35(4):351-6. (Spa). Ollero M, Pujol E, Gimeno A, Gea A, Marquez P, Iturriaga JM. [Risky practices associated with HIV infection of seamen who travel in sub-Saharan West Africa]. Rev Clin Esp 1991 Dec;189(9):416-21. (Spa). Onorato IM, O'Brien TR, Schable CA, Spruill C, Holmberg SD. Sentinel surveillance for HIV-2 infection in high-risk US populations. Am J Public Health 1993 Apr;83(4):515-9. Operskalski EA, Schiff ER, Kleinman SH, Busch M, Taylor PE, Parks WP, Lee H, Tomasulo PA, Donegan E, Stuart M, et al. Epidemiologic background of blood donors with antibody to human T-cell lymphotropic virus. Transfusion Safety Study Group. Transfusion 1989 Oct;29(8):746-8. Orrett FA, Prabhakar P. The knowledge and understanding of human immunodeficiency viral HIV infection among health care workers in teaching and non-teaching hospitals in Jamaica [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1989 Jun 4-9;5:718. Osame M, Janssen R, Igata A, Kubota H, Nishitani H, Khabbaz R. HTLA-I-associated myelopathy HAM-TSP is associated with blood transfusion [abstract]. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1990;6(1):104-5. Osame M, Janssen R, Igata A, Kubota H, Nishitani H, Khabbaz R. HTLV-I-associated myelopathy HAM-TSP is associated with blood transfusion [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1989 Jun 4-9;5:77. Osborn JE. AIDS prevention: issues and strategies. AIDS 1988;2 Suppl 1:S229-33. Osterwalder J. [The HIV test in Switzerland--an epidemiological position determination?]. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 1993;103(10):1345-6. (Ger). O'Sullivan MJ, Fajardo A, Ferron P, Efantis J, Senk C, Duthely M. Seroprevalence in a pregnant multiethnic population [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1989 Jun 4-9;5:225. Ousseini H, Pecarrere JL, Meynard D, Ahounou R, Adamou-Hassane. [Evolution of the seroprevalence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in the national hospital of Niamey, Niger]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1991;84(3):235-9. (Fre). Ouzan D, Tirtaine C, Guillard A, Caumel G, Follana R. Interest of anti-HBC screening in blood donors from a French department [abstract]. J Hepatol (Amst) 1989;9 Suppl 1:S201. Padron F, Ortiz de Lejarazu R, Eiros JM, Ortiz V. [Frequency of HIV positivity in donors. Follow-up of ambiguous Western blots (letter)]. Sangre (Barc) 1991 Oct;36(5):436-8. (Spa). Page PL. Controversies in transfusion medicine: directed blood donations -- con. Transfusion 1989 Jan;29(1):65-8. Palenicek J, Nelson KE, Vlahov D, Galai N, Cohn S, Saah AJ. Comparison of clinical symptoms of human immunodeficiency virus disease between intravenous drug users and homosexual men. Arch Intern Med 1993 Aug 9;153(15):1806-12. Pasi KJ, Hill FG. Safety trial of heated factor VIII concentrate (8Y). Arch Dis Child 1989 Oct;64(10):1463-7. Pastucha L, Andres J, Stangel W. [Analysis of donor self exclusion in repeat blood donors]. Beitr Infusionther 1990;26:5-8. (Ger). Peichl-Hoffmann G. [Screening of blood donors for anti-HIV-1]. Beitr Infusionther 1990;26:15-7. (Ger). Peoc'h M. [Retrospective anatomopathological study of 22 cases of primary malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the central nervous system]. Arch Anat Cytol Pathol 1994;42(1):57-8. (Fre). Perez G, Ortiz-Interian C, Lee H, de Medina M, Cerney M, Allain JP, Schiff E, Parks E, Parks W, Bourgoignie JJ. Human immunodeficiency virus and human T-cell leukemia virus type I in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis in Miami. Am J Kidney Dis 1989 Jul;14(1):39-43. Perez Rodriguez G, Gorbea Robles MDC. Clinical behavior of 25 mexican children infected by HIV [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1990;6:Abstract 2059. Perkins HA. Safety of the blood supply. J Clin Apheresis 1993;8(2):110-6. Perkins HA. Transfusion-associated AIDS. Am J Hematol 1985 Jul;19(3):307-13. Perkins HA, Cordell R, Bueno C, Shiota J, Hitchcock B. The progressive decrease in the proportion of blood donors with antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [letter]. Transfusion 1987 Nov-Dec;27(6):502-3. Perkins HA, Samson S, Busch MP. How well has self-exclusion worked? Transfusion 1988 Nov-Dec;28(6):601-2. Perkins HA, Samson S, Garner J, Echenberg D, Allen JR, Cowan M, Levy JA. Risk of AIDS for recipients of blood components from donors who subsequently developed AIDS. Blood 1987 Nov;70(5):1604-10. Perrault R, Mankikar S, Adatia A. Human immunodeficiency virus antibody screening of blood donors - an international survey [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1989 Jun 4-9;5:345 (abstract no. T.B.P.350). Perrin LH, Yerly S, Adami N, Bachmann P, Butler-Brunner E, Burckhardt J, Kawashima E. Human immunodeficiency virus DNA amplification and serology in blood donors. Blood 1990 Aug 1;76(3):641-5. Persaud D, Chandwani S, Rigaud M, Leibovitz E, Kaul A, Lawrence R, Pollack H, Dijohn D, Krasinski K, Borkowsky W. Delayed recognition of pediatrics HIV infection in preadolescent children [abstract]. Pediatr Res 1991;29(4 Pt 2):181a. Perucci CA, Arca M, Abeni D, Chierchini P. Temporal trends of HIV prevalence in blood donors and use of blood banks as testing sites in Latium Italy. Int Conf AIDS 1989 Jun 4-9;5:165. Peter S, Kollar L, Kiss T, Rozsos I. [The role of autotransfusion in vascular surgery]. Orv Hetil 1990 Mar 11;131(10):503-5. (Hun). Peter S, Schnitzer F. [The problem of obtaining virus-free blood products (letter)]. Orv Hetil 1994 Mar 13;135(11):601. (Hun). Peterman TA, Jaffe HW, Feorino PM, Getchell JP, Warfield DT, Haverkos HW, Stoneburner RL, Curran JW. Transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the United States. JAMA 1985 Nov 22-29;254(20):2913-7. Peterman TA, Lui KJ, Lawrence DN, Allen JR. Estimating the risks of transfusion-associated acquired immune deficiency syndrome and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Transfusion 1987 Sep- Oct;27(5):371-4. Peterman TA, Stoneburner RL, Allen JR, Jaffe HW, Curran JW. Risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission from heterosexual adults with transfusion-associated infections. JAMA 1988 Jan 1;259(1):55-8. Published erratum appears in JAMA 1989 Jul 28;262(4):502. Peterman TA, Ward JW. What's happening to the epidemic of transfusion-associated AIDS? [editorial]. Transfusion 1989 Oct;29(8):659-60. Petersen L, Busch M, Satten G, Dodd R, Henrard D, et al. Narrowing the window period with a third generation anti-HIV-1-2 enzyme immunoassay: relevance to P24 antigen screening of blood donors in the United States [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1993 Jun 6-11;9(2):717 (abstract no. PO-C17-3001). Petersen L, Doll L, White C. Heterosexually acquired HIV-1 infection and safety of the blood supply: A multicenter study of seropositive blood donors [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1991 Jun 16-21;7(1):67 (abstract no. TU.C.46). Petersen L, Satten G, Dodd R. Time period from infectiousness as blood donor to development of detectable antibody and the risk of HIV transmission from transfusion of screened blood [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1992 Jul 19-24;8:Mo23. Petersen LR, Busch MP. Confidential unit exclusion: how should it be evaluated? [letter]. Transfusion 1991 Nov- Dec;31(9):869-71. Comment on: Transfusion 1991 Mar- Apr;31(3):286-7. Petersen LR, Dodd R, Dondero TJ Jr. Methodologic approaches to surveillance of HIV infection among blood donors. Public Health Rep 1990 Mar-Apr;105(2):153-7. Petersen LR, Doll L, White C, Chu S. No evidence for female-to- female HIV transmission among 960,000 female blood donors. The HIV Blood Donor Study Group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992;5(9):853-5. Petersen LR, Doll LS. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1- infected blood donors: epidemiologic, laboratory, and donation characteristics. The HIV Blood Donor Study Group. Transfusion 1991 Oct;31(8):698-703. Petersen LR, Doll LS, White CR, Johnson E, Williams A. Heterosexually acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection and the United States blood supply: considerations for screening of potential blood donors. HIV Blood Donor Study Group. Transfusion 1993 Jul;33(7):552-7. Petersen LR, Satten G, Dodd R. Time period from infectiousness as blood donor to development of detectable antibody and the risk of HIV transmission from transfusion of screened blood [abstract]. Transfusion 1992;32(8 Suppl):46s. Petersen LR, Satten GA, Dodd R, Busch M, Kleinman S, Grindon A, Lenes B. Duration of time from onset of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infectiousness to development of detectable antibody. The HIV Seroconversion Study Group. Transfusion 1994 Apr;34(4):283-9. Petricciani JC, Epstein JS. The effects of the AIDS epidemic on the safety of the nation's blood supply. Public Health Rep 1988 May-Jun;103(3):236-41. Petricciani JC, Gust ID, Hoppe PA, Krijnen HW, editors. AIDS: the safety of blood and blood products. New York: Wiley; 1987. 374 p. Pierre F, Soutoul JH. [Applications in gynecology-obstetrics of the first legal cases concerning HIV transmission by blood transfusion and errors in screening]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 1991;20(4):479-86. (Fre). Pindyck J. Transfusion-associated HIV infection: epidemiology, prevention and public policy. AIDS 1988 Aug;2(4):239-48. Pindyck J, Waldman A, Oleszko W, Zang E, Bianco C. Prevalence of viral antibodies and leukocyte abnormalities among blood donors considering themselves at risk of exposure to AIDS. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1984;437:472-84. Pindyck J, Waldman A, Zang E, Oleszko W, Lowy M, Bianco C. Measures to decrease the risk of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome transmission by blood transfusion. Evidence of volunteer blood donor cooperation. Transfusion 1985 Jan-Feb;25(1):3-9. Pokrovskii VV, Eramova IIu, Arzamastsev VP, Nikonova VA, Mozharova GI. [The epidemiology of the infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus in the USSR]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1990 Feb;(2):26-9. (Rus). Polesky HF, Hanson MR. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proficiency testing the American Association of Blood Banks- College of American Pathologists program. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1990;114(3):268-71. Pollack S, Atias D, Yoffe G, Katz R, Shechter Y, Tatarsky I. Impaired immune function in hemophilia patients treated exclusively with cryoprecipitate: relation to duration of treatment. Am J Hematol 1985 Sep;20(1):1-6. Pollock R, Ames F, Rubio P, Jones J, Reuben J, Wong W, Mavlight G. Protracted severe immune dysregulation induced by cardiopulmonary bypass: a predisposing etiologic factor in blood transfusion-related AIDS? J Clin Lab Immunol 1987 Jan;22(1):1-5. Popovsky MA, Lenes B, Buenano A, McDonald H. HIV-2 seroprevalence in targeted blood donors 1990-1991 [abstract]. Transfusion 1991;31(8 Suppl):49s. Porstmann T. [Demonstration of causative agent and antibodies: diagnostic significance and prognostic importance]. Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena) 1990;84(18):925-33. (Ger). Presidential Commission on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic (US). Chairman's draft recommendations for the final report. Washington: The Commission; 1988 Jun 2. 269 p. Prince HE. American blood donors seropositive for human T- lymphotropic virus types I/II exhibit normal lymphocyte subsets. Transfusion 1990 Nov-Dec;30(9):787-90. Prince HE. The significance of T lymphocytes in transfusion medicine. Transfus Med Rev 1992 Jan;6(1):32-43. Prince HE, Arens L, Kleinman SH. CD4 and CD8 subsets defined by dual-color cytofluorometry which distinguish symptomatic from asymptomatic blood donors seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus. Diagn Clin Immunol 1987;5(4):188-93. Prince HE, Kleinman SH, Maino VC, Jackson AL. In vitro activation of T lymphocytes from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive blood donors. I. Soluble interleukin 2 receptor (IL2R) production parallels cellular IL2R expression and DNA synthesis. J Clin Immunol 1988 Mar;8(2):114-20. Provisional Public Health Service inter-agency recommendations for screening donated blood and plasma for antibody to the virus causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1985 Jan 11;34(1):1-5. Pustoslemsek P, Kloft M, Kotitschke R. [Biotest position on HIV-1 seroconversions in 1990 in 11 patients, treated with beta- propiolactone/uv virus inactivated PPSB (letter)]. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 1993 Dec;20(6):344-6. (Ger). Quinnan GV Jr, Wells MA, Wittek AE, Phelan MA, Mayner RE, Feinstone S, Purcell RH, Epstein JS. Inactivation of human T- cell lymphotropic virus, type III by heat, chemicals, and irradiation. Transfusion 1986 Sep-Oct;26(5):481-3. Radkowski M, Kopicz-Kaminska E, Laskus T, Mian M. [Eleven year period of asymptomatic HIV infection in a patient after open heart surgery]. Pol Arch Med Wewn 1993 Jul;90(1):78-82. (Pol). Radnofsky BA. Legal aspects of autologous/designated donations. In: Carlson KB, Golub AH, editors. Limiting homologous exposure: alternative strategies. Arlington (VA): American Association of Blood Banks; 1989. p. 107-25. Ragni MV, Bontempo FA, Lewis JH. Disappearance of inhibitor to factor VIII in HIV-infected hemophiliacs with progression to AIDS or severe ARC. Transfusion 1989 Jun;29(5):447-9. Ragni MV, Rinaldo CR, Kingsley LA, Steffensen DO, Bowman R, Spero JA, Lewis JH. Heterosexual partners of haemophiliacs must refrain from blood donation [letter]. Lancet 1986 May 3;1(8488):1033. Ragni MV, Tegtmeier GE, Levy JA, Kaminsky LS, Lewis JH, Spero JA, Bontempo FA, Handwerk-Leber C, Bayer WL, Zimmerman DH, et al. AIDS retrovirus antibodies in hemophiliacs treated with factor VIII or factor IX concentrates, cryoprecipitate, or fresh frozen plasma: prevalence, seroconversion rate, and clinical correlations. Blood 1986 Mar;67(3):592-5. Ramsey G, Soltis F, Bowman R, McNamee J, Hahn LF, Dixon BW. Syphilis serology in blood donors: a possible surrogate marker for human immunodeficiency virus risk. Vox Sang 1991;60(3):165-8. Ratnoff OD. Some complications of the therapy of classic hemophilia. J Lab Clin Med 1984 May;103(5):653-9. Rawal BD, Busch MP, Endow R, Garcia-de-Lomas J, Perkins HA, Schwadron R, Vyas GN. Reduction of human immunodeficiency virus- infected cells from donor blood by leukocyte filtration. Transfusion 1989 Jun;29(5):460-2. Comment in: Transfusion 1990 Feb;30(2):191. Reeves WC, Cuevas M, Arosemena JR, De Lao SL, Gomez B, Ulloa E, Quiroz E, Canton-Dutary A, Reyes R, Saenz R, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the Republic of Panama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1988 Oct;39(4):398-405. Reid CB, Kaldor JM, Lord RS, Cooper DA. HIV risk factors and seroprevalence in surgical patients. Med J Aust 1993 Jan 4;158(1):21-3. Reid WO. Blood donation and HIV [letter]. Can Med Assoc J 1994 May 15;150(10):1541. Comment on: Can Med Assoc J 1994 Jan 1;150(1):12. Remis RS, O'Shaughnessy MV, Tsoukas C, Growe GH, Schechter MT, Palmer RW, Lawrence DN. HIV transmission to patients with hemophilia by heat-treated, donor-screened factor concentrate. Can Med Assoc J 1990 Jun 1;142(11):1247-54. Report of the Second Public Health Service AIDS Prevention and Control Conference. Report of the workgroup on blood and blood products. Public Health Rep 1988;103 Suppl 1:58-65. [Results of a consensus conference on the topic, Homologous blood saving methods in surgical medicine]. Chirurg 1992 Jul;63(7 Suppl):110-7. (Ger). Reviron D, Auquier P, Manuel C, Enel P, Larher MP, Charrel J. Prevention of HIV infection by transfusion: comparative analysis of systems adopted in developed countries. AIDS Public Policy J 1991 Spring;6(1):25-27. Rios M, Valinsky J, Duran M, Wolfe L, Bianco C. Sensitivity and specificity of algorithms for confirmation of HTLV-I-II infection and discrimination of viral type [abstract]. Transfusion 1992;32(8 Suppl):58s. Rivero Roman A, Santos Gonzalez J. [Paid plasma donors and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Are they a new risk group for AIDS? (letter)]. Rev Clin Esp 1990 Apr;186(6):310-1. (Spa). Rook AH, Manischewitz JF, Frederick WR, Epstein JS, Jackson L, Gelmann E, Steis R, Masur H, Quinnan GV Jr. Deficient, HLA- restricted, cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Infect Dis 1985 Sep;152(3):627-30. Roth CA, Lenfant C. Research programs of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A. Cor Vasa 1989;31(2):81-9. Royal Society of Canada. AIDS: A perspective for Canadians. Summary report and recommendations. Ottawa (Ontario): The Society; 1988. 69 p. Rubin RH, Jenkins RL, Shaw BW Jr, Shaffer D, Pearl RH, Erb S, Monaco AP, van Thiel DH. The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and transplantation. Transplantation 1987 Jul;44(1):1-4. Rudenko VP, Loginskii VE, Kachorovskii BV. [Immune status of hemophilia patients treated with blood preparations: laboratory and clinical assessment (review of the literature)]. Klin Lab Diagn 1994;(1):3-5. (Rus). Sabino EC, Delwart E, Lee TH, Mayer A, Mullins JI, Busch MP. Identification of low-level contamination of blood as basis for detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) DNA in anti-HIV- negative specimens. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1994 Aug;7(8):853-9. Salahuddin SZ, Markham PD, Popovic M, Sarngadharan MG, Orndorff S, Fladagar A, Patel A, Gold J, Gallo RC. Isolation of infectious human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex (ARC) and from healthy carriers: a study of risk groups and tissue sources. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985 Aug;82(16):5530-4. Samson S, Busch M, Ward J, Garner J, Salk S, Fernando L, Holland P, Rutherford G, Benjamin R, Perkins H. Identification of HIV- infected transfusion recipients: the utility of crossreferencing previous donor records with AIDS case reports. Transfusion 1990 Mar-Apr;30(3):214-8. Samson SM, Edmiston RK, Busch MP, Perkins HA. Declining efficacy of AIDS case list cross-referencing in human immunodeficiency virus look-back: 1981 through 1992. Transfusion 1994 Feb;34(2):147-51. Sanchez B, Yebra M, Lacoma F, Gea JC. [Meningitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes in a patient infected by human immunodeficiency virus (letter)]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1991 Jun-Jul;9(6):386-7. (Spa). Sandler SG, Fang C, Williams A. Retroviral infections transmitted by blood transfusion. Yale J Biol Med 1990 Sep- Oct;63(5):353-60. Sandler SG, Fang CT, Williams AE. Blood transfusion and HTLV-I. Neurol Neurobiol 1989;51:541-6. Sandler SG, Fang CT, Williams AE. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and II in transfusion medicine. Transfus Med Rev 1991 Apr;5(2):93-107. Sankale JL, Mboup S. [The situation of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in West Africa and its consequences on screening costs (abstract)]. Int Conf AIDS 1989 Jun 4-9;5:977. (Fre). Sarngadharan MG, Schupbach J, Bruch L, Devico A, Markham PD, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC. Seroepidemiological evidence for HTLV- III infection as the primary etiologic factor for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Prog Clin Biol Res 1985;182:309-27. Saulsbury FT, Boyle RJ, Wykoff RF, Howard TH. Thrombocytopenia as the presenting manifestation of human T-lymphotropic virus type III infection in infants. J Pediatr 1986 Jul;109(1):30-4. Saulsbury FT, Wykoff RF, Boyle RJ. Transfusion-acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection in twelve neonates: epidemiologic, clinical and immunologic features. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987 Jun;6(6):544-9. Saxinger C, Alter HJ, Eichberg JW, Fauci AS, Robey WG, Gallo RC. Stages in the progression of HIV infection in chimpanzees. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1987;3(4):375-85. Sazama K, Kuramoto IK, Holland PV, Courouce AM, Gallo D, Hanson CV. Detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) in blood donor sera using United States assay methods for anti-HIV type 1. Transfusion 1992 Jun;32(5):398-401. Schell W. [Obligation to inform prior to blood transfusions-- this obligation includes information on the risk of hepatitis and AIDS infection due to homologous transfusion]. Kinderkrankenschwester 1993 Mar;12(3):89. (Ger). Scheuring M, Frey-Wettstein M. [Transfusion-associated HIV infections in Switzerland 1982-1989]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1991 Jan 19;121(3):51-6. (Ger). Schlund GH. [Autotransfusion and concentrates or donor blood and fresh plasma? Legal pitfalls in the medical decision making paths (Part 1 of two)]. Fortschr Med 1993 Jun 20;111(17):45-8. (Ger). Schmidt KW, Dickmeiss E. [Screening of donor blood for anti-HIV. Experiences from blood donor screening 1986-1988]. Nord Med 1990;105(12):331-4. (Dan). Schmidt KW, Dickmeiss E. [Screening of donor blood for anti-HIV. Experiences from blood donor screening 1986-1988]. Ugeskr Laeger 1990 Sep 3;152(36):2552-6. (Dan). Schneck HJ, Dobler G, Hundelshausen B, Nathrath M, Drescher M. [Massive and multi-transfusions in polytraumatized patients: long-term serologic markers of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and AIDS]. Infusionstherapie 1991 Oct;18(5):248-55. (Ger). Schneider A. [Liability of the hospital for HIV-infected blood conserves]. Dtsch Krankenpflegez 1992 Nov;45(11):783-6. (Ger). Schneider A. [Liability of the hospital for HIV-infected preserved blood]. Dtsch Krankenpflegez 1990 Dec;43(12):882-5. (Ger). Schochetman G, Epstein JS, Zuck TF. Serodiagnosis of infection with the AIDS virus and other human retroviruses. Annu Rev Microbiol 1989;43:629-59. Schwartlander B, Janssen RS, Satten GA, Critchley SE, Petersen LR, Dondero TJ. Guidelines for designing rapid assessment surveys of HIV seroprevalence among hospitalized patients. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Public Health Rep 1994 Jan-Feb;109(1):53-9. Schwartlander B, Koch A. [The HIV epidemic in the German Federal Republic--infection epidemiology interpretation of numbers of AIDS cases]. Offentl Gesundheitswes 1990 Aug-Sep;52(8-9):412-8. (Ger). Schwartz HE, Ulfelder K, Sunzeri FJ, Busch MP, Brownlee RG. Analysis of DNA restriction fragments and polymerase chain reaction products towards detection of the AIDS (HIV-1) virus in blood. J Chromatogr 1991 Oct 18;559(1-2):267-83. Schwartz JS, Kinosian BP, Pierskalla WP, Lee H. Strategies for screening blood for human immunodeficiency virus antibody. Use of a decision support system. JAMA 1990 Oct 3;264(13):1704-10. Schwarzfischer G, Schaetzl H, Baecker U, Weise W, Von Der Helm K, Deinhardt F. [HTLV-I antibody screening in blood donors]. Beitr Infusionther 1991;28:29-31 (Ger). Scillian JJ, McHugh TM, Busch MP, Tam M, Fulwyler MJ, Chien DY, Vyas GN. Early detection of antibodies against rDNA-produced HIV proteins with a flow cytometric assay. Blood 1989 May 15;73(7):2041-8. Screening for HTLV-III antibodies: the relation between prevalence and positive predictive value and its social consequences [letter]. JAMA 1985 Jun 21;253(23):3395-8. Published erratum appears in JAMA 1986 Feb 7;255(5):614. Selik RM, Ward JW, Buehler JW. Trends in transfusion-associated acquired immune deficiency syndrome in the United States, 1982 through 1991. Transfusion 1993 Nov-Dec;33(11):890-3. Comment in: Transfusion 1993 Nov-Dec;33(11):888-9. Selimova LM, Veselovskaia TV. [The immunoblot as a method for detecting positive specimens in isolating the human immunodeficiency virus and demonstrating cells sensitive to the virus]. Vopr Virusol 1991 May-Jun;36(3):239-40. (Rus). Settergren B, Burman LA, Gustafsson A, Juto P, Li QG, Wadell G. Long-term persistence of false positive antibody reactivity in HIV western blot testing of sera from a healthy blood donor. Scand J Infect Dis 1989;21(2):233-5. Shannon KM, Ammann AJ. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome in childhood. J Pediatr 1985 Feb;106(2):332-42. Shelukhina EM, Chekunova EV, Matsevich GR, Okunev IA, Marennikova SS, Zak MR. [3 cases of viral carriage detected during screening for HIV antibodies]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1991 Mar;(3):16-8. (Rus). Sheppard HW, Busch MP, Louie PH, Madej R, Rodgers GC. HIV-1 PCR and isolation in seroconverting and seronegative homosexual men: absence of long-term immunosilent infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993 Dec;6(12):1339-46. Sherlock DS. Chronic hepatitis C. Dis Mon 1994 Mar;40(3):117-96. Shields JW. Blood transfusions and HIV vaccinations [letter]. Nature 1988 Feb 25;331(6158):665. Shih JW, Lee HH, Falchek M, Canavaggio M, Jett BW, Allain JP, Alter HJ. Transfusion-transmitted HTLV-I/II infection in patients undergoing open-heart surgery. Blood 1990 Feb 1;75(3):546-9. Shimizu M. [Background and outline of the guideline for good practice of transfusion therapy]. Rinsho Byori 1991 Mar;Suppl 88:11-9. (Jpn). Shiokawa Y. [Epidemiology of AIDS in Japan]. Nippon Rinsho 1993 Sep;51 Suppl:455-60. (Jpn). Silvergleid AJ, Leparc GF, Schmidt PJ. Impact of explicit questions about high-risk activities on donor attitudes and donor deferral patterns. Results in two community blood centers. Transfusion 1989 May;29(4):362-4. Simon TL, Bankhurst AD. A pilot study of surrogate tests to prevent transmission of acquired immune deficiency syndrome by transfusion. Transfusion 1984 Sep-Oct;24(5):373-8. Singbartl G, Schleinzer W, Becker M, Frankenberg C. [Use of homologous blood saving measures in Germany (former German states)--results of a national survey]. Beitr Infusionther 1993;29:26-39. (Ger). Siokawa Y. [The present situation of AIDS in Japan and preventive measures]. Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 1990 Mar 10;79(3):257-60. (Jpn). Sloand E, Kumar P, Klein HG, Merritt S, Sacher R. Transfusion of blood components to persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: relationship to opportunistic infection. Transfusion 1994 Jan;34(1):48-53. Smith DK, Neal JJ, Holmberg SD. Unexplained opportunistic infections and CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia without HIV infection. An investigation of cases in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control Idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia Task Force. N Engl J Med 1993 Feb 11;328(6):373-9. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1993 Feb 11;328(6):429-31. Smith DM, Carlson KB, editors. Current scientific/ethical dilemmas in blood banking. Arlington (VA): American Association of Blood Banks; 1987. 113 p. Snorrason GJ, Sigurthsson S, Gudmundsson S, Briem H. [Voluntary HIV testing in Iceland. Infection risk factors and prevalence of antibodies against HIV, hepatitis B and C viruses]. Nord Med 1993;108(3):76-7, 89. (Swe). Sobel A. Blood transfusion transmission of viral diseases [editorial]. Eur J Med 1992 May;1(2):67-8. Comment on: Eur J Med 1992 May;1(2):75-9. Soda K, Kimura H. [Epidemiological data of HIV/AIDS in the world]. Nippon Rinsho 1993 Sep;51 Suppl:461-8. (Jpn). Solis Moran CE, Molina Moguel JL. [Incidence of oral cancer in AIDS patients at the 20 de Noviembre Regional Hospital, ISSSTE]. Pract Odontol 1990 Sep;11(9):43-4, 46-8, 50-2 passim. (Spa). Soriano V, Gonzalez-Lahoz J. [Prevention of transfusional infection caused by human immunodeficiency virus (editorial)]. Med Clin (Barc) 1991 Sep 28;97(10):380-2. (Spa). Soriano V, Leal M. [The prevention of AIDS]. An Med Interna 1992 Jan;9(1):43-7. (Spa). Soriano V, Tor J, Ribera A, Clotet B, Muga R, Pauplana M, Abella E, Fernandez JL, Flores A, Foz M. [Evidence of HTLV-1 infection in different groups at risk in Barcelona]. Med Clin (Barc) 1990 Jan 13;94(1):5-8. (Spa). Srinivasan A, York D, Ranganathan P, Ferguson R, Butler D Jr, Feorino P, Kalyanaraman V, Jaffe H, Curran J, Anand R. Transfusion-associated AIDS: donor-recipient human immunodeficiency virus exhibits genetic heterogeneity. Blood 1987 Jun;69(6):1766-70. St Louis ME, Rauch KJ, Petersen LR, Anderson JE, Schable CA, Dondero TJ. Seroprevalence rates of human immunodeficiency virus infection at sentinel hospitals in the United States. The Sentinel Hospital Surveillance Group. N Engl J Med 1990 Jul 26;323(4):213-8. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1990 Dec 27;323(26):1843-4. Stehr-Green JK, Holman RC, Jason JM, Evatt BL. Hemophilia- associated AIDS in the United States, 1981 to September 1987. Am J Public Health 1988 Apr;78(4):439-42. Stevens CE, Taylor PE, Zang EA, Morrison JM, Harley EJ, Rodriguez de Cordoba S, Bacino C, Ting RC, Bodner AJ, Sarngadharan MG, et al. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III infection in a cohort of homosexual men in New York City. JAMA 1986 Apr 25;255(16):2167-72. Stramer SL, Heller JS, Coombs RW, Parry JV, Ho DD, Allain JP. Markers of HIV infection prior to IgG antibody seropositivity. JAMA 1989 Jul 7;262(1):64-9. Strauss RG. Can the efficacy of white cell depletion as a means to eliminate transfusion-transmitted AIDS ever be proved in man? [letter]. Transfusion 1990 Feb;30(2):191. Comment on: Transfusion 1989 Jun;29(5):460-2. Stute R. HIV antigen detection in routine blood donor screening [letter]. Lancet 1987 Mar 7;1(8532):566. Suassuna JH, Rocha PP, de Paiva DR, da Cruz VP. [Decrease of the risk of infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in patients in hemodialysis in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1990 Nov-Dec;32(6):419-27. (Por). Suit allowed for receipt of HIV infected blood at military hospital. J Health Hosp Law 1991 Dec;24(12):381. Sullivan MT, Mucke H, Kadey SD, Fang CT, Williams AE. Evaluation of an indirect immunofluorescence assay for confirmation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody in U.S. blood donor sera. J Clin Microbiol 1992 Sep;30(9):2509-10. Sullivan MT, Williams AE, Fang CT, Grandinetti T, Poiesz BJ, Ehrlich GD. Transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II by blood transfusion. A retrospective study of recipients of blood components (1983 through 1988). The American Red Cross HTLV-I/II Collaborative Study Group. Arch Intern Med 1991 Oct;151(10):2043-8. Sunzeri FJ, Lee TH, Brownlee RG, Busch MP. Rapid simultaneous detection of multiple retroviral DNA sequences using the polymerase chain reaction and capillary DNA chromatography. Blood 1991 Feb 15;77(4):879-86. Surveillance for HIV-2 infection in blood donors--United States, 1987-1989. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1990 Nov 23;39(46):829-31. Svoboda S, Lipka JJ, Foung SKH, Chan L, Busch M, Fang CI. Diagnosis of HTLV-I and HTLV-II infections among USA blood donors [abstract]. Transfusion 1992;32(8 Suppl):34s. Szata W. [AIDS and HIV infections--1988]. Przegl Epidemiol 1990;44(1-2):130-3. (Pol). Szata W. [AIDS and HIV infection--1989]. Przegl Epidemiol 1991;45(1-2):127-35. (Pol). Szata W. [AIDS and HIV infection--1990]. Przegl Epidemiol 1992;46(1-2):137-45. (Pol). Taylor PE, Stevens CE, Pindyck J, Schrode J, Steaffens JW, Lee H. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus in volunteer blood donors. Transfusion 1990 Nov-Dec;30(9):783-6. Terl AH. AIDS and the law: a basic guide for the nonlawyer. Washington: Hemisphere; 1992. 180 p. Tersmette M, de Goede RE, Over J, de Jonge E, Radema H, Lucas CJ, Huisman HG, Miedema F. Thermal inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus in lyophilised blood products evaluated by ID50 titrations. Vox Sang 1986;51(3):239-43. Tersmette M, Lelie PN, van der Poel CL, Wester MR, de Goede RE, Lange JM, Miedema F, Huisman JG. Confirmation of HIV seropositivity: comparison of a novel radioimmunoprecipitation assay to immunoblotting and virus culture. J Med Virol 1988 Jan;24(1):109-16. Testing for HIV antibody in serum pools. Bull World Health Organ 1992;70(2):277-85. (Eng, Fre). Timoteo R, Grunenberg R, Bloedorn H, Kruger J. [Comparison of the suitability of first time and related blood donors]. Beitr Infusionther 1990;26:267-9. (Ger). Tokunaga E. [Blood transfusion and HIV infection]. Nippon Rinsho 1993 Sep;51 Suppl:498-503. (Jpn). Tounkara A, Fofana Y, Diabate N, Sangared D. [Anti-HIV seroconversion among patients with lepromatous leprosy in Mali (letter)]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1990 Dec;33(6):447-50. (Fre). [Tragedy in Romania]. Nor Tannlaegeforen Tid 1990 Apr;100(6):270. (Nor). Transfus SAF Study Group (USA). Re-evaluation of anti-HIV seroprevalence among blood donors with contemporary screening assays [abstract]. Transfusion 1992;32(8 Suppl):32s. Tricoire J, Robert A, Puel J, Boneu B, Gayet C, Regnier C. [Prospective study of HIV infection in a group of 30 young hemophiliacs]. Arch Fr Pediatr 1990 Mar;47(3):169-71. (Fre). Tsoukas C. Health-related compensation claims: the line forms on the right [letter]. Can Med Assoc J 1990 Jun 15;142(12):1360. Uip DE, Boulos M, Amato Neto V. [The categories of exposure of individuals with HIV or AIDS infection seen at a private clinic in the city of Sao Paulo]. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo 1992 Sep-Oct;47(5):250-1. (Por). United States Congress, House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Health and the Environment. AIDS Issues. Hearings, 22, 29 Jul, 1 Nov 1985. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1985. 357 p. United States Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. Blood policy and technology. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1985 Jan. 240 p. United States Congress, Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Hearing, 16 Apr 1986. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1986. 383 p. Update: revised Public Health Service definition of persons who should refrain from donating blood and plasma--United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1985 Sep 6;34(35):547-8. Vaira D, Francois-Gerard C, Rentier B, Sondag-Thull D. Absence of seroconversion in a PCR-positive person 18 months after transfusion of HIV-infected blood [letter]. Vox Sang 1989;57(3):220-1. Vaira D, Francois-Gerard C, Sondag-Thull D, Rentier B. Diagnosis by PCR of HIV-1 infection in seronegative individuals at risk [letter]. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1990 Feb;6(2):173-4. Vamvakas EC, Kaplan HS. Blood transfusion to AIDS patients: relationship to opportunistic infection [letter]. Transfusion 1994 Aug;34(8):740. van den Berg H, Gerritsen EJ, van Tol MJ, Dooren LJ, Vossen JM. Ten years after acquiring an HIV-1 infection: a study in a cohort of eleven neonates infected by aliquots from a single plasma donation. Acta Paediatr 1994 Feb;83(2):173-8. van den Berg H, Hiemstra I, Scherpbier HJ, Rothbarth PH. [HIV infections in childhood]. Tijdschr Kindergeneeskd 1990 Dec;58(6):217-27. (Dut). van Der Poel C, Lelie N, Reesink H, Ehlers P, Bakker E, Huisman H. Indeterminate HTLV-1 western blot results in blood donors: absence of infectivity to recipients of blood [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1989 Jun 4-9;5:346 (abstract no. T.B.P.355). van der Poel CL, Lelie PN, Reesink HW, van-ExelOehlers PJ, Tersmette M, ven den Akker R, Gonzalves M, Huisman JG. Blood donors with indeterminate anti-p24gag reactivity in HIV-1 western blot: absence of infectivity to transfused patients and in virus culture. Vox Sang 1989;56(3):162-7. van der Poel CL, Reesink HW, van Oers MH, van der Meulen FW. Transmission of HIV by transfusion of ELISA-negative blood. Vox Sang 1988;54(4):247. van Dorssen CA, Schulpen TW, Bunjes LA. [AIDS and adoption]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1990 Nov 3;134(44):2150-2. (Dut). Vasil'eva VI, Iakhno KV, Medvedeva GI, Kozhevnikova LK, Pakhomova AN, Ivanova MIu. [The factors that affect the results of the serological diagnosis of HIV infection and the screening for anti-HIV]. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk 1992;(11-12):20-3. (Rus). Vazquez-Valls E, Torres-Mendoza BM, Jauregui-Rios ML, Campos- Lopez PI. [Effects of health legislation against HIV in blood donation in Guadalajara, Mexico]. Salud Publica Mex 1990 Jan- Feb;32(1):38-42. (Spa). Vespignani H, Defer G, Gray F. [Presentation at Pitie- Salpetriere hospital. December 1989. Vertigo, dysarthria and hemiparesis in a 71-year-old woman]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1991;147(11):752-8. (Fre). Vicariot M, Fressinaud E, Fiks M, Fonlupt J, Berthier AM, Guerois C, Fimbel B. [HIV infection among type A and B hemophiliacs]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1993 Oct;36(5):417-26. (Fre). Vignon D. [HIV antigenemia systematic screening of blood donors from the region of Paris France (abstract)]. Int Conf AIDS 1989 Jun 4-9;5:247. (Fre). Vilmer E, Rhodes-Feuillette A, Rabian C, Benbunan M, Meletis J, Devergie A, Bourrhis JH, Gluckman JC, Chermann JC, Gluckman E. Clinical and immunological restoration in patients with AIDS after marrow transplantation, using lymphocyte transfusions from the marrow donor. Transplantation 1987 Jul;44(1):25-9. Vinelli E, Pavon L. Reducing the prevalence of HIV positive blood donors by direct questioning of their sexual behavior [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1992 Jul 19-24;8(2):D415 (abstract no. PoD 5170). Visani G, Re MC, Colombini R, Cenacchi A, Furlini G, Sermasi G, Tosi P, Rosti G, Russo D, Zuffa E, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus testing in acute leukemia patients transfused between 1978 and 1985: a retrospective study on 91 cases. Haematologica 1989 Jul-Aug;74(4):371-3. Vocks M, Grosch-Worner I, Koch S, Fritz E. [HIV-infection in children]. Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena) 1990;84(18):909-13. (Ger). Volkow-Fernandez P. [AIDS from transfusions in Mexico]. Rev Invest Clin 1992 Jan-Mar;44(1):131-3. (Spa). Volkow-Fernandez P. [Repercussions of blood transmission in the epidemiology of AIDS-HIV infection in Mexican children]. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 1992 Sep;49(9):628-30. (Spa). Voyat O, Vierin E, Tousco F, Dujany M, Artaz C. [Research work on the anti-HTLV III antibodies in periodical blood donors and in individuals at risk]. G Mal Infett Parassit 1987;39(11):1126-7. (Ita). Wang W, Herrod H, Presbury G, Wilimas J. Lymphocyte phenotype and function in chronically transfused children with sickle cell disease. Am J Hematol 1985 Sep;20(1):31-40. Ward J, Perkins H, Donegan E, Ou C-Y, Laussecq S, Gaynor S. The risks for heterosexual HIV transmission from infected blood transfusion recipients [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1989 Jun 4-9;5:116 (abstract no. T.A.P.105). Ward JW. Transfusion-associated (T-A)-AIDS in the United States. Dev Biol Stand 1993;81:41-3. Ward JW, Bush TJ, Perkins HA, Lieb LE, Allen JR, Goldfinger D, Samson SM, Pepkowitz SH, Fernando LP, Holland PV, et al. The natural history of transfusion-associated infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Factors influencing the rate of progression to disease. N Engl J Med 1989 Oct 5;321(14):947-52. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1990 Mar 15;322(11):775. Ward JW, Deppe DA, Samson S, Perkins H, Holland P, Fernando L, Feorino PM, Thompson P, Kleinman S, Allen JR. Risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection from blood donors who later developed the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1987 Jan;106(1):61-2. Ward JW, Holmberg SD, Allen JR, Cohn DL, Critchley SE, Kleinman SH, Lenes BA, Ravenholt O, Davis JR, Quinn MG, et al. Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by blood transfusions screened as negative for HIV antibody. N Engl J Med 1988 Feb 25;318(8):473-8. Ward JW, Kleinman SH, Douglas DK, Grindon AJ, Holmberg SD. Epidemiologic characteristics of blood donors with antibody to human immunodeficiency virus. Transfusion 1988 Jul- Aug;28(4):298-301. Weiss SH, Goedert JJ, Sarngadharan MG, Bodner AJ, Gallo RC, Blattner WA. Screening test for HTLV-III (AIDS agent) antibodies. Specificity, sensitivity, and applications. JAMA 1985 Jan 11;253(2):221-5. Welo K, Almaviva M, Maganga W, Mukengeshay K, Ceravolo C, Piccioni I, Furbatto A, Lupo A. [Seroprevalence of HIV-1 virus in Zaire. Analysis of 1404 subjects]. Presse Med 1991 Nov 2;20(35):1717-9. (Fre). White GC 2d, Matthews TJ, Weinhold KJ, Haynes BF, Cromartie HL, McMillan CW, Bolognesi DP. HTLV-III seroconversion associated with heat-treated factor VIII concentrate [letter]. Lancet 1986 Mar 15;1(8481):611-2. Williams A, Dodd RY. Setting up an HIV screening program. Transfus Med Rev 1989 Jan;3(1 Suppl 1):23-6. Williams AE, Creedon KW, Grandinetti T, Sullivan MT. Serological evidence of prior sexually transmitted diseases in HIV-1 seropositive blood donors [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1989 Jun 4-9;5:246 (abstract no. M.B.P.146). Williams AE, Fang CT, Sandler SG. HTLV-I-II and blood transfusion in the USA. In: Blattner WA, editor. Human retrovirology: HTLV. New York: Raven Press; 1990. p. 349-62. Williams AE, Sullivan M. Serological characterization of HIV-1 seropositive former blood donors who deny aids risk factors [abstract]. Transfusion 1992;32(8 Suppl):56s. Williams AE, Sullivan MT, Fang CT, Sandler SG, Poiesz BJ, Ehrlich GD. Differential characterization of HTLV-I and HTLV-II infection in USA blood donors [abstract]. Transfusion 1991;31(8 Suppl):40s. Williams MD, al-Rubei K, Hill FG. A prospective study of HIV- infected haemophilic boys and the prognostic significance of immune and haematological abnormalities. Thromb Haemost 1988 Aug 30;60(1):97-101. Wittek AE, Phelan MA, Wells MA, Vujcic LK, Epstein JS, Lane HC, Quinnan GV Jr. Detection of human immunodeficiency virus core protein in plasma by enzyme immunoassay. Association of antigenemia with symptomatic disease and T-helper cell depletion. Ann Intern Med 1987 Sep;107(3):286-92. Wong VK, Gillette SG, Roth MJ, Miles S, Stiehm ER. Plasma immunotherapy in a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993 Nov;12(11):947-51. Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC. Human T-lymphotropic retroviruses. Nature 1985 Oct 3-9;317(6036):395-403. Wullenweber J. [HIV p24 antigen test in blood donors (letter)]. Med Klin 1994 May 15;89(5):286. (Ger). Zekeng L, Kaptue L. [HIV-1 serology and carrier state for HBs and HBe in blood donors at Yaounde University Hospital Center, Cameroon]. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1990 Mar;70(1):49-53. (Fre). Zimmermann R, Zeiler T, Zingsem J, Weisbach V, Muller C, Huhn D, Eckstein R. [Follow-up of blood donors with indeterminate reaction to anti-HIV 1/2 EIA or isolated detection of antibodies to HIV-1 core antigens (anti-p24)]. Beitr Infusionther 1992;30:82-4. (Ger). Zuck TF. Decisions on screening for viral markers in blood donors. Dev Biol Stand 1993;81:91-100. Zuck TF. Low technology in a high technology era [editorial]. Transfusion 1991 Jun;31(5):390-1. Babesiosis Cahill KM, Benach JL, Reich LM, Bilmes E, Zins JH, Siegel FP, Hochweis S. Red cell exchange: treatment of babesiosis in a splenectomized patient. Transfusion 1981 Mar-Apr;21(2):193-8. Gorenflot A, Brasseur P, Bonmarchand G, Laneele D, Simonin D. [2 cases of severe human babesiosis treated successfully (letter)]. Presse Med 1990 Feb 24;19(7):335. (Fre). Grabowski EF, Giardina PJ, Goldberg D, Masur H, Read SE, Hirsch RL, Benach JL. Babesiosis transmitted by a transfusion of frozen-thawed blood. Ann Intern Med 1982 Apr;96(4):466-7. Healy GR, Walzer PD, Sulzer AJ. A case of asymptomatic babesiosis in Georgia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1976 May;25(3):376-8. Jacoby GA, Hunt JV, Kosinski KS, Demirjian ZN, Huggins C, Etkind P, Marcus LC, Spielman A. Treatment of transfusion-transmitted babesiosis by exchange transfusion. N Engl J Med 1980 Nov 6;303(19):1098-100. Machtinger L, Telford SR 3d, Inducil C, Klapper E, Pepkowitz SH, Goldfinger D. Treatment of babesiosis by red blood cell exchange in an HIV-positive, splenectomized patient. J Clin Apheresis 1993;8(2):78-81. Marcus LC, Valigorsky JM, Fanning WL, Joseph T, Glick B. A case report of transfusion-induced babesiosis. JAMA 1982 Jul 23;248(4):465-7. Mintz ED, Anderson JF, Cable RG, Hadler JL. Transfusion- transmitted babesiosis: a case report from a new endemic area. Transfusion 1991 May;31(4):365-8. Popovsky MA. Transfusion-transmitted babesiosis [editorial]. Transfusion 1991 May;31(4):296-8. Popovsky MA, Lindberg LE, Syrek AL, Page PL. Prevalence of Babesia antibody in a selected blood donor population. Transfusion 1988 Jan-Feb;28(1):59-61. Rosner F, Zarrabi MH, Benach JL, Habicht GS. Babesiosis in splenectomized adults. Review of 22 reported cases. Am J Med 1984 Apr;76(4):696-701. Smith RP, Evans AT, Popovsky M, Mills L, Spielman A. Transfusion-acquired babesiosis and failure of antibiotic treatment. JAMA 1986 Nov 21;256(19):2726-7. Sun T, Tenenbaum MJ, Greenspan J, Teichberg S, Wang RT, Degnan T, Kaplan MH. Morphologic and clinical observations in human infection with Babesia microti. J Infect Dis 1983 Aug;148(2):239-48. Uhnoo I, Cars O, Christensson D, Nystrom-Rosander C. First documented case of human babesiosis in Sweden. Scand J Infect Dis 1992;24(4):541-7. Wittner M, Rowin KS, Tanowitz HB, Hobbs JF, Saltzman S, Wenz B, Hirsch R, Chisholm E, Healy GR. Successful chemotherapy of transfusion babesiosis. Ann Intern Med 1982 May;96(5):601-4. Bacteremia Bacterial contamination of platelet pools--Ohio, 1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1992 Jan 24;41(3):36-7. Blei F, Puder DR. Yersinia enterocolitica bacteremia in a chronically transfused patient with sickle cell anemia. Case report and review of the literature. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1993 Nov;15(4):430-4. Davda RK, Collins KA, Kitchens CS. Case report: fatal Staphylococcus aureus sepsis from single-donor platelet transfusion. Am J Med Sci 1994 May;307(5):340-1. From the Centers for Disease Control. Yersinia enterocolitica bacteremia and endotoxin shock associated with red blood cell transfusions--United States, 1991. JAMA 1991 May 1;265(17):2174-5. Gibb AP, Martin KM, Davidson GA, Walker B, Murphy WG. Bacterial growth in blood for transfusion [letter]. Lancet 1992 Nov 14;340(8829):1222-3. Comment on: Lancet 1992 Sep 26;340(8822):755-6. Goldman M, Blajchman MA. Blood product-associated bacterial sepsis. Transfus Med Rev 1991 Jan;5(1):73-83. Heltberg O, Skov F, Gerner-Smidt P, Kolmos HJ, Dybkjaer E, Gutschik E, Jerne D, Jepsen OB, Weischer M, Frederiksen W, et al. Nosocomial epidemic of Serratia marcescens septicemia ascribed to contaminated blood transfusion bags. Transfusion 1993 Mar;33(3):221-7. Comment in: Transfusion 1993 Mar;33(3):189-91. Irani SF, Contractor CP, Singh V. Recent advances in management of neonatal septicemia [editorial]. Indian Pediatr 1991 Nov;28(11):1237-40. Jones BL, Saw MH, Hanson MF, Mackie MJ, Scott J, Murphy WG. Yersinia enterocolitica septicaemia from transfusion of red cell concentrate stored for 16 days. J Clin Pathol 1993 May;46(5):477-8. Parment PA, Gabriel M, Bruse GW, Stegall S, Ahearn DG. Adherence of Serratia marcescens, Serratia liquefaciens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis to blood transfusion bags (CPD-SAGMAN sets). Scand J Infect Dis 1993;25(6):721-4. Puckett A, Davison G, Entwistle CC, Barbara JA. Post transfusion septicaemia 1980-1989: importance of donor arm cleansing. J Clin Pathol 1992 Feb;45(2):155-7. Rasmussen SW, Koczulab B. Transfusion associated bacteremia and septic shock due to Erwinia herbicola. Scand J Infect Dis 1992;24(2):241-3. Sarkar S, Narang A, Roy P, Panigrahi D. Bacteremia after exchange transfusion in neonates. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993 Sep;12(9):777-9. Shayegani M, Parsons LM, Waring AL, Donhowe J, Goering R, Archinal WA, Linden J. Molecular relatedness of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates obtained during a platelet transfusion- associated episode of sepsis. J Clin Microbiol 1991 Dec;29(12):2768-73. Strobel E, Nathrath M, Peters J, Abele-Horn M, Wullenweber J. [Acute intravasal hemolysis in Clostridium perfringens sepsis. Differential diagnosis of hemolytic episodes]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1994 Mar 18;119(11):375-9. (Ger). Szewzyk U, Szewzyk R, Stenstrom TA. Growth and survival of Serratia marcescens under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in the presence of materials from blood bags. J Clin Microbiol 1993 Jul;31(7):1826-30. Tipple MA, Bland LA, Murphy JJ, Arduino MJ, Panlilio AL, Farmer JJ 3d, Tourault MA, Macpherson CR, Menitove JE, Grindon AJ, et al. Sepsis associated with transfusion of red cells contaminated with Yersinia enterocolitica. Transfusion 1990 Mar- Apr;30(3):207-13. Comment in: Transfusion 1990 Mar- Apr;30(3):193-5. Zaza S, Tokars JI, Yomtovian R, Hirschler NV, Jacobs MR, Lazarus HM, Goodnough LT, Bland LA, Arduino MJ, Jarvis WR. Bacterial contamination of platelets at a university hospital: increased identification due to intensified surveillance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994 Feb;15(2):82-7. Chagas Disease Ache A. [Prevalence of human infections by Trypanosoma cruzi in blood banks in Venezuela]. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1993 Sep- Oct;35(5):443-8. (Spa). Almeida E, Krieger MA, Carvalho MR, Oelemann W, Goldenberg S. Use of recombinant antigens for the diagnosis of Chagas disease and blood bank screening. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1990 Oct- Dec;85(4):513-7. Appleman MD, Shulman IA, Saxena S, Kirchhoff LV. Use of a questionnaire to identify potential blood donors at risk for infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. Transfusion 1993 Jan;33(1):61-4. Astorga B, Weitz JC. [Chagas' disease: an evaluation of serodiagnosis at blood banks in the endemic areas of Chile]. Rev Med Chil 1990 Oct;118(10):1116-8. (Spa). Belda Neto FM, Atienza J, Escario JA, Gomez Barrio A, De Diego MC, Avedano MC, Martinez Fernandez R. Chemoprophylaxis of Chagas' disease: effects of new Triphenylmethane derivatives on Trypanosoma-cruzi [abstract]. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz Rio J 1987;82 Suppl 1:173. (Por). Bruce-Chwatt LJ. Transfusion associated parasitic infections. Prog Clin Biol Res 1985;182:101-25. Carrasco R, Miguez H, Camacho C, Echalar L, Revollo S, Ampuero T, Dedet JP. Prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in blood banks of seven departments of Bolivia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1990 Jan-Mar;85(1):69-73. Carvalho MR, Krieger MA, Almeida E, Oelemann W, Santos CNDD, Goldberg S. Chagas' disease diagnosis; evaluation of different tests in blood bank screening and study of sera samples inconclusive for conventional serology [abstract]. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz Rio J 1992;87 Suppl 2:134. Carvalho MR, Krieger MA, Almeida E, Oelemann W, Shikanai-Yassuda MA, Ferreira AW, Pereira JB, Saez-Alquezar A, Dorlhiac-Llacer PE, Chamone DF, et al. Chagas' disease diagnosis: evaluation of several tests in blood bank screening. Transfusion 1993 Oct;33(10):830-4. Chiari E, de Oliveira AB, Raslan DS, Mesquita AA, Tavares KG. Screening in vitro of natural products against blood forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1991 May- Jun;85(3):372-4. Cimo PL, Luper WE, Scouros MA. Transfusion-associated Chagas' disease in Texas: report of a case. Tex Med 1993 Dec;89(12):48-50. Contreras MC, Schenone H, Borgono JM, Salinas P, Sandoval L, Rojas A, Solis F. [Chagasic infection in blood donors from hospitals in endemic regions of Chile (1982-1987). Epidemiological impact of the problem]. Bol Chil Parasitol 1992 Jan-Jun;47(1-2):10-5. (Spa). de Andrade AL, Martelli CM, Luquetti AO, de Oliveira OS, Almeida e Silva S, Zicker F. [Serological screening for Trypanosoma cruzi among blood donors in central Brazil]. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1992 Jul;113(1):19-27. (Por). Ferreira AW, Belem ZR, Moura ME, Camargo ME. [Standardization of serological tests for Chagas disease: an immunoenzymatic test for blood donors triage]. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1991 Mar- Apr;33(2):123-8. (Por). Galel S, Kirchhoff LV. Risk factors for Trypanosoma-cruzi infection in California blood donors [abstract]. Transfusion 1992;32(8 Suppl):42s. Gottlieb T. Hazards of bacterial contamination of blood products. Anaesth Intensive Care 1993 Feb;21(1):20-3. Grant IH, Gold JW, Wittner M, Tanowitz HB, Nathan C, Mayer K, Reich L, Wollner N, Steinherz L, Ghavimi F, et al. Transfusion- associated acute Chagas disease acquired in the United States. Ann Intern Med 1989 Nov 15;111(10):849-51. Gudino MD, Linares J. Chagas' disease and blood transfusion. In: Westphal RG, Carlson KB, Turc JM, editors. Emerging global patterns in transfusion-transmitted infections. Arlington (VA): American Association of Blood Banks; 1990. p. 65-86. Hammond DJ, Croft SL, Hogg J, Gutteridge WE. A strategy for the prevention of the transmission of Chagas' disease during blood transfusion. Acta Trop (Basel) 1986 Dec;43(4):367-78. Hammond DJ, Hogg J, Gutteridge WE. Trypanosoma cruzi: possible control of parasite transmission by blood transfusion using amphiphilic cationic drugs. Exp Parasitol 1985 Aug;60(1):32-42. Kerndt P, Waskin H, Shulman I, Nelson J, Steurer F, Kirchhoff L, Gellert G, Waterman S. Trypanosoma-cruzi antibody among blood donors in Los Angeles, California [abstract]. Transfusion (Phila) 1988;28(6 Suppl):31s. Kerndt PR, Waskin HA, Kirchhoff LV, Steurer F, Waterman SH, Nelson JM, Gellert GA, Shulman IA. Prevalence of antibody to Trypanosoma cruzi among blood donors in Los Angeles, California. Transfusion 1991 Nov-Dec;31(9):814-8. Kirchhoff LV. Is Trypanosoma cruzi a new threat to our blood supply? Ann Intern Med 1989 Nov 15;111(10):773-5. Knecher LM, Rojkin LF, Capriotti GA, Lorenzo LE. Chagas' disease screening in blood bank employing enzyme immunoassay. Int J Parasitol 1994 Apr;24(2):207-11. Letelier ME, Rodriguez E, Wallace A, Lorca M, Repetto Y, Morello A, Aldunate J. Trypanosoma cruzi: a possible control of transfusion-induced Chagas' disease by phenolic antioxidants. Exp Parasitol 1990 Nov;71(4):357-63. Lorca M, Atias A, Astorga B, Munoz P, Carrere I. Trypanosoma cruzi infections in blood banks of 12 Chilean hospitals. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1983;17(3):269-74. Lorca M, Child R, Garcia A, Silva M, Osorio J, Atias A. [Evaluation of commercially available reagents for diagnosis of chagas disease in Chilean blood banks. I. Selection of reagents]. Rev Med Chil 1992 Apr;120(4):420-6. (Spa). Luquetti AO. [Response to letter to the editor 23(1):53, 1990: Risk of cancer development in recipients of gentian violet- treated blood. Validity of the interview (letter)]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1990 Oct-Dec;23(4):237-8. (Por). Milei J, Mautner B, Storino R, Sanchez JA, Ferrans VJ. Does Chagas' disease exist as an undiagnosed form of cardiomyopathy in the United States? [editorial]. Am Heart J 1992 Jun;123(6):1732-5. Moncayo A. Chagas disease: epidemiology and prospects for interruption of transmission in the Americas. World Health Stat Q 1992;45(2-3):276-9. Moraes-Souza H, Wanderley DM, Brener S, Nascimento RD, Antunes CM, Dias JC. [Hemotherapy and transfusional Chagas' disease in Brazil]. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1994 May;116(5):406-18. (Por). Navin TR, Roberto RR, Juranek DD, Limpakarnjanarat K, Mortenson EW, Clover JR, Yescott RE, Taclindo C, Steurer F, Allain D. Human and sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi infection in California. Am J Public Health 1985 Apr;75(4):366-9. Nickerson P, Orr P, Schroeder ML, Sekla L, Johnston JB. Transfusion-associated Trypanosoma cruzi infection in a non- endemic area. Ann Intern Med 1989 Nov 15;111(10):851-3. Nukui Y, Kutner JM, Roberti MRF, Saez-Alquezar A, Correa NS, Dorlhiac-Llacer PE, Chamone DAF. Prevalence of Chagas' disease in multitransfused patients [abstract]. Transfusion 1992;32(8 Suppl):42s. Pan AA, Brashear RJ, Schur JD, Winkler MA, Shih J, Decker R. Chagas' disease among blood donors in North and South America; the prevalence of seroreactive antibodies to Trypanosoma-cruzi in the United States and Argentina [abstract]. Transfusion 1992;32(8 Suppl):65s. Pan AA, Brashear RJ, Schur JD, Winkler MA, Shih J, Decker R. Chagas' disease in the USA; a diagnostic test determining the prevalence of seroreactive antibodies to Trypanosoma-cruzi in blood donors [abstract]. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992;47(4 Suppl):187. Pinto AV, Ferreira VF, Capella RS, Gilbert B, Pinto MC, da Dilva JS. Activity of some naphthaquinones on blood stream forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1987;81(4):609-10. Pinto AV, Ferreira VF, Pinto MCR, Chaves GB. New active structures on bloodstream form of Trypanosoma-cruzi [abstract]. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz Rio De J 1986;81 Suppl:157. Ramos-Echevarria AA, Monteon-Padilla VM, Reyes-Lopez PA. [Detection of antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi in blood donors]. Salud Publica Mex 1993 Jan-Feb;35(1):56-64. (Spa). Schmunis GA. Chagas disease and blood transfusion. Prog Clin Biol Res 1985;182:127-46. Schmunis GA. Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas' disease: status in the blood supply in endemic and nonendemic countries. Transfusion 1991 Jul-Aug;31(6):547-57. Shikanai-Yasuda MA, Lopes MH, Tolezano JE, Umezawa E, Amato Neto V, Barreto AC, Higaki Y, Moreira AA, Funayama G, Barone AA, et al. [Acute Chagas' disease: transmission routes, clinical aspects and response to specific therapy in diagnosed cases in an urban center]. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1990 Jan- Feb;32(1):16-27. (Por). Shulman IA. Parasitic infections, an uncommon risk of blood transfusion in the United States [editorial]. Transfusion 1991 Jul-Aug;31(6):479-80. Shulman IA. Parasitic infections and their impact on blood donor selection and testing. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1994 Apr;118(4):366-70. Tanowitz HB, Kirchhoff LV, Simon D, Morris SA, Weiss LM, Wittner M. Chagas' disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 1992 Oct;5(4):400-19. Theis JH. Latin American immigrants--blood donation and Trypanosoma cruzi transmission [letter]. Am Heart J 1990 Dec;120(6 Pt 1):1483-4. Comment in: Am Heart J 1992 Jun;123(6):1724. Trujillo Contreras F, Lozano Kasten F, Soto Gutierrez MM, Hernandez Gutierrez R. [The prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in blood donors in the state of Jalisco, Mexico]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1993 Apr-Jun;26(2):89-92. (Spa). Velasco-Hernandez JX. A model for Chagas disease involving transmission by vectors and blood transfusion. Theor Popul Biol 1994 Aug;46(1):1-31. Villalba R, Fornes G, Alvarez MA, Roman J, Rubio V, Fernandez M, Garcia JM, Vinals M, Torres A. Acute Chagas' disease in a recipient of a bone marrow transplant in Spain: case report. Clin Infect Dis 1992 Feb;14(2):594-5. Wanderley DM, de Carvalho ME, Mantegazza E, Yasumaru S, Barata LC. [Transfusional Chagas infection detected in the program for the control of Chagas disease in the state of Sao Paulo (Brazil)]. Rev Saude Publica 1992 Jun;26(3):203-5. (Por). Wendel S. Chagas disease: an old entity in new places [editorial]. Int J Artif Organs 1993 Mar;16(3):117-9. Wendel S, Gonzaga AL. Chagas' disease and blood transfusion: a New World problem? Vox Sang 1993;64(1):1-12. Cytomegalovirus Barbara JA, Tegtmeier GE. Cytomegalovirus and blood transfusion. Blood Rev 1987 Sep;1(3):207-11. Baronciani D, Angelucci E, Lucarelli G, Galimberti M, Polchi P, Durazzi SM. Cytomegalovirus infections in thalassemic patients after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1990 Mar;5(3):167-72. Published erratum appears in Bone Marrow Transplant 1990 Sep;6(3):224. Baronciani D, Polchi P, Lucarelli G, Filocamo M, Galimberti M, Angelucci E, Durazzi SM, Giardini C, Bartolucci M. CMV infections in thalassemia patients after BMT. Prog Clin Biol Res 1989;309:249-63. Bayer WL, Tegtmeier GE. The blood donor: detection and magnitude of cytomegalovirus carrier states and the prevalence of cytomegalovirus antibody. Yale J Biol Med 1976 Mar;49(1):5-12. Beneke JS, Tegtmeier GE, Alter HJ, Luetkemeyer RB, Solomon R, Bayer WL. Relation of titers of antibodies to CMV in blood donors to the transmission of cytomegalovirus infection. J Infect Dis 1984 Dec;150(6):883-8. Betts RF. Syndromes of cytomegalovirus infection. Adv Intern Med 1980;26:447-66. Bowden RA, Sayers M, Flournoy N, Newton B, Banaji M, Thomas ED, Meyers JD. Cytomegalovirus immune globulin and seronegative blood products to prevent primary cytomegalovirus infection after marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 1986 Apr 17;314(16):1006-10. Brady MT, Demmler GJ, Seavy D, Reis S. Method of blood processing affects the prevalence of cytomegalovirus excretion in newborn nurseries. Am J Infect Control 1987 Dec;15(6):245-8. Chou SW, Norman DJ. The influence of donor factors other than serologic status on transmission of cytomegalovirus to transplant recipients. Transplantation 1988 Jul;46(1):89-93. de Graan-Hentzen YC, Gratama JW, Mudde GC, Verdonck LF, Houbiers JG, Brand A, Sebens FW, van Loon AM, The TH, Willemze R, et al. Prevention of primary cytomegalovirus infection in patients with hematologic malignancies by intensive white cell depletion of blood products. Transfusion 1989 Nov-Dec;29(9):757-60. De Witte T, Schattenberg A, Van Dijk BA, Galama J, Olthuis H, Van der Meer JW, Kunst VA. Prevention of primary cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation by using leukocyte-poor random blood products from cytomegalovirus- unscreened blood-bank donors. Transplantation 1990 Dec;50(6):964-8. Dworkin RJ, Drew WL, Miner RC, Mehalko S, Evans C, Baxter R. Survival of cytomegalovirus in viremic blood under blood bank storage conditions [letter]. J Infect Dis 1990 Jun;161(6):1310-1. Eisenfeld L, Silver H, McLaughlin J, Klevjer-Anderson P, Mayo D, Anderson J, Herson V, Krause P, Savidakis J, Lazar A, et al. Prevention of transfusion-associated cytomegalovirus infection in neonatal patients by the removal of white cells from blood. Transfusion 1992 Mar-Apr;32(3):205-9. Comment in: Transfusion 1992 Mar-Apr;32(3):196-8. Forbes BA. Acquisition of cytomegalovirus infection: an update. Clin Microbiol Rev 1989 Apr;2(2):204-16. Gjesdal K, Orstavik I, Fagerhol M, Endresen K, Reikvam A, Ulstrup JC, Sivertssen E. Blood donor selection can prevent cytomegalovirus infection after open heart surgery. Eur Heart J 1987 Apr;8(4):378-81. Ho M. Epidemiology of cytomegalovirus infections. Rev Infect Dis 1990 Sep-Oct;12 Suppl 7:S701-10. Huang ES, Huong SM, Tegtmeier GE, Alford C. Cytomegalovirus: genetic variation of viral genomes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1980;354:332-46. Jackson JB, Erice A, Englund JA, Edson JR, Balfour HH Jr. Prevalence of cytomegalovirus antibody in hemophiliacs and homosexuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Transfusion 1988 Mar-Apr;28(2):187-9. Kane RC, Rousseau WE, Noble GR, Tegtmeier GE, Wulff H, Herndon HB, Chin TD, Bayer WL. Cytomegalovirus infection in a volunteer blood donor population. Infect Immun 1975 Apr;11(4):719-23. Keen GA. Human cytomegalovirus infection. S Afr Med J 1985 Aug 3;68(3):159-61. Luboldt W, Henneberg-Quester KB, Schaefer UW, Beelen DW, Quabeck K, Thraenhart O. [Experiences with transfusion of CMV tested blood preparations after bone marrow transplantation]. Beitr Infusionther 1990;26:190-3. (Ger). Mackinnon S, Burnett AK, Crawford RJ, Cameron S, Leask BG, Sommerville RG. Seronegative blood products prevent primary cytomegalovirus infection after bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Pathol 1988 Sep;41(9):948-50. Manez R. [Transmission cytomegalovirus infection by blood transfusions]. Sangre (Barc) 1993 Jun;38(3):201-4. (Spa). Metselaar HJ, Ploeg RJ, Van Loon AM, Weiland HT, Rothbarth PH, Paul LC, Brand A, Schaafsma R, Hendriks GF, Jeekel J, et al. Prevention of CMV infection by screening for CMV antibodies in renal allograft recipients and their blood and kidney donors. Scand J Infect Dis 1988;20(2):135-9. Miller WJ, McCullough J, Balfour HH Jr, Haake RJ, Ramsay NK, Goldman A, Bowman R, Kersey J. Prevention of cytomegalovirus infection following bone marrow transplantation: a randomized trial of blood product screening. Bone Marrow Transplant 1991 Mar;7(3):227-34. Murphy MF, Grint PC, Hardiman AE, Lister TA, Waters AH. Use of leucocyte-poor blood components to prevent primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in patients with acute leukaemia [letter]. Br J Haematol 1988 Oct;70(2):253-4. Nath N, Fang C, Wunderlich C, Dodd RY, Tegtmeier G. A test for human cytomegalovirus-specific immunoglobulins using a modification of a commercial test kit. J Virol Methods 1987 Feb;15(3):223-31. Onorato IM, Morens DM, Martone WJ, Stansfield SK. Epidemiology of cytomegaloviral infections: recommendations for prevention and control. Rev Infect Dis 1985 Jul-Aug;7(4):479-97. Preiksaitis JK. Indications for the use of cytomegalovirus- seronegative blood products. Transfus Med Rev 1991 Jan;5(1):1-17. Shuster EA, Beneke JS, Tegtmeier GE, Pearson GR, Gleaves CA, Wold AD, Smith TF. Monoclonal antibody for rapid laboratory detection of cytomegalovirus infections: characterization and diagnostic application. Mayo Clin Proc 1985 Sep;60(9):577-85. Singh N, Dummer JS, Kusne S, Breinig MK, Armstrong JA, Makowka L, Starzl TE, Ho M. Infections with cytomegalovirus and other herpesviruses in 121 liver transplant recipients: transmission by donated organ and the effect of OKT3 antibodies. J Infect Dis 1988 Jul;158(1):124-31. Siwak E, Kondriusik M, Daniluk J. [Cytomegalovirus infection. Epidemiology, CMV and pregnancy, CMV and recipients of vaccine, CMV and HIV infection, CMV after transfusion]. Pol Tyg Lek 1992 Sep 7-14;47(36-37):814-8. (Pol). Smith KL, Cobain T, Dunstan RA. Removal of cytomegalovirus DNA from donor blood by filtration. Br J Haematol 1993 Apr;83(4):640-2. Comment in: Br J Haematol 1993 Sep;85(1):232-4. Sweet GH, Bryant SA, Tegtmeier GE, Beneke JS, Bayer WL. Early and late antigens of human cytomegalovirus: electroimmunodiffusion assay of numbers, relationships, and reactivities with donor sera. J Med Virol 1985 Feb;15(2):137-48. Tegtmeier GE. Cytomegalovirus and blood transfusion. Prog Clin Biol Res 1985;182:175-99. Tegtmeier GE. Cytomegalovirus infection as a complication of blood transfusion. Semin Liver Dis 1986 Feb;6(1):82-95. Tegtmeier GE. Posttransfusion cytomegalovirus infections. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989 Mar;113(3):236-45. Tegtmeier GE. Transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus infections: significance and control. Vox Sang 1986;51 Suppl 1:22-30. Tegtmeier GE. The use of cytomegalovirus-screened blood in neonates. Transfusion 1988 May-Jun;28(3):201-3. Topke B. [Clinical aspects and problems of cytomegalovirus infections in newborn and premature infants]. Kinderarztl Prax 1991 Dec;59(12):368-74. (Ger). Watanabe K, Yonekura S, Komatsuda M, Yabe M. [Management of pancytopenia blood component transfusion and recombinant growth factor]. Nippon Rinsho 1990 Sep;48(9):2035-40. (Jpn). Hepatitis Aach RD, Hollinger FB, Szmuness W, Mosley JW, Gitnick GL, Kahn RA, Stevens CE, Goodwin D, Weiner JM. Post-transfusion hepatitis: analysis of risk factors. Acta Haematol Pol 1980 Jul- Sep;11(3):159-64. Aach RD, Kahn RA. Post-transfusion hepatitis: current perspectives. Ann Intern Med 1980 Apr;92(4):539-46. Aach RD, Lander JJ, Sherman LA, Miller WV, Kahn RA, Gitnick GL, Hollinger FB, Werch J, Szmuness W, Stevens CE, Kellner A, Weiner JM, Mosley JW. Transfusion-transmitted viruses: interim analysis of hepatitis among transfused and nontransfused patients. In: Vyas GN, et al., editors. Viral hepatitis. Philadelphia: Franklin Institute Press; 1978. p. 383-96. Aach RD, Stevens CE, Hollinger FB, Mosley JW, Peterson DA, Taylor PE, Johnson RG, Barbosa LH, Nemo GJ. Hepatitis C virus infection in post-transfusion hepatitis. An analysis with first- and second-generation assays. N Engl J Med 1991 Nov 7;325(19):1325-9. Aach RD, Szmuness W, Mosley JW, Hollinger FB, Kahn RA, Stevens CE, Edwards VM, Werch J. Serum alanine aminotransferase of donors in relation to the risk of non-A,non-B hepatitis in recipients: the transfusion-transmitted viruses study. N Engl J Med 1981 Apr 23;304(17):989-94. Achord JL. Sporadic vs. posttransfusion hepatitis C: why the differences? Gastroenterology 1991 Oct;101(4):1133-4. Advances in viral hepatitis. Report of the WHO Expert Committee on Viral Hepatitis. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1977;602:1-62. Aeder MI, Shield CF, Tegtmeier GE, Bayer W, Luger AM, Nelson PW, Pierce GE, Polito A, Wilber JC, Johnson P, et al. Incidence and clinical impact of hepatitis C virus-positive donors in cadaveric transplantation. Transplant Proc 1993 Feb;25(1 Pt 2):1469-71. Aguelles O, Janot C. Epidemiology of anti-HCV antibodies in France. Viral Hepatitis Study Group of the French Blood Transfusion Society. Arch Virol Suppl 1992;4:249-52. A-Kader HH, Balistreri WF. Hepatitis C virus: implications to pediatric practice. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993 Oct;12(10):853-66; quiz 867. A-Kader HH, Balistreri WF. Significance of serum antibodies to hepatitis C. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991 Mar;10(3):259. Alberti A, Chemello L, Cavalletto D, Tagger A, Dal Canton A, Bizzaro N, Tagariello G, Ruol A. Antibody to hepatitis C virus and liver disease in volunteer blood donors. Ann Intern Med 1991 Jun 15;114(12):1010-2. Alberti A, Morsica G, Chemello L, Cavaletto D, Noventa F, Pontisso P, Ruol A. Hepatitis C viraemia and liver disease in symptom-free individuals with anti-HCV. Lancet 1992 Sep 19;340(8821):697-8. Comment in: Lancet 1992 Nov 7;340(8828):1161. Aledort LM, Levine PH, Hilgartner M, Blatt P, Spero JA, Goldberg JD, Bianchi L, Desmet V, Scheuer P, Popper H, et al. A study of liver biopsies and liver disease among hemophiliacs. Blood 1985 Aug;66(2):367-72. al-Fawaz I, Ramia S. Decline in hepatitis B infection in sickle cell anaemia and beta thalassaemia major. Arch Dis Child 1993 Nov;69(5):594-6. al-Khaja N, Roberts DG, Belboul A, Lopere V, Bergman P, Radberg G, Hermodsson S, Olsson RG. Gamma globulin prophylaxis to reduce post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991;25(1):7-12. Allain JP. Transfusion support for haemophiliacs. Clin Haematol 1984 Feb;13(1):99-117. Allain JP, Coghlan PJ, Kenrick KG, Whitson K, Keller A, Cooper GJ, Vallari DS, Delaney SR, Kuhns MC. Prediction of hepatitis C virus infectivity in seropositive Australian blood donors by supplemental immunoassays and detection of viral RNA. Blood 1991 Nov 1;78(9):2462-8. Alonso C, Pedroso ML, de Sanjose S, Montcharmont P, Chevre JM, Boucaud MJ, Lambert V, Cortey ML, Trepo C. Hepatitis C virus among blood donors: follow-up study. Transfusion 1994 Jun;34(6):527-30. Alonso C, Qu D, Lamelin JP, de Sanjose S, Vitvitski L, Li J, Berby F, Lambert V, Cortey ML, Trepo C. Serological responses to different genotypes of hepatitis C virus in France. J Clin Microbiol 1994 Jan;32(1):211-2. Alter HJ. Clinical, virological and epidemiological basis for the treatment of chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. J Hepatol 1990;11 Suppl 1:S19-25. Alter HJ. Descartes before the horse: I clone, therefore I am: the hepatitis C virus in current perspective. Ann Intern Med 1991 Oct 15;115(8):644-9. Alter HJ. Discovery of the non-A, non-B hepatitis virus: the end of the beginning or the beginning of the end [editorial]. Transfus Med Rev 1989 Apr;3(2):77-81. Alter HJ. The dominant role of non-A, non-B in the pathogenesis of post-transfusion hepatitis: a clinical assessment. Clin Gastroenterol 1980 Jan;9(1):155-70. Alter HJ. Evaluation of radioimmunoassay tests for hepatitis B antigen. In: Hunter OB Jr, editor. Radioassay: clinical concepts. Skokie (IL): Searle; 1974. p. 163-72. Alter HJ. The evolution, implications, and applications of the hepatitis B vaccine [editorial]. JAMA 1982 Apr 23;247(16):2272-5. Alter HJ. Hepatitis B: a tribute to nondirected medical research. Semin Liver Dis 1981 Feb;1(1):1-6. Alter HJ. Hepatitis B and the health worker: prospective studies in perspective [editorial]. Ann Intern Med 1976 Nov;85(5):971-2. Alter HJ. The hepatitis C virus and its relationship to the clinical spectrum of NANB hepatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1990;5 Suppl 1:78-94. Alter HJ. New kit on the block: evaluation of second-generation assays for detection of antibody to the hepatitis C virus [editorial]. Hepatology 1992 Feb;15(2):350-3. Comment on: Hepatology 1992 Feb;15(2):175-9; Hepatology 1992 Feb;15(2):180-6; Hepatology 1992 Feb;15(2):187-90. Alter HJ. Posttransfusion hepatitis: clinical features, risk and donor testing. Prog Clin Biol Res 1985;182:47-61. Alter HJ, Barker LF, Holland PV. Hepatitis B immune globulin: Evaluation of clinical trials and rationale for usage [editorial]. N Engl J Med 1975 Nov 20;293(21):1093-4. Alter HJ, Chalmers TC. The HBsAg positive health worker revisited. Hepatology 1981 Sep-Oct;1(5): 467-70. Alter HJ, Chalmers TC, Freeman BM, Lunceford JL, Lewis TL, Holland PV, Pizzo PA, Plotz PH, Meyer WJ 3rd. Health-care workers positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. Are their contacts at risk? N Engl J Med 1975 Feb 27;292(9):454-7. Alter HJ, Creagan RP, Morel PA, Wiesehahn GP, Dorman BP, Corash L, Smith GC, Popper H, Eichberg JW. Photochemical decontamination of blood components containing hepatitis B and non-A, non-B virus. Lancet 1988 Dec 24-31;2(8626-8627):1446-50. Alter HJ, Holland PV. Indirect tests to detect the non-A, non-B hepatitis carrier state. Ann Intern Med 1984 Dec;101(6):859-61. Alter HJ, Holland PV, Morrow AG, Purcell RH, Feinstone SM, Moritsugu Y. Clinical and serological analysis of transfusion- associated hepatitis. Lancet 1975 Nov 1;2(7940):838-41. Alter HJ, Holland PV, Purcell RH. Current status of posttransfusion hepatitis. Pathobiol Annu 1980;10:135-56. Alter HJ, Holland PV, Purcell RH. The emerging pattern of post- transfusion hepatitis. Am J Med Sci 1975 Sep-Oct;270(2):329-34. Alter HJ, Prince AM. Transfusion-associated non-A, non-B hepatitis: an assessment of the causative agent and its clinical impact. Transfus Med Rev 1988 Dec;2(4):288-93. Alter HJ, Purcell RH, Feinstone SM, Holland PV, Morrow AG. Non- A/non-B hepatitis: a review and interim report of an ongoing prospective study. In: Vyas GN, et al., editors. Viral hepatitis. Philadelphia: Franklin Institute Press; 1978. p. 355-69. Alter HJ, Purcell RH, Gerin JL, London WT, Kaplan PM, McAuliffe VJ, Wagner J, Holland PV. Transmission of hepatitis B to chimpanzees by hepatitis B surface antigen-positive saliva and semen. Infect Immun 1977 Jun;16(3):928-33. Alter HJ, Purcell RH, Holland PV, Alling DW, Koziol DE. Donor transaminase and recipient hepatitis. Impact on blood transfusion services. JAMA 1981 Aug 7;246(6):630-4. Alter HJ, Purcell RH, Holland PV, Popper H. Transmissible agent in non-A, non-B hepatitis. Lancet 1978 Mar 4;1(8062):459-63. Alter HJ, Purcell RH, Shih JW, Melpolder JC, Houghton M, Choo QL, Kuo G. Detection of antibody to hepatitis C virus in prospectively followed transfusion recipients with acute and chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1989 Nov 30;321(22):1494-500. Alter HJ, Seeff LB, Kaplan PM, McAuliffe VJ, Wright EC, Gerin JL, Purcell RH, Holland PV, Zimmerman HJ. Type B hepatitis: the infectivity of blood positive for e antigen and DNA polymerase after accidental needlestick exposure. N Engl J Med 1976 Oct 21;295(17):909-13. Alter HJ, Shih JW. Probable visualization of the elusive hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 1993 Jun;17(6):1164-6. Alter HJ, Solomon RE, Hoofnagle JH, Melpolder J. The clinical significance of elevated serum trans aminase alanine amino transferase in healthy blood donors [abstract]. Transfusion 1982;22(5):404. Alter HJ, Tabor E, Meryman HT, Hoofnagle JH, Kahn RA, Holland PV, Gerety RJ, Barker LF. Transmission of hepatitis V virus infection by transfusion of frozen-deglycerolized red blood cells. N Engl J Med 1978 Mar 23;298(12):637-42. Alter HJ, Tegtmeier GE, Jett BW, Quan S, Shih JW, Bayer WL, Polito A. The use of a recombinant immunoblot assay in the interpretation of anti-hepatitis C virus reactivity among prospectively followed patients, implicated donors, and random donors. Transfusion 1991 Oct;31(8):771-6. Alter MJ. Non-A, Non-B hepatitis: sorting through a diagnosis of exclusion. Ann Intern Med 1989 Apr 15;110(8):583-5. Alter MJ. Review of serologic testing for hepatitis C virus infection and risk of posttransfusion hepatitis C. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1994 Apr;118(4):342-5. Alter MJ, Coleman PJ, Alexander WJ, Kramer E, Miller JK, Mandel E, Hadler SC, Margolis HS. Importance of heterosexual activity in the transmission of hepatitis B and non-A, non-B hepatitis. JAMA 1989 Sep 1;262(9):1201-5. Comment in: JAMA 1990 Jan 26;263(4):518. Alter MJ, Gerety RJ, Smallwood LA, Sampliner RE, Tabor E, Deinhardt F, Frosner G, Matanoski GM. Sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis: frequency and epidemiology in an urban U.S. population. J Infect Dis 1982 Jun;145(6):886-93. Alter MJ, Hadler SC, Francis DP, Maynard JE. The epidemiology of non-A, non-B hepatitis in the United States. Prog Clin Biol Res 1985;182:71-9. Alter MJ, Sampliner RE. Hepatitis C: and miles to go before we sleep [editorial]. N Engl J Med 1989 Nov 30;321(22):1538-40. Anderson CC, Contreras M, Barbara JA, Mijovic V. Surrogate testing for non-A, non-B hepatitis [letter]. Lancet 1987 Apr 18;1(8538):912. Anderson KE, Stevens CE, Tsuei JJ, Lee WC, Sun SC, Beasley P. Hepatitis B antigen in infants born to mothers with chronic hepatitis B antigenemia in Taiwan. Am J Dis Child 1975 Dec;129(12):1389-92. Anderson NA, Raafat A, Shwe KH, Barbara J, Contreras M, Fraser ID, Gunson HH, Martlew V, Mijovic V, Goldie DJ, et al. U.K. multicentre study on blood donors for surrogate markers of non-A non-B hepatitis. Part I: Alanine transferase and anti-HBc testing. Transfus Med 1992 Dec;2(4):301-10. Antibodies to hepatitis C virus in haemophilia [letter]. Lancet 1989 Sep 2;2(8662):560-1. Aoki SK, Finegold D, Kuramoto IK, Douville C, Richards C, Randell R, Fernando L, Holland PV, Zeldis JB. Significance of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in blood donors as determined by their serologic response to hepatitis B vaccine. Transfusion 1993 May;33(5):362-7. Aoki SK, Holland PV, Fernando LP, Kuramoto IK, Anderson S, Sazama K, Schoening V, Johnson P, Wilber JC, Fenner L, et al. Evidence of hepatitis in patients receiving transfusions of blood components containing antibody to hepatitis C. Blood 1993 Aug 1;82(3):1000-5. Archer AC, Cohen BJ, Mortimer PP. The value of screening blood donors for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. J Clin Pathol 1983 Aug;36(8):924-8. Atrah HI, Ala FA, Gough D. Blood exchanged in ritual ceremonies as a possible route for infection with hepatitis C virus. J Clin Pathol 1994 Jan;47(1):87. AuBuchon JP, Sandler SG, Fang CT, Dodd RY. American Red Cross experience with routine testing for hepatitis B core antibody. Transfusion 1989 Mar-Apr;29(3):230-2. AuBuchon JP, Wilkinson JS, Kassapian SJ, Edwards GC. Establishment of a system to standardize acceptability criteria for alanine aminotransferase activity in donated blood. Transfusion 1989 Jan;29(1):17-22. Auslander MO, Gitnick GL. Vigorous medical management of acute fulminant hepatitis. Arch Intern Med 1977 May;137(5):599-601. Aymard JP, Janot C, Adjizian JC, Tamisier C, Humbert JC, Billuart M, Streiff F. [Serum antibodies against hepatitis C: study of 4,100 blood donors from the northeast of France]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1990 Jul;33(4):295-302. (Fre). Aymard JP, Janot G, Gayet S, Guillemin C, Canton P, Gaucher P, Streiff F. Post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis after cardiac surgery. Prospective analysis of donor blood anti-HBc antibody as a predictive indicator of the occurrence of non-A, non-B hepatitis in recipients. Vox Sang 1986;51(3):236-8. Azar N, Valla D, Lunel F, Fretz C, Mallet A, Jaulmes D, Fournel JJ, Blanc C, Perrin M, Amiel C, et al. Post-transfusional anti- HCV-negative, non-A, non-B hepatitis. (I) a prospective clinical and epidemiological survey. J Hepatol 1993 Apr;18(1):24-33. Azimi PH, Roberto RR, Guralnik J, Livermore T, Hoag S, Hagens S, Lugo N. Transfusion-acquired hepatitis A in a premature infant with secondary nosocomial spread in an intensive care nursery. Am J Dis Child 1986 Jan;140(1):23-7. Baath L, Widell A. Anti-GOR without anti-HCV core is not associated with hepatitis C viremia [letter]. Vox Sang 1994;66(2):151. Baath L, Widell A, Nordenfelt E. A comparison between one first generation and three second generation anti-HCV ELISAs: an investigation in high- and low-risk subjects in correlation with recombinant immunoblot assay and polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods 1992 Dec 1;40(3):287-96. Babb RR. Hepatitis B antigen: a review of its importance in the practice of obstetrics and gynecology. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1976 Nov 1;126(5):602-6. Bach N, Bodenheimer HC Jr. Transmission of hepatitis C: sexual, vertical or exclusively blood-borne? Hepatology 1992 Dec;16(6):1497-9. Bachwich D, Dienstag J. Aplastic anemia and hepatitis C: molecular biology exonerates another suspect. Hepatology 1993 Feb;17(2):340-2. Baginski I, Chemin I, Hantz O, Pichoud C, Jullien AM, Chevre JC, Li JS, Vitvitski L, Sninsky JJ, Trepo C. Transmission of serologically silent hepatitis B virus along with hepatitis C virus in two cases of posttransfusion hepatitis. Transfusion 1992 Mar-Apr;32(3):215-20. Banerjee K, Khandekar P. Identification and characterization of mutations in `X' region of a hepatitis B virus carrier. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1992 Dec;29(6):494-7. Banninger P, Altorfer J, Frosner GG, Pirovino M, Gudat F, Bianchi L, Grob PJ, Schmid M. Prevalence and significance of anti-HBc IgM (radioimmunoassay) in acute and chronic hepatitis B and in blood donors. Hepatology 1983 May-Jun;3(3):337-42. Baraldini M, Miglio F, Pirillo L, Cursaro C, Meliconi R, Stefanini GF, Gasbarrini G. Hepatitis B virus markers in hematologic patients: relation to transfusion treatment and hospitalization. Vox Sang 1983;45(2):112-20. Barbara J, Contreras M. Specificity of enzyme immunoassay for hepatitis B core antibody used in screening blood donors [letter]. Transfusion 1988 Jan-Feb;28(1):84. Barbara JA. Microbiological screening of blood donations: cost versus effectiveness. Med Lab Sci 1989 Jul;46(3):250-4. Published erratum appears in Med Lab Sci 1989 Oct;46(4):368. Barbara JA. Questions of quality: how much HBsAg is there in this sample and is our assay sensitive enough to detect it? [editorial]. Vox Sang 1993;65(4):249-50. Comment on: Vox Sang 1993;65(4):303-9. Barbara JA. Viral hazards of transfusion: new developments [editorial]. J Med Microbiol 1994 Apr;40(4):227-8. Barbara JA, Contreras M. Non-A, non-B hepatitis and the anti-HCV assay. Vox Sang 1991;60(1):1-7. Barbara JA, Contreras M. Post-transfusion NANBH in the light of a test for anti-HCV. Blood Rev 1991 Dec;5(4):234-9. Barbara JA, Howell DR, Briggs M, Parry JV. Post-transfusion hepatitis A [letter]. Lancet 1982 Mar 27;1(8274):738. Barbara JA, Tedder RS, Briggs M. Anti-HBc testing alone not a reliable blood donor screen [letter]. Lancet 1984 Feb 11;1(8372):346. Barcena R, Suarez-Garcia E, Gil LA, Moreira VF, Garcia-Hoz F, Milicua JM, Boixeda de Miquel D, Ruiz del Arbol L, Pascasio JM, Garcia-Plaza A. Posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis. A prospective study. Liver 1985 Apr;5(2):71-6. Barcena Marugan R, Zamora C, Moreno A, Erdozain Sosa JC, Perez Hernandez F, Lopez San Roman A. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) assay and incidence of posttransfusion non-A,non-B hepatitis [letter]. Transfusion 1989 Oct;29(8):751. Barker LF. Posttransfusion hepatitis: epidemiology, experimental studies and US perspective. Bibl Haematol 1980;(46):3-14. Barker LF. XVI Annual American Red Cross Scientific Symposium: Infection, immunity, blood transfusion. Introduction. Prog Clin Biol Res 1985;182:xix-xxv. Barker LF, Dodd RY. Viral hepatitis: lessons from blood donors. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 1981;93:127-32. Barker LF, Gerety RJ. The clinical problem of hepatitis transmission. Prog Clin Biol Res 1976;11:163-82. Bar-Meir S, Bar Shani S, Barbash G. Significance of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase in Israeli blood donors. Isr J Med Sci 1984 Nov;20(11):1112-4. Barr A, Black SH, Burrell CJ, Dow B, Macvarish I. Hepatitis Be antigen and antibody in hepatitis B surface antigen positive blood donors. J Clin Pathol 1979 Feb;32(2):132-5. Barr A, Dow BC, Macvarish I. HBsAg detection--results of comparative large scale testing of blood donations. Med Lab Sci 1979 Apr;36(2):109-14. Barrera JM, Bruguera M, Ercilla MG, Sanchez-Tapias JM, Gil MP, Costa J, Gelabert A, Rodes J, Castillo R. Incidence of non-A, non-B hepatitis after screening blood donors for antibodies to hepatitis C virus and surrogate markers. Ann Intern Med 1991 Oct 15;115(8):596-600. Based on your analysis of the benefits and costs of routine donor screening for ALT-GPT to reduce the incidence of post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis in your blood services region, what action would you recommend on this matter? Vox Sang 1983;44(1):48-64. Bastiaans MJ, Dodd RY, Nath N, Pineda-Tamondong G, Sandler SG, Barker LF. Hepatitis-associated markers in the American Red Cross volunteer blood donor population. I. Trends in HBsAg detection, 1975--1978. Vox Sang 1980 Jul;39(1):1-8. Bastiaans MJ, Nath N, Dodd RY, Barker LF. Hepatitis-associated markers in the American Red Cross volunteer blood donor population. IV. A comparison of HBV-associated serologic markers in HBsAg-positive first-time and repeat blood donors. Vox Sang 1982;42(4):203-10. Beasley RP, Trepo C, Stevens CE, Szmuness W. The e antigen and vertical transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen. Am J Epidemiol 1977 Feb;105(2):94-8. Bell H, Raknerud N, Try K, Jonassen TO, Skaug K, Storvold G, Roald B, Kuo G. [Chronic hepatitis C. Experience with 50 patients]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1992 Sep 30;112(23):2953-7. (Nor). Bellobuono A, Mozzi F, Petrini G, Zanella A, Sirchia G. Infectivity of blood that is immunoblot intermediate reactive on hepatitis C virus antibody testing [letter]. Lancet 1990 Aug 4;336(8710):309. Comment on: Lancet 1990 Apr 21;335(8695): 982-3. Bellobuono A, Mozzi F, Zanuso F, Almini D, Zanella A. Anti- hepatitis C virus in blood donors with raised ALT levels [letter]. Transfusion 1990 May;30(4):382. Ben-Porath E, Wands JR. Monoclonal antibodies as diagnostic probes in the etiology of hepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 1984 Feb;4(1):76-88. Ben-Porath E, Wands JR, Bar-Shany S, Huggins C, Isselbacher K. Improved detection of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in blood donors by monoclonal radioimmunoassay. Transfusion 1985 Jan-Feb;25(1):10-4. Berman M, Alter HJ, Ishak KG, Purcell RH, Jones EA. The chronic sequelae of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1979 Jul;91(1):1-6. Bernard B, Lunel F, Cadranel JF, Opolon P. [Non-A, non-B hepatitis: clinical aspects and course]. Ann Gastroenterol Hepatol (Paris) 1990 Oct;26(5):227-9. (Fre). Berris B, Feinman SV. Anti-HCV in post transfusion hepatitis: deductions from a prospective study [letter]. J Hepatol 1991 Nov;13(3):383. Comment on: J Hepatol 1991 May;12(3):279-82. Berris B, Feinman SV, Sinclair JC, Wrobel D. Hepatitis and hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in dentists. Can Med Assoc J 1978 Nov 4;119(9):1040-3. Berthold H, Wiedemann G, Gudat F, Kleine N. [Hepatitis B antigens and antibodies in HBs-antigen positive and negative blood donors]. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 1977 Apr 17-21;83:572-5. (Ger). Bilgin N, Simsek H, Haberal M. Prevalence of anti-HCV positivity in hemodialysis and renal transplant patients at our center. Transplant Proc 1993 Dec;25(6):3261-2. Birkmeyer JD, AuBuchon JP, Littenberg B. Estimates of risk of posttransfusion hepatitis [letter]. Am J Med 1992 Sep;93(3):356-8. Comment on: Am J Med 1992 Jan;92(1):45-52. Biswas R. FDA and surrogate testing for non-A, non-B hepatitis [letter]. Transfusion 1989 Oct;29(8):750. Comment on: Transfusion 1989 Mar-Apr;29(3) 277-8. Biswas R. Post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis: significance of raised ALT and anti-HBc in blood donors [letter]. Vox Sang 1989;56(1):63. Bizzaro N, Tremolada F, Casarin C, Bonetti P, Noventa F, Diodati G, Drago C, Realdi G. Serum alanine aminotransferase levels among volunteer blood donors: effect of sex, alcohol intake and obesity. Ital J Gastroenterol 1992 Jun;24(5):237-41. Blajchman MA, Feinman SV, Bull SB. The incidence of post- transfusion hepatitis [letter]. N Engl J Med 1993 Apr 29;328(17):1280-1. Comment on: N Engl J Med 1992 Aug 6;327(6):369-73 and N Engl J Med 1992 Aug 6;327(6):419-21. Blanchette V, Walker I, Gill P, Adams M, Roberts R, Inwood M. Hepatitis C infection in patients with hemophilia: results of a national survey. Canadian Hemophilia Clinic Directors Group. Transfus Med Rev 1994 Jul;8(3):210-7. Blanchette VS, Vorstman E, Shore A, Wang E, Petric M, Jett BW, Alter HJ. Hepatitis C infection in children with hemophilia A and B. Blood 1991 Jul 15;78(2):285-9. Blanco L, Menor MD, Garcia Vela J, Lastra AM. [Blood donation in persons older than 65 years (letter)]. Sangre (Barc) 1992;37(5):412. (Spa). Blumberg BS. Australia antigen and the prevention of posttransfusion hepatitis. Vox Sang 1985;48(1):55-9. Blumberg BS. Bioethical questions related to hepatitis B antigen. Am J Clin Pathol 1976 May;65(5):848-53. Blumberg BS. Hepatitis B virus and the carrier problem. Soc Res 1988 Autumn;55(3):401-12. Blumberg BS. A short history of Australia antigen. In: Gerok W, Sickinger K, editors. Drugs and the liver. Stuttgart: Schattauer; 1975. p. 7-23. Blumberg BS, Alter HJ, Visnich S. Landmark article Feb 15, 1965: A new antigen in leukemia sera. JAMA 1984 Jul 13;252(2):252-7. Blumberg BS, Fox RC. The Daedalus effect: changes in ethical questions relating to hepatitis B virus. Ann Intern Med 1985 Mar;102(3):390-4. Bode JC, Alscher DM. [Hepatitis C virus and serologic tests for detection of viral hepatitis C]. Med Klin 1992 Oct 15;87(10):527-31, 549. (Ger). Bodenheimer HC Jr. Significance of a positive serologic test for hepatitis C. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992 Apr;11(4):340. Bolzan HE, Curciarello JO, Chiera A. [Prevalence of the hepatitis B virus markers at a rural hospital]. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam 1990;20(4):211-6. (Spa). Bondarenlo IA. [The epidemiology, clinical picture and prevention of viral hepatitis B]. Feldsher Akush 1990 Dec;55(12):8-12. (Rus). Bonino F, Demartini A, Brunetto MR. Diagnostic advances in viral hepatitis: the discovery of hepatitis C virus and genetic heterogeneity of hepatitis B virus. Ann Ist Super Sanita 1991;27(3):547-53. Bouchardeau F, Chauveau P, Le Marrec N, Reach I, Naret C, Girault A, Zamroud M, Zins B, Finetti P, Courouce AM. [Correlation between hepatitis C virus (HVC) RNA and anti-HVC antibodies in a hemodialysis population]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1993 Oct;36(5):451-64. (Fre). Boudart D, Beauplet A, Muller JY. How to determine the alanine- aminotransferase threshold in blood donors [letter]. Vox Sang 1993;65(2):159-60. Boulesteix G, Bourin P, Fabre G, Blanchard de Vaucouleurs A, Molinie C, Denee JM, Buisson Y, Schill H, Joussemet M. [Markers of viral hepatitis B and D and levels of alanine aminotransferase in military blood donors: a profile of 30,000 blood donations in 1989]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1990 Jan;33(1):9-20. (Fre). Bove JR. Epidemiological studies with anti-hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 1991 Feb;13(2):387-8. Bradley DW. The agents of non-A, non-B viral hepatitis. J Virol Methods 1985 Apr;10(4):307-19. Bradley DW, Maynard JE, Popper H, Cook EH, Ebert JW, McCaustland KA, Schable CA, Fields HA. Posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis; physiochemical properties of two distinct agents. J Infect Dis 1983 Aug;148(2):254-65. Bradley DW, McCaustland KA, Cook EH, Schable CA, Ebert JW, Maynard JE. Posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis in chimpanzees. Physicochemical evidence that the tubule-forming agent is a small, enveloped virus. Gastroenterology 1985 Mar;88(3):773-9. Brahm J, Hurtado C, Latorre R, Velasco M, Larrondo M, Orrego E, Pagliero B. [Infection by hepatitis B virus in blood donors in Chile. A prospective study (1988-1990) (letter)]. Rev Med Chil 1991 Mar;119(3):354. (Spa). Branger M, Elias A, Vitrano L, Jaulin P. [Collection of anti-HBs hyperimmune plasma: stimulation by Genhevac B in weakly immunized donors]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1992 Oct;35(5):325-34. (Fre). Brechot C. [Biological diagnosis of non-A, non-B virus infections from parenteral transfusion and/or sporadic cases]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1990 Oct;33(5):325-33. (Fre). Bresters D, Cuypers HT, Reesink HW, Schaasberg WP, van der Poel CL, Mauser-Bunschoten EP, Houghton M, Choo QL, Kuo G, Lesniewski R, et al. Enhanced sensitivity of a second generation ELISA for antibody to hepatitis C virus. Vox Sang 1992;62(4):213-7. Bresters D, Zaaijer HL, Cuypers HT, Reesink HW, Winkel IN, van Exel-Oehlers PJ, van Drimmelen AA, Jansen PL, van der Poel CL, Lelie PN. Recombinant immunoblot assay reaction patterns and hepatitis C virus RNA in blood donors and non-A, non-B hepatitis patients. Transfusion 1993 Aug;33(8):634-8. Brettler DB, Alter HJ, Dienstag JL, Forsberg AD, Levine PH. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibody in a cohort of hemophilia patients. Blood 1990 Jul 1;76(1):254-6. Comment in: Blood 1991 Mar 15;77(6):1399-400. Brettler DB, Mannucci PM, Gringeri A, Rasko JE, Forsberg AD, Rumi MG, Garsia RJ, Rickard KA, Colombo M. The low risk of hepatitis C virus transmission among sexual partners of hepatitis C- infected hemophilic males: an international, multicenter study. Blood 1992 Jul 15;80(2):540-3. Briere RO. Serum ALT levels. Effect of sex, race, and obesity on unit rejection rate. Transfusion 1988 Jul-Aug;28(4):392-3. Published erratum appears in Transfusion 1989 Feb;29(2):133. Brotman B, Prince AM. Gamma-glutamyltransferase as a potential surrogate marker for detection of the non-A, non-B carrier state. Vox Sang 1988;54(3):144-7. Comment in: Vox Sang 1990;58(1):72-3. Bruguera M. [Hepatitis B and blood banks]. Med Clin (Barc) 1992 Mar 28;98(12):469-71. (Spa). Brunson ME, Lau JY, Davis GL, Scornik J, Howard RJ, Pfaff WW. Non-A, non-B hepatitis and elevated serum aminotransferases in renal transplant patients. Correlation with hepatitis C infection. Transplantation 1993 Dec;56(6):1364-7. Buchanan GR, Richards N, Holtkamp CA, Rutledge J. Hepatitis in household contacts of patients with hemophilia who have received multiple transfusions. J Pediatr 1986 Jun;108(6):937-9. Buchner BK, Duravetz JS, Moore BP. Prevalence of HBsAg and HBsAg sub-types in the Canadian blood-donor population. Rev Fr Transfus Immunohematol 1979 Dec;22(5):521-7. Buchner BK, Staszak M, Duravetz J, Moore BP. Hepatitis markers detected in a Canadian blood donor population. Acta Haematol Pol 1980 Apr-Jun;11(2):69-71. Buffington J, Shapiro C, Alter M, Slade B, Schonberger L. Falsely reactive screening tests among blood donors after influenza vaccination [abstract]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992;32:386. Buhler H. [Non-A, Non-B hepatitis: advances in diagnosis and therapy]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1991 May 18;121(20):721-6. (Ger). Burin Des Roziers N, Feissel M, Guillard A, Nasr O. [Serum alanine aminotransferase in blood donors: evaluation of various cut-off values (letter)]. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 1993;41(6):501-3. (Fre). Burk KH, Cabral GA, Dreesman GR, Peters RL, Alter HJ. Ultrastructural changes and virus-like particles localized in liver hepatocytes of chimpanzees infected with non-A, non-B hepatitis. J Med Virol 1981;7(1):1-19. Burt MJ, Hann DJ, Schousboe MI, Wilkinson ID, Chapman BA. The prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in patients with chronic liver disease. N Z Med J 1992 May 27;105(934):195-6. Busch MP, Perkins HA, Holland P, Petersen L. The CUE debate (continued): on surrogate tests and surrogate endpoints [letter]. Transfusion 1991 Nov-Dec;31(9):869, 870-1. Comment on: Transfusion 1991 Mar-Apr;31(3):286-7. Busch MP, Tobler L, Quan S, Wilber JC, Johnson P, Polito A, Steane E, Zola A, Bahl C, Nelles M, et al. A pattern of 5-1-1 and c100-3 only on hepatitis C virus (HCV) recombinant immunoblot assay does not reflect HCV infection in blood donors. Transfusion 1993 Jan;33(1):84-8. Busch MP, Tobler LH, Francis B, Lee SR. Reinstatement of donors who test false-positive in second-generation hepatitis C virus enzyme immunoassay should await availability of licensed third- generation tests [letter]. Transfusion 1994 Mar;34(3):278. Busch MP, Wilber JC, Johnson P, Tobler L, Evans CS. Impact of specimen handling and storage on detection of hepatitis C virus RNA. Transfusion 1992 Jun;32(5):420-5. Cadranel JF, Lunel F, Grippon P, Desruenne M, Moussalli J, Ghoussoub JJ, Cabrol A, Cabrol C, Huraux JM, Opolon P. Is postoperative HBV hepatitis in heart transplant recipients the fruit of hazard? Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1990;14(11):848-9. Cadranel JF, Lunel F, Perrin M, Ghoussoub JJ, Dorent R, Frangeul L, Moussalli J, Grippon P, Desruenne M, Cabrol A, et al. [High prevalence of hepatitis B after heart transplantation: absence of evidence for transfusional transmission]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1992;16(8-9):671-3. (Fre). Cagatay M, Tulek N, Koksalan H, Mert A. [Prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies in hospital personnel]. Mikrobiyol Bul 1992 Jul;26(3):242-7. (Tur). Carter-Pokras OD, Najjar MF, Billhymer BF, Shulman IA. Alanine aminotransferase levels in Hispanics. Ethn Dis 1993 Spring;3(2):176-80. Caspari G, Beyer HJ, Elbert G, Koerner K, Muss P, Schunter FW, Uy A, Gerlich W, Thomssen R, Schmitt H. Unsatisfactory specificities and sensitivities of six enzyme immunoassays for antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen. J Clin Microbiol 1989 Sep;27(9):2067-72. Caspari G, Beyer J, Gerlich WH, Schmitt H. [Sex and age specific GPT limit values in blood donors]. Beitr Infusionther 1992;30:53-6. (Ger). Cha TA, Kolberg J, Irvine B, Stempien M, Beall E, Yano M, Choo QL, Houghton M, Kuo G, Han JH, et al. Use of a signature nucleotide sequence of hepatitis C virus for detection of viral RNA in human serum and plasma. J Clin Microbiol 1991 Nov;29(11):2528-34. Chambers LA, Popovsky MA. Decrease in reported posttransfusion hepatitis. Contributions of donor screening for alanine aminotransferase and antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen and changes in the general population. Arch Intern Med 1991 Dec;151(12):2445-8. Chen Z, Wang SY, Wang ZG. [Clinical and consequence study on 51 cases of hepatitis C]. Chung Hua Nei Ko Tsa Chih 1991 Mar;30(3):163-5, 189. (Chi). Chiba J, Ohba H, Matsuura Y, Watanabe Y, Katayama T, Kikuchi S, Saito I, Miyamura T. Serodiagnosis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with an HCV core protein molecularly expressed by a recombinant baculovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991 Jun 1;88(11):4641-5. Chicheportiche C, Cantaloube JF, Biagini P, Aumont P, Donnadieu F, Escher C, Larabi F, Zepitelli JP. Analysis of ELISA hepatitis C virus-positive blood donors population by polymerase chain reaction and recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA). Comparison of second and third generation RIBA. Acta Virol (Praha) 1993 Apr- Jun;37(2-3):123-31. Chien DY, Choo QL, Tabrizi A, Kuo C, McFarland J, Berger K, Lee C, Shuster JR, Nguyen T, Moyer DL, et al. Diagnosis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection using an immunodominant chimeric polyprotein to capture circulating antibodies: reevaluation of the role of HCV in liver disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992 Nov 1;89(21):10011-5. Ching WM, Wychowski C, Beach MJ, Wang H, Davies CL, Carl M, Bradley DW, Alter HJ, Feinstone SM, Shih JW. Interaction of immune sera with synthetic peptides corresponding to the structural protein region of hepatitis C virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992 Apr 15;89(8):3190-4. Choksi AP, Desai HG. Non-A, non-B hepatitis. Biomed Pharmacother 1989;43(10):743-51. Cianciara J, Swiderska H, Slusarczyk J, Loch T. Clinical and immunological studies on healthy blood donors hepatitis B antibody carriers. Vox Sang 1977 Aug;33(2):88-92. Clemens JM, Taskar S, Chau K, Vallari D, Shih JW, Alter HJ, Schleicher JB, Mimms LT. IgM antibody response in acute hepatitis C viral infection. Blood 1992 Jan 1;79(1):169-72. Clewley JP. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in serum [letter]. Lancet 1990 Aug 4;336(8710):309-10. Comment on: Lancet 1990 Apr 21;335(8695):976. Cohen BJ, Cossart YE. Application of a screening test for antibody the hepatitis B core antigen. J Clin Pathol 1977 Aug;30(8):709-13. Colombo M, Lampertico P, Rumi M. Multicentre randomised controlled trial of recombinant interferon alfa-2b in patients with acute non-A, non-B/type C hepatitis after transfusion. Gut 1993;34(2 Suppl):S141. Combridge BS. Anti-hepatitis B immunoglobulin for clinical use. Vox Sang 1977 Dec;33(6):321-3. Conover PT, Fang CT, Lam E, Hirschler NV, Jackson JB, Yomtovian RA. Antibodies to hepatitis C virus in autologous blood donors. Transfusion 1991 Sep;31(7):616-9. Conrad ME. Current status of post-transfusion hepatitis. Am J Hematol 1976;1(3):357-65. Conrad ME. Prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis [letter]. Lancet 1988 Jul 23;2(8604):217. Conrad ME, Knodell RG. Viral hepatitis--1975. JAMA 1975 Sep 22;233(12):1277-8. Conrad ME, Knodell RG, Bradley EL Jr, Flannery EP, Ginsberg AL. Risk factors in transmission of non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis. The role of hepatitis B antibody in donor blood. Transfusion 1977 Nov-Dec;17(6):579-85. Contreras M, Barbara JA, Anderson CC, Ranasinghe E, Moore C, Brennan MT, Howell DR, Aloysius S, Yardumian A. Low incidence of non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis in London confirmed by hepatitis C virus serology. Lancet 1991 Mar 30;337(8744):753-7. Comment in: Lancet 1991 Jun 1;337(8753):1354. Contreras TJ, Lang DJ, Pivacek LE, Valeri CR. Occurrence of HBsAg, anti-HBs, the anti-CMV following the transfusion of blood products. Transfusion 1979 Mar-Apr;19(2):129-36. Courault K, Lisse C, Ehrenberg M, Stolle K, Brandstadter W, Fritzsche L. [HCV antibodies in selected patient groups and blood donors]. Beitr Infusionther 1991;28:22-4. (Ger). Courouce AM. [Anti-HCV antibodies and transfusion recipients. Bibliographic data and current knowledge]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1990 Oct;33(5):335-8. (Fre). Courouce AM. [Progress in the detection of virus carriers among blood donors residual risks]. Prog Neonatol 1993;13:54-60. (Fre). Courouce AM. [Screening tests for anti-HCV antibodies: comparative results]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1992 Jul;35(3):183-91. (Fre). Courouce AM, Drouet J, LeMarrec N, Drouet A, Soulier JP. Blood donors positive for HBsAg and negative for anti-HBc antibody. Vox Sang 1985;49(1):26-33. Courouce AM, Jullien AM, Vedrenne JB, Habibi B. Anti-hepatitis C antibodies in prospectively followed-up transfused patients. Vox Sang 1990;58(3):226-7. Courouce-Pauty AM, Delons S, Soulier JP. Attempt to prevent hepatitis by using specific anti-HBs immunoglobulin. Am J Med Sci 1975 Sep-Oct;270(2):375-83. Courouce-Pauty AM, Soulier JP. [2000 chronic carriers of HBs antigen]. Sem Hop 1977 Jun 9-16;53(22-23):1327-35. (Fre). Craske J, Dilling N, Stern D. An outbreak of hepatitis associated with intravenous injection of factor-VIII concentrate. Lancet 1975 Aug 2;2(7927):221-3. Cuthbert JA. Hepatitis C. Am J Med Sci 1990 May;299(5):346-55. Cuypers HT, Winkel IN, van der Poel CL, Reesink HW, Lelie PN, Houghton M, Weiner A. Analysis of genomic variability of hepatitis C virus. J Hepatol 1991;13 Suppl 4:S15-9. Dancygier H. Ultrastructural changes in human hepatocytes in acute non-A, non-B hepatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1983 Mar;18(2):201-7. Dao T, Lecointe I, Galateau F, Freymuth F, Rideau A, Verwaerde JC, Valla A. [Contribution of liver biopsy and serology of hepatitis C virus to the diagnosis of a moderate and prolonged elevation of aminotransferases]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1993;17(1):37-43. (Fre). Dawson GJ, Lesniewski RR, Stewart JL, Boardway KM, Gutierrez RA, Pendy L, Johnson RG, Alcalde X, Rote KV, Devare SG, et al. Detection of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in U.S. blood donors. J Clin Microbiol 1991 Mar;29(3):551-6. de Andrade Junior DR, de Andrade DR. [Post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis: towards risk zero (editorial)]. Arq Gastroenterol 1992 Jan-Mar;29(1):1-4. Comment on: Arq Gastroenterol 1992 Jan-Mar;29(1):5-11. (Por). De Beenhouwer H, Verhaert H, Claeys H, Vermylen C. Confirmation of hepatitis C virus positive blood donors by immunoblotting and polymerase chain reaction. Vox Sang 1992;63(3):198-203. de Buren N. [Blood and hepatitis C (letter)]. Rev Med Suisse Romande 1993 Aug;113(8):661. (Fre). De Groote J. Prevalence and significance of anti-HCV antibodies. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 1991 May-Aug;54(3-4):248-56. de la Concha EG, Ortiz F, Hernandez-Guio C, Hernando L. Role of HBs Ab in development of hepatitis. Lancet 1975 Aug 16;2(7929):304-6. De Luca M, Ascione A, Canestrini C, Di Costanzo GG, Galeota Lanza A, Guardascione MA, Gallo ML, Parisio Perrotti G, Samaritani CM, Utech W, et al. [Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus in hospital personnel]. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 1991 Jul- Sep;37(3):141-9. (Ita). De Martino M, Rossi ME, Muccioli AT, Vullo C, Vierucci A. Altered T cell subsets and function in polytransfused beta- thalassemia patients: correlation with sex and age at first transfusion. Vox Sang 1985;48(5):296-304. de Moura MC. [Non-A, non-B hepatitis: hepatitis C]. Acta Med Port 1990 Jul-Aug;3(4):209-12. (Por). Des Roziers NB, Nasr O. Second-generation anti-HCV tests and surrogate markers in volunteer blood donors [letter]. Transfusion 1992 Jun;32(5):492. Deugnier Y, Battistelli D, Jouanolle H, Guyader D, Gueguen M, Loreal O, Jacquelinet C, Bourel M, Brissot P. Hepatitis B virus infection markers in genetic haemochromatosis. A study of 272 patients. J Hepatol 1991 Nov;13(3):286-90. DeVault KR, Friedman LS, Westerberg S, Martin P, Hosein B, Ballas SK. Hepatitis C in sickle cell anemia. J Clin Gastroenterol 1994 Apr;18(3):206-9. Devine P, Linden J, Hoffstadter L, McCurdy K, Chernoff A, Surgenor D, Postoway N, Yomtovian R, Plapp F. Transfusion related diseases; results of the 1991 American Association of Blood Banks Institutional Questionnaire [abstract]. Transfusion 1992;32(8 Suppl):40s. Devine P, Taswell HF, Moore SB, Gilchrist GS, Jacobson TM. Passively acquired antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen. Pitfall in evaluating immunity to hepatitis B viral infections. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989 May;113(5):529-31. Di Bisceglie AM, Goodman ZD, Ishak KG, Hoofnagle JH, Melpolder JJ, Alter HJ. Long-term clinical and histopathological follow-up of chronic posttransfusion hepatitis. Hepatology 1991 Dec;14(6):969-74. Diallo A, Lazizi Y, Le Guenno B, Pillot J. [Non-specific reactions of ELISA test for the detection of the hepatitis C virus in blood donors. Immunologic considerations (letter)]. Presse Med 1991 Mar 2;20(8):383. (Fre). Dienstag JL. Non-A, non-B hepatitis. Adv Intern Med 1980;26:187-233. Dienstag JL. Non-A, non-B hepatitis. I. Recognition, epidemiology, and clinical features. Gastroenterology 1983 Aug;85(2):439-62. Dienstag JL. Non-A, Non-B hepatitis. II. Experimental transmission, putative virus agents and markers, and prevention. Gastroenterology 1983 Sep;85(3):743-68. Dienstag JL, Alaama A, Mosley JW, Redeker AG, Purcell RH. Etiology of sporadic hepatitis B surface antigen-negative hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1977 Jul;87(1):1-6. Dienstag JL, Alter HJ. Non-A, non-B hepatitis: evolving epidemiologic and clinical perspective. Semin Liver Dis 1986 Feb;6(1):67-81. Dienstag JL, Bhan AK, Alter HJ, Feinstone SM, Purcell RH. Circulating immune complexes in non-A, non-B hepatitis. Possible masking of viral antigen. Lancet 1979 Jun 16;1(8129):1265-7. Dienstag JL, Purcell HR, Alter HJ, Feinstone SM, Wong DC, Holland PV. Non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. Lancet 1977 Mar 12;1(8011):560-2. Dienstag JL, Stevens CE, Bhan AK, Szmuness W. Hepatitis B vaccine administered to chronic carriers of hepatitis b surface antigen. Ann Intern Med 1982 May;96(5):575-9. Dienstag JL, Szmuness W, Stevens CE, Purcell RH. Hepatitis A virus infection: new insights from seroepidemiologic studies. J Infect Dis 1978 Mar;137(3):328-40. Dike AE. Post-transfusion hepatitis B transmitted by HBsAg negative blood containing anti-HBc. Med Lab Sci 1981 Oct;38(4):415-7. Ding J. [Investigations on hepatitis C virus infection among heterosexuals with multiple partners and patients with sexually transmitted diseases]. Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1993 Aug;14(4):231-3. (Chi). Dodd RY. Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen: immunochemical purification from standard immune serum globulin. Transfusion 1980 Mar-Apr;20(2):212-6. Dodd RY. Hepatitis C, other types of non-B parenteral hepatitis and blood transfusion. Dev Biol Stand 1993;81:35-40. Dodd RY. Hepatitis C virus, antibodies, and infectivity. Paradox, pragmatism, and policy [editorial]. Am J Clin Pathol 1992 Jan;97(1):4-6. Comment on: Am J Clin Pathol 1992 Jan;97(1):108-13. Dodd RY. Screening for hepatitis infectivity among blood donors. A model for blood safety? Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989 Mar;113(3):227-31. Dodd RY, Bastiaans MJ, Nath N, Ellis FR, Barker LF. Hepatitis- associated with markers in the American Red Cross volunteer blood donor population. III. Influence of donor selection practice upon HBsAg prevalence. Vox Sang 1980 Dec;39(6):309-17. Dodd RY, Nath N. Increased risk for lethal forms of liver disease among HBsAg-positive blood donors in the United States. J Virol Methods 1987 Aug;17(1-2):81-94. Dodd RY, Ni LY, Mallin WS, Greenwalt TJ. Hepatitis B (surface) antigen testing by radioimmunoassay experience in a very large volunteer donor population. Am J Clin Pathol 1975 Jun;63(6):847-53. Dodd RY, Popovsky MA. Antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen and the infectivity of the blood supply. Scientific Section Coordinating Committee. Transfusion 1991 Jun;31(5):443-9. Published erratum appears in Transfusion 1991 Sep;31(7):594. Does blood with antibodies against hepatitis B carry an increased risk to transmit hepatitis. Vox Sang 1975;28(6):460-7. Doganay M, Patiroglu T, Utas C, Ozbakir O, Unal A, Utas S, Aygen B, Yucesoy M. [Comparison of HBsAg, anti-HCV and anti-HDV positivity in diverse groups]. Mikrobiyol Bul 1993 Apr;27(2):107-12. (Tur). Donahue JG, Munoz A, Ness PM, Brown DE Jr, Yawn DH, McAllister HA Jr, Reitz BA, Nelson KE. The declining risk of post-transfusion hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 1992 Aug 6;327(6):369-73. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1992 Aug 6;327(6):419-21; N Engl J Med 1992 Nov 26;327(22):1601-2; N Engl J Med 1993 Apr 29;328(17):1280-1. Donahue JG, Nelson KE, Munoz A, Vlahov D, Rennie LL, Taylor EL, Saah AJ, Cohn S, Odaka NJ, Farzadegan H. Antibody to hepatitis C virus among cardiac surgery patients, homosexual men, and intravenous drug users in Baltimore, Maryland. Am J Epidemiol 1991 Nov 15;134(10):1206-11. Donohue SM, Wonke B, Hoffbrand AV, Reittie J, Ganeshaguru K, Scheuer PJ, Brown D, Dusheiko G. Alpha interferon in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection in thalassaemia major. Br J Haematol 1993 Mar;83(3):491-7. Dorizzi RM, Schiavon R, Disperati A, Chiavolini P, Capuzzo E. Note on the measurement of alanine aminotransferase in the screening of blood donors [letter]. Vox Sang 1992;62(4):246-7. Comment on: Vox Sang 1991;60(1):30-6 and Vox Sang 1991;60(4):219-24. Douglas DD, Taswell HF, Rakela J, Rabe D. Absence of hepatitis B virus DNA detected by polymerase chain reaction in blood donors who are hepatitis B surface antigen negative and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen positive from a United States population with a low prevalence of hepatitis B serologic markers. Transfusion 1993 Mar;33(3):212-6. Douvin C, Dhumeaux D. [Non-A non-B acute hepatitis]. Rev Prat 1990 Jun 21;40(18):1648-51. (Fre). Dow BC, Coote I, Munro H, McOmish F, Yap PL, Simmonds P, Follett EA. Confirmation of hepatitis C virus antibody in blood donors. J Med Virol 1993 Nov;41(3):215-20. Dow BC, Macvarish I, Barr A, Crawford RJ, Mitchell R. Significance of tests for HBeAg and anti-HBe in HBsAg positive blood donors. J Clin Pathol 1980 Nov;33(11):1106-9. Driss F, Boboc B, Zarski JP, Cals MJ, Pol S, Eme D, Ekindjian OG, Courouce AM, Brechot C, Berthelot P, et al. An epidemiological and clinical study of transaminase levels and hepatitis B antibodies in 1,100 blood donors. Vox Sang 1989;57(1):43-8. Driss F, Costagliola D, Marie B, Ekindjian OG, Eme D, Berthelot P, Nalpas B. A rational attitude toward serum alanine aminotransferase measurement by blood banks, based on a longitudinal study of a cohort of repeat blood donors. Transfusion 1991 Mar-Apr;31(3):201-4. Durupinar B. [Non-A, non-B/C hepatitis]. Mikrobiyol Bul 1993 Jul;27(3):259-65. (Tur). Ebeling F. Alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen and antibodies to hepatitis C virus in blood donor screening. A prospective study in Finland. Vox Sang 1991;60(4):219-24. Comment in: Vox Sang 1992;62(4):246-7. Ebeling F. [Post-transfusion hepatitis C in Finland (letter)]. Duodecim 1993;109(8):709. (Fin). Edsall JT. Stabilization of serum albumin to heat, and inactivation of the hepatitis virus. Vox Sang 1984;46(5):338-40. Eggen BM, Nordbo SA. Transmission of HCV by organ transplantation [letter]. N Engl J Med 1992Feb 6;326(6):411; discussion 412-3. Comment on: N Engl J Med 1991 Aug 15;325(7):454-60 and N Engl J Med 1991 Aug 15;325(7):507-9. Einarsson M, Prince AM, Brotman B. Removal of non-A, non-B hepatitis virus from a concentrate of the coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Scand J Infect Dis 1985;17(2):141-6. Elawad A, Benoni G, Montgomery F, Hyddmark U, Persson U, Fredin H. Cost effectiveness of blood substitution in elective orthopedic operations. Acta Orthop Scand 1991 Oct;62(5):435-9. Elghouzzi MH, Giral P, Opolon P, Trepo C, Poupon R, Jullien AM. [Practical approach to the discovery of a positive HCV serology in a blood donor]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1991 Jul;34(4):315-42. (Fre). Ellett H, Shiffman ML. Natural history of post-transfusion hepatitis: the wolf in sheep's clothing. Am J Gastroenterol 1993 Nov;88(11):1970-2. Ellis FR, Friedman LI, Wirak BF, Hellinger MJ, Malin WS, Greenwalt TJ. A computerized national Blood Donor Deferral Register. JAMA 1975 May 19;232(7):722-4. Epifanov NS. [The danger of viral hepatitis involvement in hemophilia patients]. Ter Arkh 1990;62(11):135-7. (Rus). Epstein E, Turesson I, Zettervall O, Widell A. [Hepatitis C. Occurrence and relevance in patients with multiple transfusions for hematologic diseases]. Lakartidningen 1993 Feb 24;90(8):702-8. (Swe). Esteban JI, Genesca J, Alter HJ. Hepatitis C: molecular biology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, and prevention. Prog Liver Dis 1992;10:253-82. Esteban JI, Gonzalez A, Hernandez JM, Viladomiu L, Sanchez C, Lopez-Talavera JC, Lucea D, Martin-Vega C, Vidal X, Esteban R, et al. Evaluation of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in a study of transfusion-associated hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1990 Oct 18;323(16):1107-12. Etienne JP. [Acute viral hepatitis]. Rev Prat 1990 Jun 21;40(18):1629-30. (Fre). Evans CS, Tobler L, Polito A, Stewart J, Chien D, Wilber J, Quan S, Delaney S, Kuo G, Busch MP. Comparative evaluation of supplemental hepatitis C virus antibody test systems. Transfusion 1992 Jun;32(5):408-14. Everhart JE, Di Bisceglie AM, Murray LM, Alter HJ, Melpolder JJ, Kuo G, Hoofnagle JH. Risk for non-A, non-B (type C) hepatitis through sexual or household contact with chronic carriers. Ann Intern Med 1990 Apr 1;112(7):544-5. Comment in: Ann Intern Med 1990 Sep 1;113(5):411-2 and Ann Intern Med 1990 Oct 15;113(8):638. Ezeoke AC. Biochemical studies of apparently `healthy' blood donors with reference to liver function tests and immunoglobulins. Ric Clin Lab 1985 Jul-Sep;15(3):267-73. Fagan EA, Williams R. Non-A, non-B hepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 1984 Nov;4(4):314-35. Farci P, Alter HJ, Govindarajan S, Wong DC, Engle R, Lesniewski RR, Mushahwar IK, Desai SM, Miller RH, Ogata N, et al. Lack of protective immunity against reinfection with hepatitis C virus. Science 1992 Oct 2;258(5079):135-40. Farci P, Alter HJ, Wong D, Miller RH, Shih JW, Jett B, Purcell RH. A long-term study of hepatitis C virus replication in non-A, non-B hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1991 Jul 11;325(2):98-104. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1992 Jan 2;326(1):64-5; discussion 65-6 and N Engl J Med 1992 Jan 2;326(1):65; discussion 65-6. Farci P, Alter HJ, Wong DC, Miller RH, Govindarajan S, Engle R, Shapiro M, Purcell RH. Prevention of hepatitis C virus infection in chimpanzees after antibody-mediated in vitro neutralization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994 Aug 2;91(16):7792-6. Fay O, Tanno H, Roncoroni M, Edwards VM, Mosley JW, Redeker AG. Prognostic implications of the e antigen of hepatitis B virus. JAMA 1977 Dec 5;238(23):2501-3. Feinman SV, Berris B, Bojarski S. Posttransfusion hepatitis in Toronto, Canada. Gastroenterology 1988 Aug;95(2):464-9. Feinman SV, Berris B, Herst R. Anti-HCV in post-transfusion hepatitis: deductions from a prospective study. J Hepatol 1991 May;12(3):377-81. Feinstone SM, Alter HJ, Dienes HP, Shimizu Y, Popper H, Blackmore D, Sly D, London WT, Purcell RH. Non-A, non-B hepatitis in chimpanzees and marmosets. J Infect Dis 1981 Dec;144(6):588-98. Feinstone SM, Kapikian AZ, Purcell RH, Alter HJ, Holland PV. Transfusion-associated hepatitis not due to viral hepatitis type A or B. N Engl J Med 1975 Apr 10;292(15):767-70. Feinstone SM, Mihalik KB, Kamimura T, Alter HJ, London WT, Purcell RH. Inactivation of hepatitis B virus and non-A, non-B hepatitis by chloroform. Infect Immun 1983 Aug;41(2):816-21. Feitelson M, Lega L, Guo J, Resti M, Rossi ME, Azzari C, Blumberg BS, Vierucci A. Pathogenesis of posttransfusion viral hepatitis in children with beta-thalassemia. Hepatology 1994 Mar;19(3):558-68. Feldman RE, Schiff ER. Hepatitis in dental professionals. JAMA 1975 Jun 23;232(12):1228-30. Fernandez E, Riestra S, Suarez A, San Roman F, Rodriguez M, Rodrigo L. Limitations of serological assays for hepatitis C virus screening in blood donors [letter]. J Hepatol 1993 Aug;19(1):183-4. Fest T. Screening for alanine aminotransferase and hepatitis B core antibody [letter]. Am J Clin Pathol 1991 Apr;95(4):604-5. Comment on: Am J Clin Pathol 1990 Apr;93(4):533-7. Fest T, Agis F, Gordien E. [Prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis in Guadeloupe: results after application of new measures for detecting blood donors potentially at risk]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1990;14(1):56-61. (Fre). Fiedler H. Screening of donor blood for alanine aminotransferase [letter]. JAMA 1985 Dec 27;254(24):3422. Figueroa R, Arredondo JL. [Hepatitis C during puerperium]. Ginecol Obstet Mex 1993 May;61:127-31. (Spa). Findor JA, Silva M, Medina M, Bruch Igartua E, Sorda J, Findor AJ, Schiff E. [Prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis C virus (anti HCV) in different populations with chronic liver disease using the first generation test]. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam 1991;21(4):221-5. (Spa). Fleurette F, Durieux P, Battista RN, Benhamou JP, Degos F, Brechot C, Courouce AM, Janot C, Trepo C. Assessment of screening tests for transfusion-associated non-A non-B hepatitis. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 1993 Fall;9(4):479-89. Follett EA, Barr A, Crawford RJ, Mitchell R. Viral hepatitis markers in blood donors and patients with a history of jaundice. Lancet 1980 Feb 2;1(8162):246-9. Francis DP, Hadler SC, Prendergast TJ, Peterson E, Ginsberg MM, Lookabaugh C, Holmes JR, Maynard JE. Occurrence of hepatitis A, B, and non-A/non-B in the United States. CDC sentinel county hepatitis study I. Am J Med 1984 Jan;76(1):69-74. Franco E, Sedeno M. [ALT determination in blood donors (letter)]. Sangre (Barc) 1994 Apr;39(2):153. (Spa). Franco E, Sedeno M. [Early detection of anti-HVC using a second- generation test and usefulness of ALT determination (letter)]. Sangre (Barc) 1991 Apr;36(2):169-70. (Spa). Franza A, Coaquette A, Miguet JP, Bresson-Hadni S, Vanhems P, Kantelip B, Lab M, Becker MC, Rouget C, Mantion G, et al. [Prevalence of and changes in hepatitis C virus antibodies in 64 patients with liver transplant]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1990;14(12):906-10. (Fre). Friedman LS, Dienstag JL, Watkins E, Hinkle CA, Spiers JA, Rieder SV, Huggins CE. Evaluation of blood donors with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels. Ann Intern Med 1987 Aug;107(2):137-44. Published erratum appears in Ann Intern Med 1987 Nov;107(5):791. Froesner GG, Peterson DA, Holmes AW, Deinhardt FW. Prevalance of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen in various populations. Infect Immun 1975 Apr;11(4):732-6. Frohlich J. Testing of blood donors for antibody to HCV: the Hawaii experience. Hawaii Med J 1991 Jul;50(7):231-2, 253. Comment in: Hawaii Med J 1992 Jan;51(1):7. Frosner GG, Buchholz HM, Gerth HJ. Prevalence of hepatitis B antibody in prostitutes. Am J Epidemiol 1975 Sep;102(3):241-50. Frosner GG, Sugg U, Schneider W. Half life of transfused anti- HBs. Dev Biol Stand 1975;30:316-9. Fukuda K, Shibata A, Hirohata I, Tanikawa K, Yamaguchi G, Ishii M. A hospital-based case-control study on hepatocellular carcinoma in Fukuoka and Saga Prefectures, northern Kyushu, Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res 1993 Jul;84(7):708-14. Furuta S, Kiyosawa K, Tanaka E, Sodeyama T, Shimizu S. [Progress in non-A, non-B hepatitis research and the clinical significance of antibody to HCV]. Nippon Rinsho 1990 Jan;48(1):39-46. (Jpn). Galban Garcia E, Padron G, Arus Soler E, Gonzalez O, Rodriguez Z, Mora S, Brito M. [Antibodies against hepatitis C virus. Study in voluntary blood donors. Cuba 1991]. G E N 1992 Jan- Mar;46(1):10-4. (Spa). Galpin SA, Karayiannis P, Middleton SM, Thomas HC. The removal of hepatitis B virus from factor VIII concentrates by fractionation on ethylene maleic anhydride polyelectrolyte. J Med Virol 1984;14(3):229-33. Garassini MA. [Hepatitis C virus]. G E N 1990 Jan- Mar;44(1):67-70. (Spa). Garcia Bueno MJ. [Hepatitis C and ALT in blood donors (letter)]. Sangre (Barc) 1991 Jun;36(3):252-3. (Spa). Gayno S. [Prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis non-A, non-B. Report established by the National Agency for the Development of Medical Evaluation on demand of the General Health Direction]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1991;15(8-9):667-8. (Fre). Genesca J. Interferon alfa in acute posttransfusion hepatitis C: a randomized, controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1992 Nov;103(5):1702-3. Gerber AR, Englender SJ, Selvey D, Carlson JF, Matthews DL, Webster HM, Caldwell GG. An outbreak of non-A, non-B hepatitis associated with the infusion of a commercial factor IX complex during cardiovascular surgery. Vox Sang 1990;58(4):270-5. Gerety RJ, Aronson DL. Plasma derivatives and viral hepatitis. Transfusion 1982 Sep-Oct;22(5):347-51. Gerety RJ, Eyster ME, Tabor E, Drucker JA, Lusch CJ, Prager D, Rice SA, Bowman HS. Hepatitis B virus, hepatitis A virus and persistently elevated aminotransferases in hemophiliacs. J Med Virol 1980;6(2):111-8. Gerety RJ, Hoofnagle JH, Mitchell FD, Barker LF, Meyer HM Jr. Evaluation of hepatitis B antigen testing in federally licensed blood banks in the United States. Am J Clin Pathol 1975 Apr;63(4):573-80. Gerety RJ, Tabor E. Newly licensed hepatitis B vaccine. Known safety and unknown risks. JAMA 1983 Feb 11;249(6):745-6. Gerlich W, Thomssen R. Standardized detection of hepatitis B surface antigen: determination of its serum concentration in weight units per volume. Dev Biol Stand 1975;30:78-87. Gerlich WH, Biswas RM, Stamm B, Thomssen R. The diagnostical significance of antibodies against hepatitis B core antigen. Klin Wochenschr 1977 Nov 1;55(21):1051-6. Giachino G, Francisco M, Guasti GC, Reinero G, Saltarelli M, Morello M. [Anti-HCV in patients undergoing dialysis in Piedmont and in Valle d'Aosta]. Minerva Urol Nefrol 1991 Jul- Sep;43(3):201-4. (Ita). Giacoia GP, Kasprisin DO. Transfusion-acquired hepatitis A. South Med J 1989 Nov;82(11):1357-60. Gill P. Transfusion-associated hepatitis C: reducing the risk. Transfus Med Rev 1993 Apr;7(2):104-11. Gilliam JH 3d, Geisinger KR, Richter JE. Primary hepatocellular carcinoma after chronic non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1984 Dec;101(6):794-5. Gillon J, Hussey AJ, Howe SP, Beckett GJ, Prescott RJ. Post- transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis: significance of raised ALT and anti-HBc in blood donors. Vox Sang 1988;54(3):148-53. Gimenez Sanchez F, Garcia Garcia F, Bernal Zamora MC, Ruiz Extremera A, Tomas Gilabert J, Salmeron Escobar FJ. [Intrafamilial contagion with the hepatitis B virus]. Med Clin (Barc) 1991 Jun 29;97(5):170-4. (Spa). Gitnick GL, Brezina ML, Mullen RL. Application of alanine aminotransferase, carcinoembryonic antigen, and cholyl glycine levels to the prevention and evaluation of acute and chronic hepatitis. In: Vyas GN, et al., editor. Viral hepatitis. Philadelphia: Franklin Institute Press; 1978. p. 431-8. Gloskowska-Moraczewska Z, Kacperska E, Seyfried H. [Evaluation of screening and complementary tests for anti-HCV antibodies]. Acta Haematol Pol 1993;24(3):273-80. (Pol). Goldfield M, Black HC, Bill J, Srihongse S, Pizzuti W. The consequences of administering blood pretested for HBs Ag by third generation techniques: a progress report. Am J Med Sci 1975 Sep- Oct;270(2):335-42. Golosova TV, Osechinskii IV, Somova AV, Valeev IA, Gusarova VP, Shevchenko TV. [A retrospective examination of a hepatitis focus in plasma donors]. Gematol Transfuziol 1993 Feb;38(2):42-4. (Rus). Gomperts ED, Lazerson J, Berg D, Lockhart D, Sergis-Deavenport E. Hepatocellular enzyme patterns and hepatitis B virus exposure in multitransfused young and very young hemophilia patients. Am J Hematol 1981;11(1):55-9. Goncales Junior FL, Boccato RS, Pedro R de J, Papaiordanou PM, de Souza CA, Goncales NS, Pellegrino Junior J. [Prevalence of HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HCV in blood donor candidates at the Campinas hemocenter]. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1993 Jan- Feb;35(1):45-51. (Por). Goncales Junior FL, Pedro R de J, da Silva LJ, Boccato RS, Goncales NS. [Post-transfusional hepatitis in the city of Campinas, SP, Brazil. II. Presence of anti-HBc and anti-HCV antibodies in blood donor candidates and occurrence of post- transfusional hepatitis C in recipients of blood or derivates]. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1993Jan-Feb;35(1):63-71. (Por). Goncales Junior FL, Pedro R de J, da Silva LJ, Boccato RS, Ramos MC, Goncales NS. [Post-transfusional hepatitis in the city of Campinas, SP, Brazil. I. Incidence, etiological agents and clinico-epidemiological aspects of hepatitis C]. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1993 Jan-Feb;35(1):53-62. (Por). Gonzalez A, Esteban JI. [Post-transfusional hepatitis]. Sangre (Barc) 1993 Jun;38(3):193-200. (Spa). Gordon SC, Elloway RS, Long JC, Dmuchowski CF. The pathology of hepatitis C as a function of mode of transmission: blood transfusion vs. intravenous drug use. Hepatology 1993 Dec;18(6):1338-43. Gordon SC, Kodali VP, Silverman AL, Dmuchowski CF, Urdea MS, Chan CS, Wilber JC. Levels of hepatitis C virus RNA and liver histology in chronic type C hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1994 Sep;89(9):1458-61. Grindon AJ. Infectious disease markers in directed donors in the Atlanta region [letter]. Transfusion 1991 Nov-Dec;31(9):872-3. Grob PJ, Joller-Jemelka HJ. [Hepatitis C virus (HCV), anti-HCV and non-A, non-B hepatitis]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1990 Feb 3;120(5):117-24. (Ger). Gross JB Jr. Is the long-term outcome after posttransfusion hepatitis benign? Gastroenterology 1993 Oct;105(4):1257-8. Grossman BJ, Stewart NC, Grindon AJ. Increased risk of a positive test for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBC) in autologous blood donors. Transfusion 1988 May- Jun;28(3):283-5. Gruber A, Bjorkholm M, Akerblom O, Christensson M. [Risk of transfusion-associated non-A, non-B hepatitis in the treatment of hematologic malignancy]. Lakartidningen 1990 Aug 22;87(34):2570-2. (Swe). Gruber A, Norder H, Magnius L, Rotzen M, Rubio C, Grillner L, Bjorkholm M. Late seroconversion and high chronicity rate of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with hematologic disorders. Ann Oncol 1993 Mar;4(3):229-34. Grunenberg R, Hecker A, Kruger J. [Distribution of the incidence of SGPT activity in blood donors]. Beitr Infusionther 1992;30:57-61. (Ger). Gust ID, Feinstone SM, Purcell RH, Alter HJ. Detection of antibodies to single-stranded DNA in naturally acquired and experimentally induced viral hepatitis. J Med Virol 1980;6(1):1-10. Gutensohn K, Knodler B, Zeller W, Kruger W, Eckardt N, Hossfeld DK, Kuhnl P. [Prevalence of hepatitis C virus in poly-transfused patients with hematologic and oncologic diseases]. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 1992 Feb;19(1):19-22. (Ger). Gutzler F, Andrassy K, Kommerell B, Krieger D. [Guillain-Barre polyneuropathy in Wegener's granulomatosis with pulmonary-renal syndrome]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1990 Mar 9;115(10):372-7. (Ger). Habibi B. [International status of anti-HCV screening and conclusions]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1990 Oct;33(5):379-82. (Fre). Habibi B, Garretta M. Screening for hepatitis C virus antibody in plasma for fractionation [letter]. Lancet 1990 Apr 7;335(8693):855-6. Comment in: Lancet 1990 May 19;335(8699):1216; Lancet 1990 May 26;335(8700):1274-5; Lancet 1990 Aug 18;336(8712):447-8. Hafting M. [Chronic hepatitis C infection. Some aspects brought up again through patients' complaints]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1993 Feb 10;113(4):501-2. (Nor). Hagiwara H, Hayashi N, Mita E, Naito M, Kasahara A, Fusamoto H, Kamada T. Quantitation of hepatitis C virus RNA in serum of asymptomatic blood donors and patients with type C chronic liver disease. Hepatology 1993 Apr;17(4):545-50. Hall AJ, Winter PD, Wright R. Mortality of hepatitis B positive blood donors in England and Wales. Lancet 1985 Jan 12;1(8420):91-3. Hall WT, Mundon FK, Madden DL, DeSouza D, Kane JL. Distributors of antibody to hepatitis A antigen in a population of commercial plasma donors. J Clin Microbiol 1977 Aug;6(2):132-5. Halota W, Lapniewska E, Trzcinski J, Opoka J, Topczewska E, Dorau M. [Hepatitis C (personal observations)]. Przegl Epidemiol 1991;45(4):297-9. (Pol). Hanson MR, Polesky HF. Evaluation of routine anti-HBc screening of volunteer blood donors: a questionable surrogate test for non- A, non-B hepatitis. Transfusion 1987 Jan-Feb;27(1):107-8. Harris RB, Semar M, Johnson AJ. Detection of hepatitis B surface antigen in potentially contaminated human plasma and plasma fractions. J Lab Clin Med 1977 Dec;90(6):1107-14. Hasiba U, Eyster ME, Gill FM, Kajani M, Lewis JH, Lusch CJ, Prager D, Rice SA, Shapiro SS. Liver dysfunction in Pennsylvania's multitransfused hemophiliacs. Dig Dis Sci 1980 Oct;25(10):776-82. Hasiba UW, Spero JA, Lewis JH. Chronic liver dysfunction in multitransfused hemophiliacs. Transfusion 1977 Sep- Oct;17(5):490-4. Haugen RK. Hepatitis after the transfusion of frozen red cells and washed red cells. N Engl J Med 1979 Aug 23;301(8):393-5. Hayase R, Tao Y, Tamada T, Kokeguchi S, Nakanishi Y, Hayashi Y, Kohno I, Kudoh T, Sekiba K. [Post-transfusion hepatitis in operated uterine cancer patients]. Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi 1990 Oct;42(10):1305-8. (Jpn). Hayashi S, Tanaka S, Wakashima M, Saeki S, Tanaka T, Shibayama T, Otake H, Hattori N. [Clinical features of anti-HCV antibody positive hepatocellular carcinoma]. Nippon Rinsho 1991 Feb;49(2):432-8. (Jpn). He LF, Alling D, Popkin T, Shapiro M, Alter HJ, Purcell RH. Determining the size of non-A, non-B hepatitis virus by filtration. J Infect Dis 1987 Oct;156(4):636-40. Hejjas M, Medgyesi G, Hajnal A. [Reactivity of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody among blood donors in Hungary]. Orv Hetil 1992 Jul 5;133 Suppl 1:21-4. (Hun). Hejjas M, Mihaly I, Tucsok A, Nagy G, Hajnal A, Medgyesi G, Hollan Z. [Hepatitis C virus antibody in Hungarian blood donors, persons at risk and patients with post-transfusion hepatitis]. Orv Hetil 1991 Jun 9;132(23):1235-8. (Hun). Hellings JA. Non-A, non-B hepatitis: an update. Vox Sang 1986;51 Suppl 1:63-6. Hepatitis C (parenterally transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis). Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1991 Aug 23;66(34):251-4. (Eng, Fre). Hernandez JM, Gonzalez A. [Nearing the end of post-transfusional hepatitis? (editorial)]. Sangre (Barc) 1990 Jun;35(3):169-71. (Spa). Hess G, Rossol S, Voth R, Schutt H, Meyer zum Buschenfelde KH. [Diagnosis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection: diagnostic value of the anti-HCV test]. Z Gastroenterol 1990 May;28(5):251-2. (Ger). Hetherington ML, Buchanan GR. Elevated serum transaminase values during therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia correlate with prior blood transfusions. Cancer 1988 Oct 15;62(8):1614-8. Hibbs JR, Frickhofen N, Rosenfeld SJ, Feinstone SM, Kojima S, Bacigalupo A, Locasciulli A, Tzakis AG, Alter HJ, Young NS. Aplastic anemia and viral hepatitis. Non-A, Non-B, Non-C? JAMA 1992 Apr 15;267(15):2051-4. Hijikata M, Shimizu YK, Kato H, Iwamoto A, Shih JW, Alter HJ, Purcell RH, Yoshikura H. Equilibrium centrifugation studies of hepatitis C virus: evidence for circulating immune complexes. J Virol 1993 Apr;67(4):1953-8. Hilgartner MW, Giardina P. Liver dysfunction in patients with hemophilia. Scand J Haematol Suppl 1977;30:6-10. Hilgartner MW, Giardina P. Liver dysfunction in patients with hemophilia A, B, and von Willebrand's disease. Transfusion 1977 Sep-Oct;17(5):495-9. Hindman SH, Little DL, Pattison CP, Maynard JE, Greenwald J. Hemodialysis-associated hepatitis and transfusion of plasma protein fraction. In: Sgouris JT, Rene A, editors. Proceedings of the Workshop on Albumin. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health; 1976. p. 320-2. Hofmann H. [Diagnosis and epidemiology of hepatitis C]. Acta Med Austriaca 1990;17(5):104-7. (Ger). Hogman C, Iwarson S, Lindholm A, Nordenfelt E, Weiland O. [All blood donors should be tested to stop the transmission of hepatitis C virus]. Lakartidningen 1990 Aug 22;87(34):2555-6. (Swe). Holland P, Golosova T, Szmuness W, Ketiladze E, Purcell R, Budnitskaya P, Gerety R, Vorozhbieva T, Harley E, Burlev V, Alter H, Margolina A, Lubashevskaya E. Viral hepatitis markers in Soviet and American blood donors. Transfusion 1980 Sep- Oct;20(5):504-10. Holland PV. Subtypes of HBsAg in North America. Bibl Haematol 1976;42:47-8. Holland PV, Alter HJ. The clinical significance of hepatitis B virus antigens and antibodies. Med Clin North Am 1975 Jul;59(4):849-55. Holland PV, Alter HJ. Non-A, non-B viral hepatitis. Hum Pathol 1981 Dec;12(12):1114-22. Holland PV, Bancroft W, Zimmerman H. Post-transfusion viral hepatitis and the TTVS [editorial]. N Engl J Med 1981 Apr 23;304(17):1033-5. Hollinger FB, Alter HJ. Summary of workshop B-6: non-A/non-B hepatitis. In: Vyas GN, et al., editors. Viral hepatitis. Philadelphia: Franklin Institute; 1978. p. 697-702. Hollinger FB, Dressman GR, Fields H, Melnick J. Hbc Ag, anti- HBC, and DNA polymerase activity in transfused recipients followed prospectively. Am J Med Sci 1975 Sep-Oct;270(2):343-8. Hollinger FB, Gitnick GL, Aach RD, Szmuness W, Mosley JW, Stevens CE, Peters RL, Weiner JM, Werch JB, Lander JJ. Non-A, non-B hepatitis transmission in chimpanzees: a project of the transfusion-transmitted viruses study group. Intervirology 1978;10(1):60-8. Hollinger FB, Khan NC, Oefinger PE, Yawn DH, Schmulen AC, Dreesman GR, Melnick JL. Posttransfusion hepatitis type A. JAMA 1983 Nov 4;250(17):2313-7. Hollinger FB, Mosley JW, Szmuness W, Aach RD, Peters RL, Stevens C. Transfusion-transmitted viruses study: experimental evidence for two non-A, non-B, hepatitis agents. J Infect Dis 1980 Sep;142(3):400-7. Holtmann G, Anlauf M, Wagner K, Holtmann M, Kolbel CB, Philipp T, Goebell H. [Prevalence, causes and effects of increased iron storage in patients with kidney transplantation]. Med Klin 1990 Sep 15;85(9):517-22. (Ger). Holzberger G, Seidl S, Peschke B, Scheuermann EH, Schoeppe W. [Decreasing the risk of post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis by anti-HCV screening]. Beitr Infusionther 1992;30:46-8. (Ger). Holzberger G, Seidl S, Peschke B, Scheuermann EH, Schoeppe W. [Prevention of post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis by anti- HCV screening]. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 1992 Jun;19(3):157-9. (Ger). Hoofnagle JH. Posttransfusion hepatitis B. Transfusion 1990 Jun;30(5):384-6. Hoofnagle JH, Alter HJ. Chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. Prog Clin Biol Res 1985;182:63-9. Hoofnagle JH, Aronnon D, Roberts H. Serologic evidence of hepatitis B virus infection in patients with hemophilia B. A multicenter study. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1975 Jun 30;33(3):606-9. Hoofnagle JH, Di Bisceglie AM, Lisker-Melman M, Kassianides C, Martin P. Management of post-transfusion hepatitis. Transfus Med Rev 1988 Dec;2(4):215-20. Hoofnagle JH, Gerety RJ, Tabor E, Feinstone SM, Barker LF, Purcell RH. Transmission of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1977 Jul;87(1):14-20. Hoofnagle JH, Seefe LB, Bales ZB, Zimmerman HJ. Type B hepatitis after transfusion with blood containing antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. N Engl J Med 1978 Jun 22;298(25):1379-83. Hopf U, Moller B, Kuther D, Stemerowicz R, Lobeck H, Ludtke- Handjery A, Walter E, Blum HE, Roggendorf M, Deinhardt F. Long- term follow-up of posttransfusion and sporadic chronic hepatitis non-A, non-B and frequency of circulating antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV). J Hepatol 1990 Jan;10(1):69-76. Hopkins R, Kane E, Robertson AE, Haase G. Hepatitis B virus transmitted by HBsAg-negative blood containing anti-HBc. Med Lab Sci 1982 Jan;39(1):61-2. Hornbrook MC, Dodd RY, Jacobs P, Friedman LI, Sherman KE. Reducing the incidence of non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis by testing donor blood for alanine aminotransferase: economic considerations. N Engl J Med 1982 Nov 18;307(21):1315-21. Hosein B, Fang CT, Popovsky MA, Ye J, Zhang M, Wang CY. Improved serodiagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection with synthetic peptide antigen from capsid protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991 May 1;88(9):3647-51. How frequent is posttranfusion hepatitis after the introduction of 3rd generation donor screening for hepatitis B? What is its probable nature? Vox Sang 1977;32(6):346-63. Howdle PD, Wood GM, Ramskill SG, Losowsky MS. Chronic hepatitis B carriers found at blood donation: do they need regular follow- up? Vox Sang 1987;52(3):200-2. Hoyos M, Sarrion JV, Perez-Castellanos T, Prieto M, Marty ML, Garrigues V, Berenguer J. Prospective assessment of donor blood screening for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen as a means of preventing posttransfusion non-A, non-B, hepatitis. Hepatology 1989 Mar;9(3):449-51. Hruby MA, Schauf V. Transfusion-related short-incubation hepatitis in hemophilic patients. JAMA 1978 Sep 22;240(13):1355-7. Hsu HH, Gonzalez M, Foung SK, Feinstone SM, Greenberg HB. Antibodies to hepatitis C virus in low-risk blood donors: implications for counseling positive donors. Gastroenterology 1991 Dec;101(6):1724-7. Huang YY, Yang SS, Wu CH, Shih WS, Huang CS, Chen PH, Lin YM, Shen CT, Chen DS. Impact of screening blood donors for hepatitis C antibody on posttransfusion hepatitis: a prospective study with a second-generation anti-hepatitis C virus assay. Transfusion 1994 Aug;34(8):661-5. Huestis DW, Rivers S. Exposure to hepatitis via directed blood donations [letter]. Transfusion 1989 Nov-Dec;29(9):827. Hyams KC, Cross ER, Bianco MA, Soyk-Sarty DR, Roper CM, Dahut WL, Holmberg JA. Geographic risk factors for viral hepatitis and cytomegalovirus infection among United States Armed Forces blood donors. Transfusion 1992 Sep;32(7):644-7. Hyland CA, Douglas R, Mazzocchi R, Young IF. Surrogate testing for non-A, non-B hepatitis in Queensland, Australia: an ALT microtitre tray method for screening blood donors. Pathology 1988 Jul;20(3):271-4. Hyland CA, Mison L, DeLeacy D, Young IF. Hepatitis C virus antibody seroconversion in a volunteer blood donor [letter]. Transfusion 1994 Aug;34(8):739-40. Iacob E, Avram G, Bivol A, Osiac E, Roman D, Despa D, Ivan A, Zavate O. [The incidence of HBsAg in different population groups of Moldavia in 1991 compared to 1973]. Rev Roum Virol 1993 Jan- Jun;44(1-2):55-60. (Fre). Iashina TL, Favorov MO, Shakhgil'dian IV, Iarasheva DM, Nazarova OI, Derevianko EN, Ommadova MI, Onishchenko GG, Watanabe Y, Nishioka K, et al. [The spread of hepatitis C markers among the population of regions of Russia and Central Asia]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1993 Sep-Oct;(5):46-9. (Rus). Ibarra H, Riedemann S, Gomez JC, Reinhardt G, Hochstein-Mintzel V, Froesner G. [Post-transfusion hepatitis iin Chile: the reference parameters]. Rev Med Chil 1990 Feb;118(2):134-8. (Spa). Inaba S. [Follow-up study on post-transfusion hepatitis in the Kyushu University Hospital]. Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi 1993 Oct;84(10):421-6. (Jpn). Inoue K, Konda T, Takashima K, Kuwabara Y, Sasaki H. Post- transfusion hepatitis type B: long incubation period and poor prognosis in compromised hosts. Gastroenterol Jpn 1989 Apr;24(2):198-204. Ishikawa K, Chiba T, Sato S. [Detection of hepatitis C virus antibody in non-A non-B liver diseases]. Rinsho Byori 1991 Jan;39(1):18-25. (Jpn). Iwamura K, Pronai L, Nishioka K, Watanabe J. [Incidence of hepatitis C in chronic liver diseases following tattooing]. Orv Hetil 1992 Apr 12;133(15):923-5. (Hun). Iwarson S. [The pattern of non-A, non-B hepatitis is more and more evident. A new test for diagnosis of hepatitis C makes it possible to mass screen blood donors]. Lakartidningen 1990 Jan 10;87(1-2):13-4. (Swe). Iwarson S, Lindholm A, Norkrans G. Hepatitis B and non-A, non-B in a Swedish blood center during 10 years of HBsAg screening. Vox Sang 1980 Aug;39(2):79-82. James JJ, Heath DG, Cowan DN, Polk AJ, Johnson WLU, Stienmier RH. Serological markers for hepatitis types A and B among United States Army blood donors. Mil Med 1981 Aug;146(8):562-7. Janot C. [Anti-HVC and blood donors. Epidemiologic study of anti-HVC antibodies and the relation to indirect markers (ALT, anti-HBc)]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1990 Oct;33(5):347-50. (Fre). Janot C, Courouce AM, Boudart D, Cotte C, Elghouzzi MH, Jullien AM, Lemaire JM, Maisonneuve P, Maniez-Montreuil M, Mattlinger B, et al. [Analytical study of the Abbott and Ortho tests for screening and confirmation of anti-HCV antibodies. Le groupe de Travail Hepatites virales de la Societe Francaise de Transfusion Sanguine]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1992 Jul;35(3):171-82. (Fre). Johnson JD, Malachowski NC, Sunshine P, Hafleigh EB, Grumet FC. New transfusion program for an intensive care nursery. J Pediatr 1980 Nov;97(5):806-9. Jones AP, Meech RJ, Selderbeek H, Anderson B. Hepatitis C: the tracing dilemma. N Z Med J 1993 Oct 13;106(965):434-5. Jordan M, Vila B, Carsi F, Martinez F, Font I. [Serological results for hepatitis C in hemodialysis patients (letter)]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1992 Jun-Jul;10(6):382. (Spa). Jove J, Sanchez-Tapias JM, Bruguera M, Mas A, Costa J, Barrera JM, Rodes J. Post-transfusional vs. sporadic non-A, non-B chronic hepatitis. A clinico-pathological and evolutive study. Liver 1988 Feb;8(1):42-7. Jullien AM, Courouce AM, Maniez M, Breviere D, Menault M, Finetti P, Girard M. [Lessening the risk of transmission of hepatitis C virus by labile blood products: a role for indirect markers?]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1990 Oct;33(5):355-8. (Fre). Jullien AM, Courouce AM, Massari V, Maniez M, Finetti P, Breviere D, Girard M, Andreani T, Habibi B. Impact of screening donor blood for alanine aminotransferase and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen on the risk of hepatitis C virus transmission. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1993 Sep;12(9):668-72. Jullien AM, Dejean AM, Janot C, Trepo C. [European Acute Transfusion Hepatitis Interferon Study (EATHIS)]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1992 Jul;35(3):199-204. (Fre). Juszczyk J, Flieger J, Migdalski P, Skalisz H. [Liatek HCV: the six-antigen test for confirmation of the presence of anti-HCV antibodies]. Przegl Epidemiol 1992;46(1-2):11-7. (Pol). Juszczyk J, Flieger J, Syczewska M, Krzymanski M. [Anti-HCV antibodies among hemodialysed and kidney-transplanted patients]. Przegl Epidemiol 1994;48(1-2):3-9. (Pol). Juszczyk J, Migdalski P, Flieger J. [Post-transfusion viral hepatitis non-A, non-B; serologic analysis of hepatitis C infections]. Przegl Epidemiol 1993;47(3):217-24. (Pol). Kahn A Jr. Non-A, non-B hepatitis [editorial]. J Ark Med Soc 1980 Jan;76(1):338-9. Kahn RA. Reducing hepatitis by testing blood for alanine aminotransferase [letter]. N Engl J Med 1983 Apr 7;308(14):844-5. Kahn RA, Johnson G, Aach RD, Hines A, Ellis FR, Miller WV. The distribution of serum alanine aminotransferase levels in a blood donor population. Am J Epidemiol 1982 Jun;115(6):929-40. Kakaiya R, Gudino MD, Miller WV. Anti-HCV and transaminase testing of blood donors [letter]. Lancet 1990 Jul 21;336(8708):187-8. Comment on: Lancet 1990 Mar 10;335(8689):558-60. Kakaiya R, Stephans J, Carnahan G, Ahmed P, Miller WV. Antibodies to hepatitis C virus and surrogate marker testing of blood donors to prevent non-A, non-B hepatitis [letter]. Transfusion 1991 Oct;31(8):780-1. Comment on: Transfusion 1991 Feb;31(2):109-13. Kakaiya RM, Jacobs B, Pelletier M, Morse EE, Cable RG. Trends in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) prevalence in volunteer blood donors in Connecticut, 1973-1983. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1986 Sep- Oct;16(5):380-5. Kaneko K, Iijima T, Satoh T, Kinoshita E, Nambu M. [A study of HCV infection in patients with chronic hemodialysis without blood transfusion]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1993 Nov;67(11):1140-1. (Jpn). Kaplan V, Zala G, Havelka J, Joller-Jemelka H, Meier B, Schmid M, Buhler H. [Heterosexual transmission of hepatitis-C virus]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1992 Apr 25;122(17):643-5. (Ger). Karvountzis GG, Mosley JW, Redeker AG. Serologic characterization of patients with two episodes of acute viral hepatitis. Am J Med 1975 Jun;58(6):815-22. Katayama T. [Post-transfusion viral hepatitis]. Rinsho Byori 1991 Mar;Suppl 88:156-70. (Jpn). Katayama T, Mazda T, Kikuchi S, Harada S, Matsuura Y, Chiba J, Ohba H, Saito I, Miyamura T. Improved serodiagnosis of non-A, non-B hepatitis by an assay detecting antibody to hepatitis C virus core antigen. Hepatology 1992 Mar;15(3):391-4. Katchaki JN, Siem TH, Brouwer R. Non-B post-transfusion hepatitis with hepatitis B core antibodies in donor blood [letter]. N Engl J Med 1982 Sep 2;307(10):628-9. Katchaki JN, Siem TH, Brouwer R. Serological evidence of presence of HBsAG undetectable by conventional radioimmunoassay in anti-HBc positive blood donors. J Clin Pathol 1978 Sep;31(9):837-9. Katchaki JN, Siem TH, Brouwer R, Brandt KH, van der Waart M. Detection and significance of anti-HBc in the blood bank; preliminary results of a controlled prospective study. J Virol Methods 1980 Dec;2(1-2):119-25. Katchaki JN, van der Waart M, Siem TH, Brouwer R, Schuurs AH. The occurrence of antibody markers of hepatitis B virus infection in an HBsAg-negative blood donor population. Vox Sang 1979;37(1):9-13. Katkov WN, Friedman LS, Cody H, Evans A, Kuo G, Choo QL, Houghton M, Dienstag JL. Elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels in blood donors: the contribution of hepatitis C virus. Ann Intern Med 1991 Dec 1;115(11):882-4. Kazakova LM. [Principles of current transfusiology]. Pediatriia 1990;(4):85-8. (Rus). Keller GH, Huang DP, Shih JW, Manak MM. Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA in serum by polymerase chain reaction amplification and microtiter sandwich hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 1990 Jun;28(6):1411-6. Keller KM, Wirth S. [Hepatitis C virus (HCV). Low infection rate in premature and full-term neonates following multiple transfusions]. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 1992 Feb;140(2):108-12. (Ger). Kernoff PB, Lee CA, Karayiannis P, Thomas HC. High risk of non-A non-B hepatitis after a first exposure to volunteer or commercial clotting factor concentrates: effects of prophylactic immune serum globulin. Br J Haematol 1985 Jul;60(3):469-79. Kiberd BA. Should hepatitis C-infected kidneys be transplanted in the United States? Transplantation 1994 Apr 15;57(7):1068-72. Kitchen AD, Harrison TJ, Meacock TJ, Zuckerman AJ, Harrison JF. Incidence and significance of hepatitis B core antibody in a healthy blood donor population. J Med Virol 1988 May;25(1):69-75. Kiyokawa H. [Current status of anti-HCV screening and posttransfusion hepatitis]. Rinsho Byori 1992 Sep;40(9):925-8. (Jpn). Kiyosawa K, Akahane Y, Nagata A, Furuta S. Hepatocellular carcinoma after non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1984 Oct;79(10):777-81. Kiyosawa K, Sodeyama T, Tanaka E, Gibo Y, Yoshizawa K, Nakano Y, Furuta S, Akahane Y, Nishioka K, Purcell RH, et al. Interrelationship of blood transfusion, non-A, non-B hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis by detection of antibody to hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 1990 Oct;12(4 Pt 1):671-5. Kiyosawa K, Sodeyama T, Tanaka E, Nakano Y, Furuta S, Nishioka K, Purcell RH, Alter HJ. Hepatitis C in hospital employees with needlestick injuries. Ann Intern Med 1991 Sep 1;115(5):367-9. Comment in: Ann Intern Med 1992 Feb 15;116(4):345; discussion 346. Kleinman S, Alter H, Busch M, Holland P, Tegtmeier G, Nelles M, Lee S, Page E, Wilber J, Polito A. Increased detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected blood donors by a multiple- antigen HCV enzyme immunoassay. Transfusion 1992 Nov- Dec;32(9):805-13. Kleinman S, Busch M, Holland P. Post-transfusion hepatitis C virus infection [letter]. N Engl J Med 1992 Nov 26;327(22):1601-2. Comment on: N Engl J Med 1992 Aug 6;327(6):369-73. Klimenko VI, Liubarets TF. [The blood kinin system in persons exposed to ionizing radiation as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station]. Vrach Delo 1993 May- Jun;(5-6):42-5. (Rus). Kline WE, Bowman RJ, McCurdy KK, O'Malley JP, Sandler SG. Hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) in blood donors in the United States: implications for surrogate testing programs. Transfusion 1987 Jan-Feb;27(1):99-102. Klofera M, Chalupa P, Jezek P. [Hepatitis C antibodies (anti- HCV) in blood donors at the transfusion department in Brno]. Cas Lek Cesk 1994 Aug 1;133(15):459-62. (Cze). Knodell RG, Conrad ME, Ginsberg AL, Bell CJ. Efficacy of prophylactic gamma-globulin in preventing non-A, non-B post- transfusion hepatitis. Lancet 1976 Mar 13;1(7959):557-61. Knodler B, Kuhnl P, Lubitz B, Roos D, Becks M, Gutensohn K. [Hepatitis C virus antibodies in patients and the normal population]. Beitr Infusionther 1992;30:13-6. (Ger). Knodler B, Kuhnl P. [Initial experiences with HCV detection and confirmation tests of the 3rd generation]. Beitr Infusionther 1993;31:10-5. (Ger). Koda T, Tamura I, Ichimura H, Kurimura O. [Studies on hepatitis C virus infection in haemodialysis patients]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1992 Jan;66(1):66-9. (Jpn). Kojima M, Shimizu M, Tsuchimochi T, Koyasu M, Tanaka S, Iizuka H, Tanaka T, Okamoto H, Tsuda F, Miyakawa Y, et al. Posttransfusion fulminant hepatitis B associated with precore-defective HBV mutants. Vox Sang 1991;60(1):34-9. Kolho E, Farkkila M, Makinen J, Krusius T, Naukkarinen R, Ikkala E. Clinical significance of hepatitis C antibodies in blood donors. J Med Virol 1994 Jun;43(2):129-34. Kolho EK, Krusius T. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus antibody positivity in blood donors in a low-risk country. Vox Sang 1992;63(3):192-7. Kolho E, Naukkarinen R, Krusius T. Transmission of HCV infection by RIBA indeterminate and positive blood units. Transfus Med 1992 Sep;2(3):243-8. Konishi T, Okuda M, Furukawa T, Ando M, Shirasawa H, Yamashita S, Sawa A, Tanaka H, Kurokawa F, Hino K, et al. [The relationship between the anti-HCV titer and the state of chronic hepatitis C]. Rinsho Byori 1991 Jun;39(6):597-603. (Jpn). Koretz RL, Abbey H, Coleman E, Gitnick G. Non-A, non-B post- transfusion hepatitis. Looking back in the second decade. Ann Intern Med 1993 Jul 15;119(2):110-5. Comment in: Ann Intern Med 1994 Jan 15;120(2):171-2. Koretz RL, Brezina M, Polito AJ, Quan S, Wilber J, Dinello R, Gitnick G. Non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis: comparing C and non-C hepatitis. Hepatology 1993 Mar;17(3):361-5. Koretz RL, Stone O, Gitnick GL. The long-term course of non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1980 Nov;79(5 Pt 1):893-8. Koretz RL, Stone O, Mousa M, Gitnick GL. Non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis--a decade later. Gastroenterology 1985 May;88(5 Pt 1):1251-4. Kosaka Y, Yamashiki M. [Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection]. Rinsho Byori 1990 May;38(5):578-81. (Jpn). Kosmin M. Concerns about ALT testing [letter]. Transfusion 1982 Nov-Dec;22(6):535-7. Kostritsa SS, Kuzin SN, Khukhlovich PA, Shakhgil'dian IV, Doroshenko NV, Blinov VM, Loparen VN, Sukhanova LL, Gol'tsov VA, Drobeniuk ZhA, et al. [The detection of antibodies to the hepatitis C virus and to HBsAg in donors with viral hepatitis and cancerous diseases in the Republic of Moldova]. Vopr Virusol 1994 Mar-Apr;39(2):93-4. (Rus). Kotwal GJ, Baroudy BM, Kuramoto IK, McDonald FF, Schiff GM, Holland PV, Zeldis JB. Detection of acute hepatitis C virus infection by ELISA using a synthetic peptide comprising a structural epitope. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992 May 15;89(10):4486-9. Koziol DE, Holland PV, Alling DW, Melpolder JC, Solomon RE, Purcell RH, Hudson LM, Shoup FJ, Krakauer H, Alter HJ. Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen as a paradoxical marker for non-A, non-B hepatitis agents in donated blood. Ann Intern Med 1986 Apr;104(4):488-95. Krogsgaard K, Wantzin P, Aldershvile J, Kryger P, Andersson P, Nielsen JO. Hepatitis B virus DNA in hepatitis B surface antigen-positive blood donors: relation to the hepatitis B e system and outcome in recipients. J Infect Dis 1986 Feb;153(2):298-303. Krusius T. [Risk of hepatitis after blood transfusion in Finland (letter)]. Duodecim 1990;106(20):1412. (Fin). Kryger P, Christoffersen P, Aldershvile J, Mathiesen LR, Nielsen JO, Tage-Jensen U. The long-term prognosis of non-transfusion- associated non-A, non-B hepatitis. A clinical, epidemiological, and histological investigation. Scand J Gastroenterol 1983 May;18(4):519-27. Krylov NL, Ivlev AS, Kalinin AV, Vasil'ev AP, Lytsar' BN. [The clinico-epidemiologic aspects of viral hepatitis C]. Voen Med Zh 1993 Jun;(6):64-7. (Rus). Kuhns WJ, Prince AM, Brotman B, Hazzi C, Grady GF. A clinical and laboratory evaluation of immune serum globulin from donors with a history of hepatitis: attempted prevention of post- transfusion hepatitis. Am J Med Sci 1976 Nov-Dec;272(3):255-61. Kulkarni AG, Aloowooja FO, Wayo GB. Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen in northern Nigerian blood donors. Vox Sang 1986;50(3):151-3. Kundrotas LW, Clement DJ. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation in asymptomatic US Air Force basic trainee blood donors. Dig Dis Sci 1993 Dec;38(12):2145-50. Kuo G, Choo QL, Alter HJ, Gitnick GL, Redeker AG, Purcell RH, Miyamura T, Dienstag JL, Alter MJ, Stevens CE, et al. An assay for circulating antibodies to a major etiologic virus of human non-A, non-B hepatitis. Science 1989 Apr 21;244(4902):362-4. Lacher DA. Alanine aminotransferase and posttransfusion hepatitis [letter]. JAMA 1987 Feb 27;257(8):1048. Ladd DJ, Hillis A. A new method for evaluating the hepatitis risk of the multiply-implicated donor. Transfusion 1984 Jan- Feb;24(1):80-2. Laguna del Estal P. [HCV infection: seroepidemiology and serologic diagnosis]. An Med Interna 1993 Jan;10(1):38-46. (Spa). Lai KN, Tam JS, Lai FM, Lin HJ. Isolated presence of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in dialysis patients: occurrence of subclinical hepatitis? Am J Kidney Dis 1989 May;13(5):370-6. Lai ME, Farci P, Puxeddu A, Figus A, Arnone M, Balestrieri A. [The presence of nucleotide sequences of the hepatitis B virus in the serum of HBsAg-negative blood donors in Sardinia]. Minerva Med 1990 Apr;81(4):283-6. (Ita). Lai ME, Mazzoleni AP, Argiolu F, De Virgilis S, Balestrieri A, Purcell RH, Cao A, Farci P. Hepatitis C virus in multiple episodes of acute hepatitis in polytransfused thalassaemic children. Lancet 1994 Feb 12;343(8894):388-90. Lake SM, Puckett AY, Entwistle CC. Donor screening for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen. J Clin Pathol 1985 Oct;38(10):1195-6. Lampertico P, Rumi M, Romeo R, Craxi A, Soffredini R, Biassoni D, Colombo M. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of recombinant interferon-alpha 2b in patients with acute transfusion-associated hepatitis C. Hepatology 1994 Jan;19(1):19-22. Lander JJ, Gitnick GL, Gelb LH, Aach RD. Anticore antibody screening of transfused blood. Vox Sang 1978;34(2):77-80. Larsen J, Hetland G, Skaug K. Posttransfusion hepatitis B transmitted by blood from a hepatitis B surface antigen-negative hepatitis B virus carrier. Transfusion 1990 Jun;30(5):431-2. Larsen J, Hetland G, Skaug K, Maeland A. [Viral hepatitis and blood transfusion]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1991 Mar 10;111(7):825-8. (Nor). Larsen J, Skaug K, Maeland A. Second-generation anti-HCV tests predict infectivity. Vox Sang 1992;63(1):39-42. Comment in: Vox Sang 1993;64(2):132. Laskus T, Cianciara J, Slusarczyk J. [Epidemic focus of non-A, non-B viral hepatitis in a plasmapheresis unit]. Pol Tyg Lek 1992 Mar 16-30;47(11-13):254-6. (Pol). Laskus T, Persing DH, Nowicki MJ, Mosley JW, Rakela J. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the precore region in patients with fulminant hepatitis B in the United States. Gastroenterology 1993 Oct;105(4):1173-8. Lau W, Krajden M, Zhao J, Wright L, Herst R. Detection of hepatitis C virus HCV in blood donors by polymerase chain reaction PCR prior to antibody seroconversion [abstract]. Transfusion 1992;32(8 Suppl):40s. Leblebicioglu H, Gunaydin M, Cengiz K, Islek I. [Hepatitis markers in hemodialysis patients]. Mikrobiyol Bul 1993 Oct;27(4):321-6. (Tur). Leblebicioglu H, Gunaydin M, Durupinar B. [Hepatitis b seroprevalence in hospital personnel]. Mikrobiyol Bul 1993 Apr;27(2):113-8. (Tur). Lee HS, Rajagopalan MS, Chien D, Cordell R, Perkins HA, Vyas GN. Specificity of enzyme immunoassay for hepatitis B core antibody used in screening blood donors. Transfusion 1987 Jan- Feb;27(1):103-6. Lee JH, Paglieroni TG, Holland PV, Zeldis JB. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection in an anti-HBc-nonreactive blood donor: variant virus or defective immune response? Hepatology 1992 Jul;16(1):24-30. Lee KK, Vargo LR, Le CT, Fernando L. Transfusion-acquired hepatitis A outbreak from fresh frozen plasma in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992 Feb;11(2):122-3. Lee S, McHutchinson J, Francis B, DiNello R, Polito A, Quan S, Nelles M. Improved detection of antibodies to hepatitis C virus using a second generation ELISA. Adv Exp Med Biol 1992;312:183-9. Leen CL, Wilson R, Yap PL, McClelland DB. Immune hepatitis B plasma procurement. Vox Sang 1985;49(5):323-6. Leen CL, Yap PL, Neill G, McClelland DB, Westwood A. Serum ALT levels in patients with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia receiving replacement therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin or fresh frozen plasma. Vox Sang 1986;50(1):26-32. Legnani F, Azzario F, Ghessi A. Prevalence of some markers of the hepatitis B virus in a blood donor population. Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 1982;61(6):454-9. Lehmann H, Gerlich W, Schlaak M. [Clinical significance of anti- HB demonstration for post-transfusion hepatitis]. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 1977 Apr 17-21;83:578-81. (Ger). Leite NC, Nogueira CM, Coelho HS, Perez R, Martins SJ, Soares JA, Junqueira PC. [Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C (anti HCV) in blood donors in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Its relation to ALT and anti HBC]. Arq Gastroenterol 1992 Jan-Mar;29(1):5-11. Comment in: Arq Gastroenterol 1992 Jan-Mar;29(1):1-4. (Por). Lelie PN, Cuypers HT, Reesink HW, van der Poel CL, Winkel I, Bakker E, van Exel-Oehlers PJ, Vallari D, Allain JP, Mimms L. Patterns of serological markers in transfusion-transmitted hepatitis C virus infection using second-generation HCV assays. J Med Virol 1992 Jul;37(3):203-9. Leon G, Sore A, Celis S, Semprum O, Acosta V, Gomez O. [Post- transfusional hepatitis. Preliminary study]. Sangre (Barc) 1991 Apr;36(2):93-7. (Spa). Leon P, Lopez JA, Domingo CJ, Echevarria JM. [Comparative sensitivity of different solid-phase immunoassays for detecting HBsAg and anti-HCV in blood]. Sangre (Barc) 1992;37(5):407-10. (Spa). Leyden JJ, Smith JG Jr, Chalker DK, Rea TH, Tomecki KJ, Levitan M. Serologic survey for markers of hepatitis B infection in dermatologists. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985 Apr;12(4):676-80. Li F. [Prevalence of HBV and HCV infections in plasma donors with recently increased ALT level]. Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1993 Aug;14(4):217-9. (Chi). Liang TJ, Bodenheimer HC Jr, Yankee R, Brown NV, Chang K, Huang J, Wands JR. Presence of hepatitis B and C viral genomes in US blood donors as detected by polymerase chain reaction amplification. J Med Virol 1994 Feb;42(2):151-7. Lindholm A, Hermodsson S, Norkrans G, Iwarson S. [A new serologic test makes it possible to diagnose hepatitis C]. Lakartidningen 1990 Jan 10;87(1-2):40-1. (Swe). Lindholm A, Shev S, Norkrans G, Iwarson S, Hermodsson S. [Anti- HCV-screening of blood donors in Gothenburg--the second generation tests are more specific]. Lakartidningen 1991 Oct 16;88(42):3475-6. (Swe). Lissen E, Alter HJ, Abad MA, Torres Y, Perez-Romero M, Leal M, Pineda JA, Torronteras R, Sanchez-Quijano A. Hepatitis C virus infection among sexually promiscuous groups and the heterosexual partners of hepatitis C virus infected index cases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1993 Nov;12(11):827-31. Lissen E, Pineda JA. [Hepatitis C (editorial)]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1991 Jun-Jul;9(6):320-2. Comment on: Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1991 Jun-Jul;9(6):345-50. (Spa). Llauger MA, Munoz J, Birules M, Sola M. [Non-A, non-B hepatitis in plasma donors. Apropos of 3 cases (letter)]. Med Clin (Barc) 1990 Feb 3;94(4):157-8. (Spa). Lok AS, Chien D, Choo QL, Chan TM, Chiu EK, Cheng IK, Houghton M, Kuo G. Antibody response to core, envelope and nonstructural hepatitis C virus antigens: comparison of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients. Hepatology 1993 Sep;18(3):497-502. Lok AS, Ma OC, Chan TM, Lai CL, Chung HT, Ng CP, Lam JS. Overestimation of the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus in retrospective studies on stored sera. Hepatology 1991 Nov;14(5):756-62. London WT, Blumberg BS. Comments on the role of epidemiology in the investigation of hepatitis B virus. Epidemiol Rev 1985;7:59-79. Lopez-Talavera JC, Esteban-Mur JI. [Significance of anti-HCV antibodies in healthy subjects (editorial)]. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 1991 Aug;80(2):81-2. (Spa). Lu SQ. [Children's serum hepatitis after open heart surgery: follow-up of 230 patients]. Chung Hua Wai Ko Tsa Chih 1990 Nov;28(11):649-50, 701. (Chi). Lund BV, Korsgaard N, Peterslund NA. [Hepatitis C antibody in hematological patients who underwent multiple transfusions]. Ugeskr Laeger 1991 Oct 28;153(44):3084-6. (Dan). Lunel F. [Hepatitis C virus: the virus responsible of the majority of non A non B hepatitis. 2: Epidemiology of Hepatitis C]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1992;16(6-7):526-36. (Fre). Lunel F, Azar N, Fournel JJ, Valla D, Foucault C, Habibi B, Jaulmes D, Perrin M, Opolon P, Huraux JM. [Anti-HVC antibodies and recipients of blood products: preliminary results of a prospective survey performed at a Parisian C. H. U.]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1990 Oct;33(5):361-7. (Fre). Lunel F, Bernard B, Cadranel JF, Grippon P, Opolon P. [Virus C]. Ann Gastroenterol Hepatol (Paris) 1990 Oct;26(5):223-6. (Fre). Luo KX, Liang ZS. [Limitation on the detection of serum antibody to hepatitis C virus]. Chung Hua Nei Ko Tsa Chih 1993 Mar;32(4):274-5. (Chi). Lytsar' BN, Skvortsov SV, Poliakova II, Lobanova VIu, Belov EV. [Detection of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in blood donors]. Gematol Transfuziol 1993 Nov-Dec;38(9):29-31. (Rus). MacDonald KL, Mills WA, Wood RC, Hanson M, Kline W, Bowman RJ, Polesky HF, Williams AE, Osterholm MT. Evaluation of clinical and laboratory aspects of antibody tests for detection of hepatitis C virus infection in blood donors and recipients from a low-risk population. Transfusion 1994 Mar;34(3):202-8. Mackay IR, Frazer IH, Toh BH, Pedersen JS, Alter HJ. Absence of autoimmune serological reactions in chronic non A, non B viral hepatitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1985 Jul;61(1):39-43. Maire I. [Determination of the activity of alanine aminotransferase]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1990 Mar;33(2):101-9. (Fre). Maisonneuve P, Aymard JP, Lemaire JM, Baillet A, Janot C. [Serum antibodies to hepatitis C virus: analysis of risk factors of seropositivity in a population of blood donors in metropolitan France]. Rev Med Interne 1991 Nov-Dec;12(6):416-8. (Fre). Maisonneuve P, Courouce AM, Ferrer le Coeur F, Guerois C, Laurian Y, Magniez M, Parquet-Gernez A, Verroust F, Noel L. [Anti-HCV and recipients: situation in hemophiliacs in 1991]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1992 Jul;35(3):193-8. (Fre). Maisonneuve P, Laurian Y, Noel L, Guerois C, Assouvie-Gomez I, Ferrer-Le Coeur F, Verroust F, Courouce AM, Saint-Paul B. [Antibodies against hepatitis C virus in French hemophiliacs]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1990 Oct;33(5):375-7. (Fre). Makris M, Garson JA, Ring CJ, Tuke PW, Tedder RS, Preston FE. Hepatitis C viral RNA in clotting factor concentrates and the development of hepatitis in recipients. Blood 1993 Apr 1;81(7):1898-902. Makris M, Preston FE. Chronic hepatitis in haemophilia. Blood Rev 1993 Dec;7(4):243-50. Malaguti M, Capece R, Marciano M, Arena G, Luciani MP, Striano M, Biagini M. Antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV): prevalence in the same geographical area in dialysis patients, staff members, and blood donors. Nephron 1992;61(3):346. Maniez-Montreuil M. [Serological diagnosis of anti-HCV antibodies. Tests for screening and confirmation: analytical study. Le groupe Hepatites virales de la Societe Francaise de Transfusion Sanguine]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1992 Jul;35(3):163-9. (Fre). Maniez-Montreuil M, Agulles O, Courouce AM, Janot C. [Evaluation of the quality of the principal kits to identify HBs antigen used in French blood transfusion centers. Viral hepatitis group of the SNTS]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1991 Dec;34(6):465-74. (Fre). Mannucci PM, Capitanio A, Del Ninno E, Colombo M, Pareti F, Ruggeri ZM. Asymptomatic liver disease in haemophiliacs. J Clin Pathol 1975 Aug;28(8):620-4. Mannucci PM, Colombo M. Revision of the protocol recommended for studies of safety from hepatitis ofclotting factor concentrates. International Society for Thrombosis and Hemostasis. Thromb Haemost 1989 Jun 30;61(3):532-4. Mannucci PM, Colombo M, Rizzetto M. Nonprogressive course of non-A, non-B chronic hepatitis in multitransfused hemophiliacs. Blood 1982 Sep;60(3):655-8. Mannucci PM, Zanetti AR, Colombo M, Chistolini A, De Biasi R, Musso R, Tamponi G. Antibody to hepatitis C virus after a vapour-heated factor VIII concentrate. The Study Group of the Fondazione dell'Emofilia. Thromb Haemost 1990 Oct 22;64(2):232-4. Comment in: Thromb Haemost 1991 Nov 1;66(5):620-2. Marchenko AV, Dutkevich IG, Golovin GV, Vykhodtseva VA. [Possibilities of using UV-irradiated blood in the prevention of serum hepatitis after blood transfusions during surgery]. Vestn Khir Im I I Grek 1990 Feb;144(2):87-9. (Rus). Martelli CM, de Andrade AL, Cardoso D das D, Sousa LC, Almeida e Silva S, de Sousa MA, Zicker F. [Seroprevalence and risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection by AgHBs and anti-HBs markers in prisoners and prime blood donors]. Rev Saude Publica 1990 Aug;24(4):270-6. (Por). Martelli CM, de Andrade AL, das Dores D, Cardoso P, Almeida e Silva S, Zicker F. [Methodological considerations in the interpretation of serologic screening for hepatitis B virus among blood donors]. Rev Saude Publica 1991 Feb;25(1):11-6. (Por). Martin AM, Canut A, Corral M, Cordero M. [Seroprevalence of the hepatitis C virus in donors and in high and low risk groups in Salamanca (letter)]. Med Clin (Barc) 1992 May 2;98(17):676-7. (Spa). Martin Y, Marzo L, Cinto F, Delgado P, Bunuel C. [Incidence of anti-HCV and ALT in blood donors]. Sangre (Barc) 1990 Jun;35(3):197-200. (Spa). Martinez JL, del Hierro J, Camarero A, Medarde A, Lopez MT, Latasa J. [Hepatitis C virus infection in different risk groups and among blood donors]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1991 Jun- Jul;9(6):345-50. Comment in: Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1991 Jun-Jul;9(6):320-2. (Spa). Martinot-Peignoux M, Marcellin P, Gournay J, Gabriel F, Courtois F, Branger M, Wild AM, Erlinger S, Benhamou JP. Detection and quantitation of serum HCV-RNA by branched DNA amplification in anti-HCV positive blood donors. J Hepatol 1994 May;20(5):676-8. Massenet D, Djime O. [Seroprevalence of hepatitis C antiviral antibodies in blood donors in N'Djamena (Chad)]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1993;86(4):235. (Fre). Matthyssen L, Arndt-Hanser A, Lange W, Maass G, Schutt K, van Loon A, Wolters G. An enzyme-immunoassay for antibodies against hepatitis B core antigen: characteristics and clinical validation. J Virol Methods 1987 Aug;17(1-2):95-103. Mattlinger B, Courouce AM, Girot R. [Anti-HCV and hemoglobinopathies]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1990 Oct;33(5):369-73. (Fre). Mattsson L, Weiland O, Glaumann H. Chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis developed after transfusions, illicit self-injections or sporadically. Outcome during long-term follow-up--a comparison. Liver 1989 Apr;9(2):120-7. Mattsson L, Weiland O, Glaumann H. Long-term follow-up of chronic post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis: clinical and histological outcome. Liver 1988 Jun;8(3):184-8. Matzkin H. Epidemiological features of acute viral hepatitis among the Israeli Defence Forces, 1977-83. J Infect 1987 May;14(3):271-8. Mazda T, Nakata K, Bannai M, Miyamura T, Chiba J, Ohba H, Kaminuma Y, Katayama T. Follow-up study of anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies in blood donors implicated in post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis. Transfus Med 1993 Jun;3(2):149-51. Mazzur S, Szmuness W. Summary of workshop A-5: chronic carriers of HBsAg. In: Vyas GN, et al., editors. Viral hepatitis. Philadelphia: Franklin Institute Press; 1978. p. 661-3. McFarlane ES, Embil JA, Manuel FR, Thiebaux HJ. Antibodies to hepatitis A antigen in relation to the number of lifetime sexual partners in patients attending an STD clinic. Br J Vener Dis 1981 Feb;57(1):58-61. McGuinness PH, Bishop GA, Lien A, Wiley B, Parsons C, McCaughan GW. Detection of serum hepatitis C virus RNA in HCV antibody- seropositive volunteer blood donors. Hepatology 1993 Sep;18(3):485-90. McHutchison JG, Kuo G, Houghton M, Choo QL, Redeker AG. Hepatitis C virus antibodies in acute icteric and chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1991 Oct;101(4):1117-9. McMahon RF, Yates AJ, McLindon J, Babbs C, Love EM, Warnes TW. The histopathological features of asymptomatic hepatitis C virus- antibody positive blood donors. Histopathology 1994 Jun;24(6):517-24. McMillan CW, Greene WB, Blatt PM, White GC 2d, Roberts HR. The management of musculoskeletal problems in hemophilia. Part I. Principles of medical management of hemophilia. Instr Course Lect 1983;32:210-6. McOmish F, Chan SW, Dow BC, Gillon J, Frame WD, Crawford RJ, Yap PL, Follett EA, Simmonds P. Detection of three types of hepatitis C virus in blood donors: investigation of type-specific differences in serologic reactivity and rate of alanine aminotransferase abnormalities. Transfusion 1993 Jan;33(1):7-13. McOmish F, Yap PL, Dow BC, Follett EA, Seed C, Keller AJ, Cobain TJ, Krusius T, Kolho E, Naukkarinen R, et al. Geographical distribution of hepatitis C virus genotypes in blood donors: an international collaborative survey. J Clin Microbiol 1994 Apr;32(4):884-92. McVerry BA, Ross MG, Knowles WA, Voke J. Viral exposure and abnormal liver function in haemophilia. J Clin Pathol 1979 Apr;32(4):377-81. Meier B, Joller H, Grob P, Ammann R, Altorfer J. [Prevalence and significance of ant-HCV-antibodies in ambulatory patients with raised transaminases]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1991 May 25;121(21):804-6. (Ger). Menache D, Aronson DL. Measures to inactivate viral contaminants of pooled plasma products. Prog Clin Biol Res 1985;182:407-23. Meng ZD. [A serological study on hepatitis C infection in plasma donors]. Chung Hua Yu Fang I Hsueh Tsa Chih 1990 Jul;24(4):193-5. (Chi). Menitove JE. Rationale for surrogate testing to detect non-A, non-B hepatitis. Transfus Med Rev 1988 Jun;2(2):65-75. Meraviglia P, Vigani P, Gubertini G, Santoli E, Santoli C, Cargnel A. Post transfusion hepatitis: comparison between homologous and autologous blood transfusion. Eur J Med 1992 May;1(2):75-9. Comment in: Eur J Med 1992 May;1(2):67-8. Meyer RA, Gordon SC. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in a suburban Detroit community. Am J Gastroenterol 1991 Sep;86(9):1224-6. Meyers JD, Dienstag JL, Purcell RH, Thomas ED, Holmes KK. Parenterally transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis: an epidemic reassessed. Ann Intern Med 1977 Jul;87(1):57-9. Michitaka K, Horiike N, Ohta Y. [An epidemiological study of hepatitis C virus infection in a local district in Japan]. Rinsho Byori 1991 Jun;39(6):586-91. (Jpn). Milazzo F, Vigevani GM, Grendele M, Quirino T. [Treatment of fulminant viral hepatitis FVH]. G Mal Infett Parassit 1989;41(8):886-96. (Ita). Mimms L, Goetze A, Swanson S, Floreani M, Edwards B, Macioszek J, Okasinski G, Kiang W. Second generation assays for the detection of antibody to HBsAg using recombinant DNA-derived HBsAg. J Virol Methods 1989 Aug;25(2):211-31. Mimms LT, Mosley JW, Hollinger FB, Aach RD, Stevens CE, Cunningham M, Vallari DV, Barbosa LH, Nemo GJ. Effect of concurrent acute infection with hepatitis C virus on acute hepatitis B virus infection. BMJ 1993 Oct 30;307(6912):1095-7. Comment in: BMJ 1994 Jan 15;308(6922):205. Minor P. Testing of blood for antibodies to hepatitis C virus-- implications for plasma pools used in the preparation of blood products. Biologicals 1991 Jul;19(3):253-6. Misawa Y, Hasegawa T, Fukusima K, Yamaguchi T. [Non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis after cardiopulmonary bypass]. Nippon Kyobu Geka Gakkai Zasshi 1990 Aug;38(8):1304-7. (Jpn). Mishler JM 4th, Barbosa L, Mihalko LJ, McCarter H. Serum bile acids and alanine aminotransferase concentrations. Comparison of efficacy as indirect means of identifying carriers of non-A, non- B hepatitis agents and of onset, severity, and duration of posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis in recipients. JAMA 1981 Nov 20;246(20):2340-4. Mistik R, Tore O, Kilicturgay K. [Distribution characteristics of hepatitis B surface antigen positivity in Bursa]. Mikrobiyol Bul 1991 Apr;25(2):167-72. (Tur). Miyamura T. [Recent advances on hepatitis C virus research]. Nippon Rinsho 1990 Jan;48(1):14-20. (Jpn). Miyamura T, Saito I, Katayama T, Kikuchi S, Tateda A, Houghton M, Choo QL, Kuo G. Detection of antibody against antigen expressed by molecularly cloned hepatitis C virus cDNA: application to diagnosis and blood screening for posttransfusion hepatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990 Feb;87(3):983-7. Mok Q, Underhill G, Wonke B, Aldouri M, Kelsey M, Jefferies D. Intradermal hepatitis B vaccine in thalassaemia and sickle cell disease. Arch Dis Child 1989 Apr;64(4):535-40. Molyneux ME. Viral hepatitis. Questions and answers. Trop Doct 1986 Jul;16(3):99-104. Moncharmont P, Janot C, Boudart D, Cotte C, Courouce AM, Elghouzzi MH, Jullien AM, Lemaire JM, Maisonneuve P, Maniez- Montreuil M, et al. [Hepatitis C virus and transfusion: policy regarding the donation and the donor. Groupe Hepatites Virales de la Societe Nationale de Transfusion Sanguine]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1992 Jul;35(3):205-10. (Fre). Moncharmont P, Voisin A, Chevre C, Kieger C, Defrasne E, Thomas V. [Markers of hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses in blood donors with positive or indeterminate immunoblot tests for human retroviruses (letter)]. Presse Med 1990 Dec 1;19(41):1905. (Fre). Montagnac R, Schillinger F, Finger L, Abid A, Oudin M. [Hepatitis C in hemodialysis: contribution of a serum bank for the evaluation of risk factors (letter)]. Presse Med 1994 Feb 5;23(4):181. (Fre). Moore BP, Perrault RA. Hepatitis B antigenemia among blood donors: the changing scene. Can Med Assoc J 1975 Jan 11;112(1):53-4. Moraczewska Z, Madalinski K, Holland PV. Simultaneous presence in serum of HBsAg and anti-HBs of different specificities. Intervirology 1978;9(3):189-92. Morad Z, Suleiman AB, Kong CT. Hepatitis in renal transplant recipients with and without donor-specific blood transfusion. Transplant Proc 1989 Feb;21(1 Pt 2):1825-6. Morant R, Thurlimann B, Jungi WF, Schmid L, Holdener E, Schmid U, Senn HJ. [Peripheral spontaneous remission of hairy cell leukemia following transfusion-associated hepatitis C]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1991 Mar 9;121(10):344-6. (Ger). Morgan C, Hyland C, Young IF. Hepatitis C antibody and transaminase activities in blood donors. Lancet 1990 Apr 14;335(8694):921. Morris EM. Paradoxical marker of non-A, non-B hepatitis [letter]. Ann Intern Med 1986 Aug;105(2):294. Morris JA Jr, Wilcox TR, Reed GW, Hunter EB, Wallas CH, Steane EA, Shotts SD, Vitsky JL. Safety of the blood supply. Surrogate testing and transmission of hepatitis C in patients after massive transfusion. Ann Surg 1994 May;219(5):517-25; discussion 525-6. Morsica G, Panese S, Novati R, Migone TS, Barin P, Mustara D, Frigato A, Lazzarin A. Hepatitis C virus infection in blood donors with indeterminate results in second-generation recombinant immunoblot assay [letter]. Transfusion 1994 Jun;34(6):555-6. Mosley JW. Epidemiologic nomenclature for hepatitis B virus transmission. Am J Epidemiol 1980 Mar;111(3):261-2. Mosley JW. Epidemiology of HAV infection. In: Vyas GN, et al., editors. Viral hepatitis. Philadelphia: Franklin Institute Press; 1978. p. 85-104. Mosley JW. The epidemiology of viral hepatitis: an overview. Am J Med Sci 1975 Sep-Oct;270(2):253-70. Mosley JW. Hepatitis B immune globulin: some progress and some problems. Ann Intern Med 1979 Dec;91(6):914-6. Mosley JW. Hepatitis B virus. The importance of nonepidemics [editorial]. Am J Dig Dis 1978 Apr;23(4):289-90. Mosley JW. Hepatitis types B and non-B. Epidemiologic background. JAMA 1975 Sep 1;233(9):967-9. Mosley JW. Present knowledge of viral hepatitis. Int Dent J 1984 Jun;34(2):110-4. Mosley JW. Transfusion-transmitted viral hepatitis. Clin Lab Med 1982 Mar;2(1):233-52. Mosley JW. Transmission of hepatitis C by pasteurised factor VIII [letter]. Lancet 1992 Nov 7;340(8828):1160-1. Comment on: Lancet 1992 Sep 12;340(8820):675. Mosley JW, Aach RD, Hollinger FB, Stevens CE, Barbosa LH, Nemo GJ, Holland PV, Bancroft WH, Zimmerman HJ, Kuo G, et al. Non-A, non-B hepatitis and antibody to hepatitis C virus. JAMA 1990 Jan 5;263(1):77-8. Mosley JW, Fierer J, Ekstrom M, Ritt DJ. Hepatitis B virus exposure of hospital staff. J Occup Med 1980 Sep;22(9):593-6. Mosley JW, Redeker AG, Feinstone SM, Purcell RH. Mutliple hepatitis viruses in multiple attacks of acute viral hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1977 Jan 13;296(2):75-8. Muller G, Zabaleta M, Caldera LH, Bianco N, Machado IV. [Hepatitis C in Venezuela. Preliminary report]. G E N 1990 Oct- Dec;44(4):336-42. (Spa). Muller R. Non-A, non-B hepatitis: current status. Hepatogastroenterology 1982 Jun;29(3):97-100. Muraskin W. The silent epidemic: the social, ethical, and medical problems surrounding the fight against hepatitis B. J Soc Hist 1988 Winter;22(2):277-98. Murphy D, Willems B, Delage G. Use of the 5' noncoding region for genotyping hepatitis C virus [letter]. J Infect Dis 1994 Feb;169(2):473-5. Muto Y, Ohnishi H. [Co-infection and/or superinfection of hepatitis C virus in patients with type A and B fulminant hepatitis or subacute hepatitis]. Nippon Rinsho 1991 Feb;49(2):420-5. (Jpn). Myhre BA, Jiminez L, Shitabata P, Ukkestad TS. The correlations of surrogate markers with anti-hepatitis C virus and other disease markers. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1994 Jan-Feb;24(1):76-83. Myl'nikov AIa, Lytsar' BN, Gorbatok LE, Skvortsov SV, Poliakova II, Gorbatiuk VIu. [The detectability of the hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies to the hepatitis C virus in serviceman blood donors]. Voen Med Zh 1994 Mar;(3):44-5, 79. (Rus). Nagata I, Shiraki K. [Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in childhood]. Rinsho Byori 1991 Jun;39(6):592-6. (Jpn). Nagy G, Hejjas M, Medgyesi G, Schaff Z. [The role of HCV in the pathogenesis of post-transfusion hepatitis]. Orv Hetil 1992 Jul 5;133 Suppl 1:30-4. (Hun). Nakano A, Mori H, Kanda T, Miyamoto G, Sato T, Shimizu Y, Hazama K. [Case of post-transfusion hepatitis B complicated with Guillain-Barre syndrome]. Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 1993 Oct 10;82(10):1720-1. (Jpn). Nath N, Fang CT, Berberian H, Bastiaans MJ, Dodd RY, Sandler SG, Barker LF. Hepatitis-associated markers in the American Red Cross volunteer blood donor population. II. Distribution of level of HBsAg reactivity by radioimmunoassay and occurrence of nonspecific reactivity. Vox Sang 1980 Aug;39(2):73-8. Nath N, Fang CT, Dodd RY. Inactivation of DNA-polymerase associated with hepatitis B virus. J Med Virol 1982;10(2):131-40. Nath N, Mushahwar IK, Fang CT, Berberian H, Dodd RY. Antibodies to delta antigen in asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen- reactive blood donors in the United States and their association with other markers of hepatitis B virus. Am J Epidemiol 1985 Aug;122(2):218-25. Nath N, Pielech M, Dodd RY. Hepatitis-associated markers in the American Red Cross blood donor population. V. Prevalence of antibodies to core antigen in three blood services regions. Vox Sang 1983;44(5):312-8. Neurath AR, Stevens CE, Strick N, Szmuness W, Oleszko WR, Harley EJ. An antigen detected frequently in human sera with elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase: a potential marker for non-A, non-B hepatitis. J Gen Virol 1980 Jun;48(Pt 2):285-95. Ng HW, Ng HS, Teh LB, Ho J, Cheah E, Ong YW. Liver disease in blood donors with raised transaminases. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1986 Apr;15(2):206-9. Ni YH, Chang MH, Lue HC, Hsu HY, Wang MJ, Chen PJ, Chen DS. Posttransfusion hepatitis C virus infection in children. J Pediatr 1994 May;124(5 Pt 1):709-13. Nigro G, Del Grosso B. Transfusion acquired hepatitis A in a patient with B thalassaemia major [letter]. J Infect 1990 Mar;20(2):175-6. Nishioka K. [Epidemiological and clinical significance of HCV antibody--future problems]. Nippon Rinsho 1991 Feb;49(2):267-72. (Jpn). Noble RC, Kane MA, Reeves SA, Roeckel I. Posttransfusion hepatitis A in a neonatal intensive care unit. JAMA 1984 Nov 16;252(19):2711-5. Non-A, non-B hepatitis surrogate testing of blood donations [letter]. Lancet 1987 Jun 13;1(8546):1366-7. Norder H, Hammas B, Larsen J, Skaug K, Magnius LO. Detection of HBV DNA by PCR in serum from an HBsAg negative blood donor implicated in cases of post-transfusion hepatitis B. Arch Virol Suppl 1992;4:116-8. Norol F, Bachir D, Bernaudin F, Beaujean F, Desforges L, Duedari N, Galacteros F. Frozen blood and transfusion-transmitted hepatitis C virus. Vox Sang 1993;64(3):150-3. Norol F, Roche B, Girardin MF, Kuentz M, Desforges L, Cordonnier C, Duedari N, Vernant JP. Hepatitis C virus infection and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 1994 Feb;57(3):393-7. Norol F, Roche B, Saint Marc Girardin MF, Kuentz M, Desforges L, Cordonnier C, Duedari N, Vernant JP. [Reduction of the post- transfusion hepatitis C risk in patients undergoing bone marrow allograft]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1993 Dec;36(6):499-507. (Fre). Novakova J, Pokorna G, Hrubisko M. [Results of detection of hepatitis C virus antibodies (anti-HCV) in blood donors and selected patients]. Vnitr Lek 1992 Jan;38(1):45-8. (Slo). Nowicki MJ, Mosley JW, Koerper MA, Aledort LM, Lusher JM, Hilgartner MW. Passive antibody to hepatitis A virus in US haemophiliacs [letter]. Lancet 1993 Feb 27;341(8844):562. Comment on: Lancet 1992 Mar 28;339(8796):819. Ogata N, Alter HJ, Miller RH, Purcell RH. Nucleotide sequence and mutation rate of the H strain of hepatitis C virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991 Apr 15;88(8):3392-6. Ohnishi K, Nomura F, Iida S. Treatment of posttransfusion non-A, non-B acute and chronic hepatitis with human fibroblast beta- interferon: a preliminary report. Am J Gastroenterol 1989 Jun;84(6):596-600. Ohori H, Nagatsuka Y, Kanno A, Abe Y, Ishida N. Two distinct types of non-A, non-B hepatitis in a cardiovascular surgical unit. J Med Virol 1983;11(2):105-13. Ohto H, Ninomiya K. Donor anti-HBc and ALT and non-A,non-B hepatitis [letter]. Transfusion 1989 Mar-Apr;29(3):277-8. Comment in: Transfusion 1989 Oct;29(8):750. Okamoto H, Imai M, Tsuda F, Tanaka T, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M. Point mutation in the S gene of hepatitis B virus for a d/y or w/r subtypic change in two blood donors carrying a surface antigen of compound subtype adyr or adwr. J Virol 1987 Oct;61(10):3030-4. Okudaira K, Yabana T, Takahashi H, Iizuka H, Kaneko Y, Saito A. [Clinical problems of alcoholics with a history of methamphetamine abuse]. Arukoru Kenkyuto Yakubutsu Ison 1994 Jun;29(3):185-9. (Jpn). Omata M, Iwama S, Sumida M, Ito Y, Okuda K. Clinico-pathological study of acute non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis: histological features of liver biopsies in acute phase. Liver 1981 Sep;1(3):201-8. Oyewole MA, Peura DA, Johnson LF. Post-transfusion hepatitis: fatal outcome in two cases with underlying alcoholic liver disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1985 Oct;7(5):428-30. Paczkowski PM, Pawlak J, Nyckowski P, Szczerban J. [Treatment of acute hepatic failure]. Pol Arch Med Wewn 1990 Sep;84(3):157-65. (Pol). Page PL. Risk of hepatitis B exposure in regional blood services. Transfusion 1987 May-Jun;27(3):242-4. Papaevangelou G, Economidou J, Roumeliotou A, Adrachta D, Parcha S. Epstein-Barr virus infection in polytransfused patients with homozygous beta-thalassaemia. Vox Sang 1979;37(5):305-9. Papaevangelou G, Frosner G, Economidou J, Parcha S, Roumeliotou A. Prevalence of hepatitis A and B infections in multiply transfused thalassaemic patients. Br Med J 1978 Mar 18;1(6114):689-91. Par A. [Incidence of hepatitis C virus antibodies in blood donors, high risk patient groups, liver diseases and health professionals. Multicenter study of the ABBOT ELISA method, comparison with the ORTHO test]. Orv Hetil 1991 May 5;132(18):955-9. (Hun). Pastor JM, Hermosa V, Ruiz Tagle MA, Zubizarreta A. [Anti-HCV antibodies among blood donors in Cantabria. Incidence and relation to transaminase levels]. Sangre (Barc) 1990 Jun;35(3):205-7. (Spa). Pastore G, Monno L, Santantonio T, Angarano G, Trotta F, Schiraldi O. Monophasic and polyphasic pattern of alanine aminotransferase in acute non-A, non-B hepatitis. Clinical and prognostic implications. Hepatogastroenterology 1985 Aug;32(4):155-8. Pattison CP, Klein CA, Leger RT, Maynard JE, Berquist KR, Hoofnagle JH, Barker LF, Bryan JA, Smith DE. An outbreak of type B hepatitis associated with transfusion of plasma protein fraction. Am J Epidemiol 1976 Apr;103(4):399-407. Pearson HA, Wood C, Andiman W, Bove J, Rink L. Low risk of hepatitis B from blood transfusions in thalassemic patients in Connecticut. J Pediatr 1986 Feb;108(2):252-3. Peetermans ME. Viral hepatitis as a problem for blood banks [abstract]. Ann Soc Belge Med Trop 1984;64(1):116-7. Perret BA, Morell A, Butler-Brunner E, Burckhardt JJ. [No HCV seroconversion in hemophilia following substitution with virus- inactivated coagulation factor VIII and IX concentrates]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1991 Nov 2;121(44):1621-3. (Ger). Peters T, Mohr L, Scheiffele F, Schlayer HJ, Preisler S, Berthold H, Gerok W, Rasenack J. Antibodies and viremia in acute post- transfusion hepatitis C: a prospective study. J Med Virol 1994 Apr;42(4):420-7. Peters T, Schlayer HJ, Preisler S, Kopp B, Berthold H, Gerok W, Rasenack J. Frequency of hepatitis C in acute post-transfusion hepatitis after open-heart surgery: a prospective study in 1,476 patients. J Med Virol 1993 Feb;39(2):139-45. Petersen EE, Clemens R, Bock HL, Friese K, Hess G. Hepatitis B and C in heterosexual patients with various sexually transmitted diseases. Infection 1992 May-Jun;20(3):128-31. Pineau-Vincent F, Bour B, Blanchi A, Schiffer C. [Evidence of post-transfusional hepatitis B from the viral DNA]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1990 Jun;33(3):227-8. (Fre). Pintera J. Increasing trend of hyperbilirubinemia incidence in the blood donors population. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol 1990;34(4):343-8. Polesky HF, Hanson M. AABB-CAP survey data on hepatitis-- incidence, surveillance, and prevention. Am J Clin Pathol 1980 Oct;74(4 Suppl):565-8. Polesky HF, Hanson MR. Comparison of viral hepatitis marker test methods based on AABB-CAP survey data. Am J Clin Pathol 1981 Oct;76(4 Suppl):521-4. Polesky HF, Hanson MR. Transfusion-associated hepatitis C virus (non-A, non-B) infection. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989 Mar;113(3):232-5. Published erratum appears in Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989 Apr;113(4):368. Popper H, Dienstag JL, Feinstone SM, Alter HJ, Purcell RH. The pathology of viral hepatitis in chimpanzees. Virchows Arch [Pathol Anat] 1980;387(1):91-106. Porchon C, Kremsdorf D, Pol S, Lunel-Fabianni F, Driss F, Opolon P, Berthelot P, Brechot C. Serum hepatitis C virus RNA and hepatitis B virus DNA in non-A, non-B post-transfusional and sporadic chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol 1992 Sep;16(1-2):184-9. Porres JC, Carreno V, Hernandez Guio C. [Prospective study of A, B, and non-A, non-B acute hepatitis: epidemiologic and clinical differences]. Rev Clin Esp 1984 Jul 15-31;174(1-2):31-4. (Spa). Post-transfusion hepatitis and serum alanine aminotransferase in blood donors [letter]. N Engl J Med 1981 Aug 13;305(7):403-4. Prince AM, Brotman B, Huima T, Pascual D, Jaffery M, Inchauspe G. Immunity in hepatitis C infection. J Infect Dis 1992 Mar;165(3):438-43. Prince AM, Brotman B, Inchauspe G, Pascual D, Nasoff M, Hosein B, Wang CY. Patterns and prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis. J Infect Dis 1993 Jun;167(6):1296-301. Prince AM, Stephan W, Brotman B. beta-propiolactone/ultraviolet irradiation: a review of its effectiveness for inactivation of viruses in blood derivatives. Rev Infect Dis 1983 Jan- Feb;5(1):92-107. Prince AM, Stephan W, Brotman B. Inactivation of non-A, non-B virus infectivity by a beta propiolactone/ultraviolet irradiation treatment and Aerosil adsorption procedure used for preparation of a stabilized human serum. Vox Sang 1984;46(2):80-5. Prowse C, Picken M, Gillon J. Prevalence and consistency of ALT elevation in plasmapheresis donors: implications for the assessment of blood product infectivity. Vox Sang 1993;65(3):204-8. Public Health Service inter-agency guidelines for screening donors of blood, plasma, organs, tissues, and semen for evidence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1991 Apr 19;40(RR-4):1-17. Purcell RH. Hepatitis B: a scientific success story (almost). Prog Clin Biol Res 1985;182:11-43. Purcell RH, Feinstone SM, Alter HJ, Wong DC. Detection of a novel antigen in two cases of non-A non-B hepatitis, a recently recognized persistent infection of probable viral origin. In: Stevens JG, et al., editor. Persistent viruses. New York: Academic Press; 1978. p. 535-49. Quiles FJ, Sanz A, Cabanillas A, Saenz P, Sanchez GM, Diaz F. [Reduction of the proportion of anti-HCV-positive donations (letter)]. Sangre (Barc) 1992 Apr;37(2):153-4. (Spa). Rakela J, Fay OH, Stevenson D, Gordon I, Mosley JW. Similarities of two hepatitis A virus strains. Bull World Health Organ 1976;54(5):561-4. Rakela J, Nugent E, Mosley JW. Viral hepatitis: enzyme assays and serologic procedures in the study of an epidemic. Am J Epidemiol 1977 Dec;106(6):493-501. Rakela J, Redeker AG. Chronic liver disease after acute non-A, non-B viral hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1979 Dec;77(6):1200-2. Ramirez AM, Lee SP, Woodfield DG. Hepatitis delta virus infection: a recently imported disease in New Zealand. N Z Med J 1987 Apr 22;100(822):235-7. Ranki M, Ebeling F. [Blood transfusion and hepatitis: hepatitis C virus detection]. Duodecim 1990;106(2):147-9. (Fin). Realdi G, Alberti A, Rugge M, Rigoli AM, Tremolada F, Schivazappa L, Ruol A. Long-term follow-up of acute and chronic non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis: evidence of progression to liver cirrhosis. Gut 1982 Apr;23(4):270-5. Redeker AG, Mosley JW, Gocke DJ, McKee AP, Pollack W. Hepatitis B immune globulin as a prophylactic measure for spouses exposed to acute type B hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1975 Nov 20;293(21):1055-9. Reesink HW, van der Poel CL, Bresters D, Cuypers HT, Zaaijer H, Lelie PN. Testing for HCV markers. Dev Biol Stand 1993;81:77-84. Reesink HW, van der Poel CL, Cuypers HT, Lelie PN. HCV and blood transfusion. Arch Virol Suppl 1992;4:241-3. Reinus JF, Leikin EL, Alter HJ, Cheung L, Shindo M, Jett B, Piazza S, Shih JW. Failure to detect vertical transmission of hepatitis C virus. Ann Intern Med 1992 Dec 1;117(11):881-6. Comment in: Ann Intern Med 1992 Dec 1;117(11):967-9. Report of the ad hoc committee on ALT testing. Transfusion 1982 Jan-Feb;22(1):4-5. Resnick RH, Stone K, Antonioli D. Primary hepatocellular carcinoma following non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 1983 Oct;28(10):908-11. Richard D. The usefulness of surrogate markers anti-HBc and ALT for post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis prevention. J Virol Methods 1987 Aug;17(1-2):105-17. Richards C, Holland P, Kuramoto K, Douville C, Randell R. Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus in a blood donor population. Transfusion 1991 Feb;31(2):109-13. Comment in: Transfusion 1991 Oct;31(8):780-1. Riestra Menendez S, Rodriguez Garcia M, Sanchez San Roman F, Menendez Tevar F, Suarez Gonzalez A, Alvarez Navascues C, Perez Alvarez R, Rodrigo Saez L. Intrafamilial spread of hepatitis C virus. Infection 1991 Nov-Dec;19(6):431-3. Riestra S, Rodriguez M, Suarez S, Navascues CA, Tevar F, Lombrana JL, Perez R, Rodrigo L. Involved factors in the intrafamilial spread of hepatitis C virus. Arch Virol Suppl 1992;4:345-6. Rivero RA, Yamaguchi K, Hidalgo-Gato R, Martinez M, Hernandez P, Ballester JM. [Detection of antibodies against the hepatitis C virus in Cuban blood donors (letter)]. Sangre (Barc) 1992 Aug;37(4):301. (Spa). Rizzetto M, Ponzetto A, Marinucci G. Transfusion-related delta hepatitis. Transfus Med Rev 1988 Dec;2(4):224-8. Rizzetto M, Purcell RH, Gerin JL. Epidemiology of HBV-associated delta agent: geographical distribution of anti-delta and prevalence in polytransfused HBsAg carriers. Lancet 1980 Jun 7;1(8180):1215-8. Robertson EF, Weare JA, Randell R, Holland PV, Madsen G, Decker RH. Characterization of a reduction-sensitive factor from human plasma responsible for apparent false activity in competitive assays for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. J Clin Microbiol 1991 Mar;29(3):605-10. Rodriguez M, Riestra S, San Roman F, Perez R, Suarez A, Sanchez JL, Rodrigo L. Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus in prospectively followed acute non-A, non-B hepatitis, from different epidemiological categories. Liver 1991 Jun;11(3):129-33. Roeckel IE. Do we have to rethink serologic markers used to diagnose hepatitis B infection? Ann Clin Lab Sci 1989 Nov- Dec;19(6):397-400. Roggendorf M, Schlipkoter U. [Hepatitis C virus]. Beitr Infusionther 1991;28:13-21. (Ger). Romeo JM, Ulrich PP, Busch MP, Vyas GN. Analysis of hepatitis C virus RNA prevalence and surrogate markers of infection among seropositive voluntary blood donors. Hepatology 1993 Feb;17(2):188-95. Romeo R, Thiers V, Driss F, Berthelot P, Nalpas B, Brechot C. Hepatitis C virus RNA in serum of blood donors with or without elevated transaminase levels. Transfusion 1993 Aug;33(8):629-33. Rosina F, Saracco G, Rizzetto M. Risk of post-transfusion infection with the hepatitis delta virus. A multicenter study. N Engl J Med 1985 Jun 6;312(23):1488-91. Ryan KE, MacLennan S, Barbara JA, Hewitt PE. Follow up of blood donors positive for antibodies to hepatitis C virus. BMJ 1994 Mar 12;308(6930):696-7. Comment in: BMJ 1994 Mar 12;308(6930):670-1 and BMJ 1994 Jun 25;308(6945):1710. Rzeszowska G, Jagiello-Wojtowicz E, Krawczuk G, Baran E, Bielec D, Fijalka-Rymar M, Surmaczynska B. [Level of prolactin, gonadotrophin, testosterone, and alpha fetoprotein in serum of blood donors with antibodies to hepatitis c virus (anti-HCV)]. Przegl Epidemiol 1993;47(1-2):21-4. (Pol). Saha V, John TJ, Dhamodaran S, Carman RH. Highly sensitive screening tests for hepatitis B surface antigen in transfusion centres of developing countries. BMJ 1988 Jul 30;297(6644):334-5. Published erratum appears in BMJ 1988 Sep 10;297(6649):646. Saito I, Miyamura T, Ohbayashi A, Harada H, Katayama T, Kikuchi S, Watanabe Y, Koi S, Onji M, Ohta Y, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990 Sep;87(17):6547-9. Sakamoto N, Enomoto N, Marumo F, Sato C. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among long-term hemodialysis patients: detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in plasma. J Med Virol 1993 Jan;39(1):11-5. Saldanha J, Minor P. A sensitive PCR method for detecting HCV RNA in plasma pools, blood products, and single donations. J Med Virol 1994 May;43(1):72-6. Saleun JP. [Anti-HBc in blood donors. Distribution by sex and age classes]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1991 Oct;34(5):369-73. (Fre). Sanchez-Quijano A, Pineda JA, Lissen E, Leal M, Diaz-Torres MA, Garcia De Pesquera F, Rivera F, Castro R, Munoz J. Prevention of post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis by non-specific immunoglobulin in heart surgery patients. Lancet 1988 Jun 4;1(8597):1245-9. Sankary T, Romeo J, Ulrich P, Busch M, Vyas GH. Detection of HCV in seronegative donors with raised ALT [letter]. Lancet 1992 Jul 25;340(8813):249-50. Comment on: Lancet 1992 Apr 25;339(8800):1018-9. Sankary TM, Yang G, Romeo JM, Ulrich PP, Busch MP, Rawal BD, Vyas GN. Rare detection of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus genomes by polymerase chain reaction in seronegative donors with elevated alanine aminotransferase. Transfusion 1994 Aug;34(8):656-60. Savage B, Sayers MH, Giblett ER. Serum alanine aminotransferase in blood donors: activity distribution and effect of phenotype. Transfusion 1982 Jul-Aug;22(4):298-9. Savin EA, Kuzin SN, Blinov VM, Loparev VN, Sukhanova LL, Gol'tsov VA, Ershova GN, Viazov SO, Shakhgil'dian IV. [The importance of the blood transfusion factor in the epidemic process in hepatitis C in the patients of chronic hemodialysis units studied using a computer simulation model]. Vopr Virusol 1993 May- Jun;38(3):135-7. (Rus). Sawaryn T, Dobosz J, Beniowski M, Dziambor AP, Machalska M, Hartleb Z. [Endogenic hepatic coma in the course of acute hepatitis treated with arterialization of portal blood]. Pol Tyg Lek 1993 Mar 15-29;48(11-13):284-6. (Pol). Saxena S, Korula J, Shulman IA. A review of donor alanine aminotransferase testing. Implications for the blood donor and practitioner. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989 Jul;113(7):767-71. Saxena S, Shulman IA. The impact of screening a heterogeneous donor population for alanine aminotransferase and hepatitis B core antibody. Experience at a large southern California hospital. Am J Clin Pathol 1990 Apr;93(4):533-7. Comment in: Am J Clin Pathol 1990 Apr;93(4):589-91 and Am J Clin Pathol 1991 Apr;95(4):604-5. Sayers MH, Gretch DR. Recombinant immunoblot and polymerase chain reaction testing in volunteer whole blood donors screened by a multi-antigen assay for hepatitis C virus antibodies. Transfusion 1993 Oct;33(10):809-13. Schifman RB, Rivers SL, Sampliner RE, Krammes JE. Significance of isolated hepatitis B core antibody in blood donors. Arch Intern Med 1993 Oct 11;153(19):2261-6. Schimpf K, Mannucci PM, Kreutz W, Brackmann HH, Auerswald G, Ciavarella N, Mosseler J, DeRosa V, Kraus B, Brueckmann C, et al. Absence of hepatitis after treatment with a pasteurized factor VIII concentrate in patients with hemophilia and no previous transfusions. N Engl J Med 1987 Apr 9;316(15):918-22. Schlaack P. [ALAT (GPT) screening with the microtitration plate]. Beitr Infusionther 1992;30:75-7. (Ger). Schlauder GG, Leverenz GJ, Mattsson L, Weiland O, Mushahwar IK. Detection of hepatitis C viral RNA by the polymerase chain reaction in serum of patients with post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis. J Virol Methods 1992 May;37(2):189-99. Schlayer HJ, Peters T, Preisler S, Berthold H, Gerok W, Rasenack J. Cause and frequency of posttransfusion hepatitis after open- heart surgery. Clin Investig 1992 Jul;70(7):579-84. Schlicht I, Gadow J, Wolter G, Ortmans H, Jorno L, Gentz D. [HBsAg and anti-HBs in liver diseases, blood donors and hospital personnel]. Verh Dtsch Ges Inn Med 1977 Apr 17-21;83:568-72. (Ger). Schmidt PJ, Leparc GF, Samia CT. Comparison of assays for anti- HBc in blood donors. Transfusion 1988 Jul-Aug;28(4):389-91. Schneider J, King J, Macnab GM, Kew MC. Hepatitis-B surface antigen and antibody in Black and White patients with venereal diseases. Br J Vener Dis 1977 Dec;53(6):372-4. Schrumpf E, Elgjo K, Fausa O, Haukenes G, Kvale D, Rollag H. The significance of anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies measured in chronic liver disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990 Nov;25(11):1169-74. Schvarcz R, Glaumann H, Weiland O, Norkrans G, Wejstal R, Fryden A. Histological outcome in interferon alpha-2b treated patients with chronic posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis. Liver 1991 Feb;11(1):30-8. Schvarcz R, Glaumann H, Weiland O, Norkrans G, Wejstal R, Fryden A. Interferon alpha-2b treatment of chronic posttransfusion non- A, non-B/C hepatitis: long-term outcome and effect of increased interferon doses in non-responders. Scand J Infect Dis 1991;23(4):413-20. Schvarcz R, Weiland O, Wejstal R, Norkrans G, Fryden A, Foberg U. A randomized controlled open study of interferon alpha-2b treatment of chronic non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis: no correlation of outcome to presence of hepatitis C virus antibodies. Scand J Infect Dis 1989;21(6):617-25. Scott RM, Snitbhan R, Bancroft WH, Alter HJ, Tingpalapong M. Experimental transmission of hepatitis B virus by semen and saliva. J Infect Dis 1980 Jul;142(1):67-71. Screening of blood donors for non-A non-B hepatitis [editorial]. Lancet 1981 Jul 11;2(8237):73. Seal LA, Lerud KS, Riel MA, Hill RB, Nadala C. An investigation of hepatitis A virus infected blood products. Mil Med 1990 Jun;155(6):241-3. Seder RH, Chopra S, Schumacher R, Koff RS. Hepatitis B due to transfusion of mislabeled blood. Transfusion 1981 May- Jun;21(3):363-5. Seeff LB. Transfusion-associated hepatitis B: past and present. Transfus Med Rev 1988 Dec;2(4):204-14. Seeff LB, Buskell-Bales Z, Wright EC, Durako SJ, Alter HJ, Iber FL, Hollinger FB, Gitnick G, Knodell RG, Perrillo RP, et al. Long-term mortality after transfusion-associated non-A, non-B hepatitis. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Study Group. N Engl J Med 1992 Dec 31;327(27):1906-11. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1992 Dec 31;327(27):1949-50. Seeff LB, Dienstag JL. Transfusion-associated non-A, non-B hepatitis. Where do we go from here? Gastroenterology 1988 Aug;95(2):530-3. Seeff LB, Hoofnagle JH. Immunoprophylaxis of viral hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1979 Jul;77(1):161-82. Seeff LB, Wright EC, Zimmerman HJ, Hoofnagle JH, Dietz AA, Felsher BF, Garcia-Pont PH, Gerety RJ, Greenlee HB, Kiernan T, Leevy CM, Nath N, Schiff ER, Schwartz C, Tabor E, Tamburro C, Vlahcevic Z, Zemel R, Zimmon DS. Posttransfusion hepatitis, 1973-1975: a Veterans Administration cooperative study. In: Vyas GN, et al., editors. Viral hepatitis. Philadelphia: Franklin Institute Press; 1978. p. 371-81. Seeff LB, Wright EC, Zimmerman HJ, McCollum RW. VA cooperative study of post-transfusion hepatitis, 1969-1974: incidence and characteristics of hepatitis and responsible risk factors. Am J Med Sci 1975 Sep-Oct;270(2):355-62. Seeff LB, Zimmerman HJ, Wright EC, Finkelstein JD, Garcia-Pont P, Greenlee HB, Dietz AA, Leevy CM, Tamburro CH, Schiff ER, Schimmel EM, Zemel R, Zimmon DS, McCollum RW. A randomized, double blind controlled trial of the efficacy of immune serum globulin for the prevention of post-transfusion hepatitis. A Veterans Administration cooperative study. Gastroenterology 1977 Jan;72(1):111-21. Seidel J, Irion D, Henning F, Brundel C, Clausen A, Poschmann A, Uthemann H. [Kinetic measurement of GPT with the microtiter plate]. Beitr Infusionther 1992;30:70-2. (Ger). Seidl S, Kuhnl P, Beyer J, Stangel W, Flik J, Sibrowski W, Roos D, Bornhovd K, Kalmar G, Flacke H. [Hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies in German blood donors--a pilot study]. Beitr Infusionther 1990;26:18-21. (Ger). Seijas LF, Montilla Y, Zabaleta M, Vargas E, Gabriel ML, Mujica C, Mazzara MN, Hernandez Alvarez G. [Determination of alpha fetoproteins in patients infected with virus B and C. Preliminary report]. G E N 1993 Apr-Jun;47(2):65-9. (Spa). Sekiguchi S. [Prevention for hepatitis C virus transmission]. Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi 1993 Jul;68(4):473-6. (Jpn). Sekiguchi S. [Transfusion medicine in near future]. Rinsho Byori 1992 Jun;40(6):617-25. (Jpn). Serfaty L, Giral P, Elghouzzi MH, Jullien AM, Poupon R. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection in hepatitis C virus antibody ELISA-positive blood donors according to RIBA-2 status: a case-control survey. Hepatology 1993 Feb;17(2):183-7. Serfaty L, Nousbaum JB, Poussin K, Giral P, Brechot C, Poupon R. Hepatitis C viremia is associated to chronic hepatitis in anti- HCV positive blood donors [abstract]. Hepatology 1993;18(4 Pt 2):255. Sherertz RJ, Russell BA, Reuman PD. Transmission of hepatitis A by transfusion of blood products. Arch Intern Med 1984 Aug;144(8):1579-80. Sherman KE, Dodd RY. Alanine aminotransferase levels among volunteer blood donors: geographic variation and risk factors. J Infect Dis 1982 Mar;145(3):383-6. Shev S, Wejstal R, Wahl M, Hermodsson S, Norkrans G. The lack of transmission of NANB/C hepatitis between acute and chronically infected patients and their heterosexual partners. Scand J Infect Dis 1991;23(4):407-11. Shih JW, Cheung LC, Alter HJ, Lee LM, Gu JR. Strain analysis of hepatitis B virus on the basis of restriction endonuclease analysis of polymerase chain reaction products. J Clin Microbiol 1991 Aug;29(8):1640-4. Shih JW, Mur JI, Alter HJ. Non-A, non-B hepatitis: advances and unfulfilled expectations of the first decade. Prog Liver Dis 1986;8:433-52. Shimizu YK, Feinstone SM, Purcell RH, Alter HJ, London WT. Non- A, non-B hepatitis: ultrastructural evidence for two agents in experimentally infected chimpanzees. Science 1979 Jul 13;205(4402):197-200. Shimizu YK, Hijikata M, Iwamoto A, Alter HJ, Purcell RH, Yoshikura H. Neutralizing antibodies against hepatitis C virus and the emergence of neutralization escape mutant viruses. J Virol 1994 Mar;68(3):1494-500. Shimizu YK, Weiner AJ, Rosenblatt J, Wong DC, Shapiro M, Popkin T, Houghton M, Alter HJ, Purcell RH. Early events in hepatitis C virus infection of chimpanzees. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990 Aug;87(16):6441-4. Shiraki K, Nagata I, Okada T, Tanimoto K. [Mother-to-infant infection by hepatitis C virus]. Nippon Rinsho 1991 Feb;49(2):372-7. (Jpn). Shorey J. The current status of non-A, non-B viral hepatitis. Am J Med Sci 1985 Jun;289(6):251-61. Siebke JC, Degre M, Ritland S, Enger SC. Prevalence of hepatitis A antibodies in a normal population and some selected groups of patients in Norway. Am J Epidemiol 1982 Feb;115(2):185-91. Silverstein MD, Mulley AG, Dienstag JL. Should donor blood be screened for elevated alanine aminotransferase levels? A cost- effectiveness analysis. JAMA 1984 Nov 23-30;252(20):2839-45. Simmonds P, Alberti A, Alter HJ, Bonino F, Bradley DW, Brechot C, Brouwer JT, Chan SW, Chayama K, Chen DS, et al. A proposed system for the nomenclature of hepatitis C viral genotypes [letter]. Hepatology 1994 May;19(5):1321-4. Sirchia G, Giovanetti AM, Parravicini A, Bellobuono A, Mozzi F, Pizzi MN, Almini D. Prospective evaluation of posttransfusion hepatitis. Transfusion 1991 May;31(4):299-302. Skidmore SJ, Boxall EH, Ala F. A case report of post-transfusion hepatitis A. J Med Virol 1982;10(3):223. Skidmore SJ, Jones TE, Boxall EH. Non-A, non-B hepatitis in patients receiving blood products. J Med Virol 1980;6(1):85-9. Slama H, Mojaat N, Dahri R, Boukef K. [Epidemiologic study of anti-HCV antibodies in Tunisian blood donors]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1991 Dec;34(6):459-64. (Fre). Slusarczyk J, Cianciara J, Swiderska H, Loch T. Follow-up studies of healthy blood donors. Anti-HBs antibody carriers. Vox Sang 1981 Feb;40(2):91-4. Smilovici W, Trepo C, Mariniere AM, Ducos J. [Anti-HCV antibodies and post-transfusional non-A, non-B hepatitis]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1990 Oct;33(5):359-60. (Fre). Smith D, Delaney S, Allain JP, Vallari D, Lee H. A comparison of two supplemental procedures for confirmation of antibody to hepatitis C virus c100-3 antigen in Louisiana blood donors. Transfusion 1992 Jun;32(5):415-9. Sokup A, Lebioda A, Swiatkowski M. [Positive result of treatment of coma during the course of acute post-transfusion type C hepatitic]. Wiad Lek 1993 Jul;46(13-14):518-21. (Pol). Somova AV, Golosova TV, Margolina AN, Bagriantseva SIu. [The serodiagnosis of viral hepatitis C and B in different population groups]. Vopr Virusol 1992 Jul-Aug;37(4):191-3. (Rus). Soriano V, Pauplana M, Nedjar S, Tor J, Hewlett I, Ribera A, Pujol M, Soria C, Biswas R. [Serologic and genomic markers of the hepatitis C virus in transfusion recipients with non-A, non-B hepatitis]. Med Clin (Barc) 1991 Dec 7;97(20):764-8. (Spa). Soulier JP. New data on HB antigen. In: Ikkala E, Nykanen A, editors. Transfusion and immunology. Vammala (Finland): Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy; 1975. p. 97-106. Spero JA, Lewis JH, Van Theil DH, Hasiba U, Rabin BS. Asymptomatic structural liver disease in hemophilia. N Engl J Med 1978 Jun 22;298(25):1373-8. Spertini O, Frei PC. Demonstration of a single antigen-antibody system in 26 patients with non-A, non-B viral hepatitis. Lancet 1982 Oct 23;2(8304):899-90. Spurling CL, Saxena S. Controversies in transfusion medicine. Alanine aminotransferase screening of blood donors: con. Transfusion 1990 May;30(4):368-73. Steinbrecher UP, Kovacs TO, Gelly A, Tourigny M. Abnormal alanine aminotransferase level in blood units from donors in Montreal does not indicate high risk of transmitting hepatitis. Clin Invest Med 1983;6(4):327-30. Stevens CE. Hepatitis D virus and other chronic viral infections in high risk populations: interaction from an epidemiologic perspective. Prog Clin Biol Res 1991;364:361-4. Stevens CE. In utero and perinatal transmission of hepatitis viruses. Pediatr Ann 1994 Mar;23(3):152, 155-8. Stevens CE. Perinatal hepatitis B virus infection: screening of pregnant women and protection of the infant. Ann Intern Med 1987 Sep;107(3):412-3. Stevens CE, Aach RD, Hollinger FB, Mosley JW, Szmuness W, Kahn R, Werch J, Edwards V. Hepatitis B virus antibody in blood donors and the occurrence of non-A, non-B hepatitis in transfusion recipients. An analysis of the Transfusion-Transmitted Viruses Study. Ann Intern Med 1984 Dec;101(6):733-8. Stevens CE, Taylor PE, Pindyck J, Choo QL, Bradley DW, Kuo G, Houghton M. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus. A preliminary study in volunteer blood donors. JAMA 1990 Jan 5;263(1):49-53. Stevens CE, Toy PT, Taylor PE, Lee T, Yip HY. Prospects for control of hepatitis B virus infection: implications of childhood vaccination and long-term protection. Pediatrics 1992 Jul;90(1 Pt 2):170-3. Suarez A, Linares A, San Roman FS, Rodrigo L. [The usefulness of determining ALT in the detection of anti-HVC-positive cases among blood donors (letter)]. Med Clin (Barc) 1993 May 29;101(1):38. (Spa). Suarez A, Navascues CA, Dieguez MA, Rodrigo L. [Rheumatoid factor positivity in anti-HVC-positive blood donors (letter)]. Med Clin (Barc) 1993 May 29;101(1):36-7. (Spa). Suarez A, Navascues CA, Rodriguez M, Rodrigo L. [Significance of ALT increase in blood donors with antiviral antibodies of hepatitis C with negative first generation ELISA (letter)]. Med Clin (Barc) 1992 Jun 27;99(5):198-9. (Spa). Suarez A, Navascues CA, Sotorrio NG, Rodriguez M, Otero L, Rodrigo L. [The accidental detection of anti-HCV positivity and monoclonal gammapathy]. Rev Clin Esp 1993 Dec;193(9):485-6. (Spa). Suarez A, Riestra S, Navascues CA, Sotorrio NG, Rodriguez M, Tevar F, Perez R, Sala P, Rodrigo L. [Blood donors with positive HBsAg in Asturias: its current prevalence and significance]. Med Clin (Barc) 1994 Mar 12;102(9):329-32. (Spa). Suarez A, San Roman F, Rodriguez M, Rodrigo L. [Changes in the prevalence of anti-HCV in blood donors in Asturias (letter)]. Med Clin (Barc) 1992 Oct 24;99(13):515. (Spa). Suarez A, Sotorrio NG, Rodriguez M, Rodrigo L. [Different prevalence of hepatopathy among anti-HCV positive blood donors as a function of donation motive (letter)]. Med Clin (Barc) 1993 May 15;100(19):757. (Spa). Suga M. [Clinical features of hepatitis C virus infection]. Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi 1993 Jul;68(4):450-5. (Jpn). Sugg U, Erhardt S, Morgenroth T, Flehmig B. Is the use of the term `posttransfusion hepatitis type B' in its conventional sense still justifiable? Vox Sang 1983;44(5):305-11. Sugg U, Schenzle D, Hess G. Antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen in blood donors screened for alanine aminotransferase level and hepatitis non-A, non-B in recipients. Transfusion 1988 Jul-Aug;28(4):386-8. Sugg U, Schneider W, Hoffmeister HE, Huth C, Stephan W, Lissner R, Haase W. Hepatitis B immune globulin to prevent non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis [letter]. Lancet 1985 Feb 16;1(8425):405-6. Sugitani M, Inchauspe G, Shindo M, Prince AM. Sensitivity of serological assays to identify blood donors with hepatitis C viraemia. Lancet 1992 Apr 25;339(8800):1018-9. Comment in: Lancet 1992 Jul 25;340(8813):249-50. Sugiura N, Saisho H, Shimura A. [Development of hepatocellular carcinoma in the patients with a history of tuberculosis]. Kekkaku 1994 Jan;69(1):1-5. (Jpn). Sulowicz W, Dolezal M, Hejmo D, Gerhardt E, Ignacak E. [Occurrence of antibodies against hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) in patients on long-term hemodialysis]. Przegl Lek 1992;49(1-2):67-8. (Pol). Sun CF, Pao CC, Wu SY, Liaw YF. Screening for hepatitis B virus in healthy blood donors by molecular DNA hybridization analysis. J Clin Microbiol 1988 Sep;26(9):1848-52. Sun Y. [Epidemiological and serological study on hepatitis C virus infection in plasmapheresis donors]. Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1991 Dec;12(6):327-30. (Chi). Surgenor DM, Cerveny JF. A study of the conversion from paid to altruistic blood donors in New Mexico. Transfusion 1978 Jan- Feb;18(1):54-63. Surgenor DM, Chalmers TC, Conrad ME, Friedewald WT, Grady GF, Hamilton M, Mosley JW, Prince AM, Stengle JM. Clinical trials of hepatitis B immune globulin. Development of policies and materials for the 1972-1975 studies sponsored by the National Heart and Lung Institute. N Engl J Med 1975 Nov 20;293(21):1060-2. Suzuki S. [Diagnosis and prevention of non-A, non-B viral hepatitis]. Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 1990 Mar 10;79(3):300-3. (Jpn). Swenson S, Gilcher RO. Retesting blood donors with elevated alanine aminotransferase levels significant benefits [abstract]. Transfusion (Phila) 1986;26(6):595. Sychev AV, Mikhailov MI. [The hepatitis C viral infection of the medical workers and patients at hemodialysis units in Moscow]. Vopr Virusol 1993 May-Jun;38(3):105-7. (Rus). Sychev Av, Mikhailov MI. [The hepatitis C virus infection of Moscow blood donors]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1993 Jul-Aug;(4):80-3. Published erratum appears in Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1993 Sep-Oct;(5):12. (Rus). Sychev AV, Mikhailov MI, Khorvat GN. [Use of commercial highly sensitive tests for detecting HbsAg in healthy persons]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1992 Mar;(3):58-60. (Rus). Sychev AV, Mikhailov MI, Shakhgil'dian IV. [The importance of early and maternal antibodies to HBsAg in preventing hepatitis B in plasma recipients]. Vopr Virusol 1990 May-Jun;35(3):197-9. (Rus). Sychev AV, Shakhgil'dian IV, Mikhailov MI, Zubov SV, Vlasikhina EM, Braginskii DM, Kozlova TP, Golosova TV. [The danger of hepatitis B virus infection from transfusions of plasma in which the HBs-antigen was detected retrospectively by highly sensitive methods]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1990 May;(5):61-5. (Rus). Szmuness W, Hoofnagle JH, Stevens CE, Prince AM. Antibody against the hepatitis type B core antigen. A new tool for epidemiologic studies. Am J Epidemiol 1976 Sep;104(3):256-62. Szmuness W, Neurath AR, Stevens CE, Strick N, Harley EJ. Prevalence of hepatitis B e antigen and its antibody in various HBsAg carrier populations. Am J Epidemiol 1981 Feb;113(2):113-21. Tabor E. The three viruses of non-A, non-B hepatitis. Lancet 1985 Mar 30;1(8431):743-5. Tabor E, Gerety RJ. Non-A, non-B hepatitis: new findings and prospects for prevention. Transfusion 1979 Nov-Dec;19(6):669-74. Tabor E, Goldfield M, Black HC, Gerety RJ. Hepatitis B e antigen in volunteer and paid blood donors. Transfusion 1980 Mar- Apr;20(2):192-8. Tabor E, Hoofnagle JH, Barker LF, Pineda-Tamondong G, Nath N, Smallwood LA, Gerety RJ. Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in blood donors with a history of hepatitis. Transfusion 1981 May- Jun;21(3):366-71. Tabor E, Hoofnagle JH, Smallwood LA, Drucker JA, Pineda-Tamondong GC, Ni LY, Greenwalt TJ, Barker LF, Gerety RJ. Studies of donors who transmit posttransfusion hepatitis. Transfusion 1979 Nov- Dec;19(6):725-31. Tabor E, Snoy P, Jackson DR, Schaff Z, Blatt PM, Gerety RJ. Additional evidence for more than one agent of human non-A, non-B hepatitis. Transmission and passage studies in chimpanzees. Transfusion 1984 May-Jun;24(3):224-30. Takacs M, Berencsi G, Mezey I, Muranyine Brojnas J, Barcsay E, Ferenczi E, Hollos I, Domok I. [Transfusion-associated non-A, non-B, non-C hepatitis caused by flaviviruses]. Orv Hetil 1992 Jul 5;133 Suppl 1:37-9. (Hun). Takano S, Omata M, Ohto M, Satomura Y. Prospective assessment of donor blood screening for antibody to hepatitis C virus and high- titer antibody to HBcAg as a means of preventing posttransfusion hepatitis. Hepatology 1993 Aug;18(2):235-9. Takeuchi H, Konaga E, Ide Y, Namamura J, Makabe M, Sasaki A. [Effect of transfusion of blood components on gastric cancer patients--special reference to the incidence of postoperative hepatitis and prognosis]. Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi 1991 May;92(5):501-5. (Jpn). Taliani G, De Bac C, Maiozzi S, Vania A, Aliquo MC. HCV transmission by fresh packed red cells from anti-HCV-negative donors [letter]. Lancet 1991 Jul 6;338(8758):62. Comment on: Lancet 1991 Apr 6;337(8745):850. Tanaka K, Hirohata T, Takeshita S. [Case-control studies of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis in relation to life style and other risk factors]. Gan No Rinsho 1990 Feb;Spec No:305-12. (Jpn). Tanaka E, Kiyosawa K, Sodeyama T, Nakano Y, Shimizu S, Seki T, Furuta S, Kameko M. [Anti-HCV and long-term prognosis in patients with non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis]. Nippon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 1990 Apr;87(4):1003-9. (Jpn). Tanaka J, Moriya T, Sasaki F, Yoshizawa H, Nagakami H, Irie A, Mizui M. [Prevalence of anti C100-3 and HBsAg in blood donors-- comparative study of total collected blood units, total collection adjusted to exclude repeat blood donations, and in first time blood donors]. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi 1993 Jul;40(7):540-6. (Jpn). Tang E. Hepatitis C virus. A review. West J Med 1991 Aug;155(2):164-8. Tang S. [Seroepidemiological study on hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors from various regions in China]. Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1993 Oct;14(5):271-4. (Chi). Tanikawa K. [Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma--high risk group and mass survey]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1993 May;20(7):864-70. (Jpn). Tanri R, Nishimura H, Nakamura K, Ogasawara M, Akiyama K, Makino T, Tamura O. [A case of acute hepatitis A complicated with acute pure red cell aplasia]. Nippon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 1990 Jul 10;79(7):947-8. (Jpn). Tedder RS, Cameron CH, Wilson-Croome R, Howell DR, Colgrove A, Barbara JA. Contrasting patterns and frequency of antibodies to the surface, core, and e antigens of hepatitis B virus in blood donors and in homosexual patients. J Med Virol 1981;6(4):323-32. Telischi M, Ziyai M, Steigmann F, Ling CM. Transfusion of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive plasma. Prophylaxis with hepatitis B immune globulin. JAMA 1980 Nov 21;244(20):2312-3. Thiers V, Lunel F, Valla D, Azar N, Fretz C, Frangeul L, Huraux JM, Opolon P, Brechot C. Post-transfusional anti-HCV-negative non-A non-B hepatitis (II) serological and polymerase chain reaction analysis for hepatitis C and hepatitis B viruses. J Hepatol 1993 Apr;18(1):34-9. Thorne CH, Higgins GR, Ulich TR, Gitnick GL, Lewin KJ. A histologic comparison of hepatitis B with non-A, non-B chronic active hepatitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1982 Sep;106(9):433-6. Tobler LH, Busch MP, Wilber J, Dinello R, Quan S, Polito A, Kochesky R, Bahl C, Nelles M, Lee SR. Evaluation of indeterminate c22-3 reactivity in volunteer blood donors. Transfusion 1994 Feb;34(2):130-4. Tognarelli B, Coste J, Pradines C, Larrey D, Michel H. [Prevalence of hepatitis delta virus among asymptomatic HBs+ antigen blood donors and in HBs+ antigen hepatopathies in Mauritania (letter)]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1994;18(2):176. (Fre). Tremolada F, Casarin C, Alberti A, Drago C, Tagger A, Ribero ML, Realdi G. Long-term follow-up of non-A, non-B (type C) post- transfusion hepatitis. J Hepatol 1992 Nov;16(3):273-81. Tremolada F, Casarin C, Tagger A, Ribero ML, Realdi G, Alberti A, Ruol A. Antibody to hepatitis C virus in post-transfusion hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1991 Feb 15;114(4):277-81. Tremolada F, Loreggian M, Antona C, Cirillo F, Noventa F, Realdi G. Blood-transmitted and clotting-factor-transmitted non-A, non- B hepatitis. Clinical differences and evolution. J Clin Gastroenterol 1988 Aug;10(4):413-8. Trepo C. [Hepatitis virus C: from discovery to applications in public health]. Rev Prat 1990 Jun 21;40(18):1631-9. (Fre). Trepo C, Courouce AM, Noel L. [Discovery of the hepatitis C virus]. Presse Med 1990 Oct 20;19(34):1582-6. (Fre). Trepo C, Opolon P, Janot C, Boudart D, Cotte C, Courouce AM, Elghouzzi MH, Jullien AM, Lemaire JM, Maisonneuve P, et al. [Practical approach to the discovery of serum markers for infection by hepatitis B virus (HBs antigen or anti HBc antibody). Hypertransaminasemia or the two anomalies in a blood donor]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1991 Jul;34(4):285-94. (Fre). Trepo C, Vitvitski L, Hantz O, Chevallier P, Lehman H, Schlaak M, Sepetjan M. Detection by immunofluorescence of a new core-like Ag/Ab system in liver and serum of patients with NANB hepatitis. Liver 1981 Sep;1(3):191-200. Troisi CL, Hollinger FB. Current tests for antibody to hepatitis b core antigen used to screen donors for non-A, non-B hepatitis are comparable to the original radioimmunoassay for hepatitis B core antigen. Transfusion 1987 Sep-Oct;27(5):438-40. Tullen E, De Saussure P, Soulier-Lauper M. [ALAT and viral RNA as risk factors in 68 blood donors with anti-hepatitis C antibodies]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1993 Jan 23;123(3):57-61. (Fre). Tur-Kaspa R, Shimon DV, Shalit M, Adler R, Shraga S, Manny N, Morag A, Eliakim M. Posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis after cardiac surgery: a prospective study. Vox Sang 1983;45(4):312-5. Ukkonen P. Persistence of HBsAg, HBeAg and anti-HBe in healthy blood donors. Vox Sang 1980;38(1):1-5. U.S. Public Health Service inter-agency guidelines for screening donors of blood, plasma, organs, tissues, and semen for evidence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Can Dis Wkly Rep 1991 Nov 16;17(46):251-7; discussion 257-8. (Eng, Fre). Uyttendaele S, Claeys H, Mertens W, Verhaert H, Vermylen C. Evaluation of third-generation screening and confirmatory assays for HCV antibodies. Vox Sang 1994;66(2):122-9. Vallari DS, Jett BW, Alter HJ, Mimms LT, Holzman R, Shih JW. Serological markers of posttransfusion hepatitis C viral infection. J Clin Microbiol 1992 Mar;30(3):552-6. van der Poel C, Cuypers H, Reesink H, Choo QL, Kuo G, Han J, Quan S, Polito A, Verstraten J, van de Wouw J, et al. Risk factors in hepatitis C virus-infected blood donors. Transfusion 1991 Oct;31(8):777-9. van der Poel CL, Bresters D, Reesink HW, Plaisier AA, Schaasberg W, Leentvaar-Kuypers A, Choo QL, Quan S, Polito A, Houghton M, et al. Early antihepatitis C virus response with second-generation C200/C22 ELISA. Vox Sang 1992;62(4):208-12. van der Poel CL, Reesink HW, Schaasberg W, Leentvaar-Kuypers A, Bakker E, Exel-Oehlers PJ, Lelie PN. Infectivity of blood seropositive for hepatitis C virus antibodies. Lancet 1990 Mar 10;335(8689):558-60. Comment in: Lancet 1990 Apr 21;335(8695):982-3; Lancet 1990 Jul 21;336(8708):187-8; Lancet 1990 Nov 10;336(8724):1193. Vannucci P, Dei A, Moncini C, Corti F, Boffoli M, Cancellotti F, Pesola A. [Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in a population of drug addicts and their heterosexual partners]. Minerva Med 1992 May;83(5):265-7. (Ita). Velasco M, Hurtado C, Brahm J. [Anti-hepatitis C viral antibodies in different pathological entities in Chile]. Rev Med Chil 1990 Aug;118(8):895-6. (Spa). Verma J, Joshi PL, Raj B, Bhattacharaya M, Sebastian M, Kumari S. An epidemiological study of hepatitis B virus amongst blood donors. J Commun Dis 1989 Mar;21(1):52-8. Vernelen K, Claeys H, Verhaert H, Volckaerts A, Vermylen C. Significance of NS3 and NS5 antigens in screening for HCV antibody [letter]. Lancet 1994 Apr 2;343(8901):853. Comment on: Lancet 1994 Feb 19;343(8895):477-8. Viazov SO, Kuzin SN, Orlova NG, Shakhgil'dian IV, Andriutsa KA, Paladi NE, Asfandiiarova NS, Buriev AIa, Savin EA, Bryzgalov SP, et al. [The incidence of detecting antibodies to the hepatitis C virus in different population groups in the USSR]. Vopr Virusol 1991 Sep-Oct;36(5):366-8. (Rus). Viladomiu L, Genesca J, Esteban JI, Allende H, Gonzalez A, Lopez- Talavera JC, Esteban R, Guardia J. Interferon-alpha in acute posttransfusion hepatitis C: a randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology 1992 May;15(5):767-9. Villa E, Ferretti I, De Palma M, Melegari M, Scaglioni PP, Trande P, Vecchi C, Fratti N, Manenti F. HCV RNA in serum of asymptomatic blood donors involved in post-transfusion hepatitis (PTH). J Hepatol 1991 Sep;13(2):256-9. Villa E, Melegari M, Ferretti I, Vecchi C, Scaglioni PP, De Palma M, Manenti F. Presence of HCV RNA in serum of asymptomatic blood donors involved in post-transfusion hepatitis (PTH). Arch Virol Suppl 1992;4:247-8. Villarreal-Urenda C, Cano-Dominguez C, Zamalloa-Torres V, Ruiz- Maya L, Olivares-Lopez F. [Posttransfusion hepatitis. A prospective study]. Gac Med Mex 1991 Mar-Apr;127(2):133-6. (Spa). Viola LA, Fernandez JL. [Hepatitis C (editorial)]. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam 1992;22(2):133-4. (Spa). Vranckx R, Muylle L, Meheus A. Hepatitis B core antibody- negative HBsAg carriers [letter]. Infection 1989 Jul- Aug;17(4):250-1. Vyas GN, Perkins HA. Non-B post-transfusion hepatitis associated with hepatitis B core antibodies in donor blood [letter]. N Engl J Med 1982 Mar 25;306(12):749-50. Vyshinskii NN, Gorskii SM, Il'icheva KV, Sorinson SN. [Integral spectrofluorimetry in the diagnosis of jaundice of tumor origin]. Vopr Onkol 1990;36(2):226-8. (Rus). Wagner D, Wagenbreth I, Stachan-Kunstyr R, Flik J. Failure of vaccination against hepatitis B with Gen H-B-Vax-D in immunosuppressed heart transplant patients. Clin Investig 1992 Jul;70(7):585-7. Wang CH, Flehmig B, Moeckli R. Transmission of hepatitis E virus by transfusion? [letter]. Lancet 1993 Mar 27;341(8848):825-6. Wang JT, Lin JT, Sheu JC, Wang TH, Chen DS. Hepatitis E virus and posttransfusion hepatitis [letter]. J Infect Dis 1994 Jan;169(1):229-30. Wang S. [An epidemiological study on hepatitis C among the plasmapheretic donors in two villages with a 5-year history of plasma donation]. Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih (Taipei) 1991 Feb;71(2):76-7, 8. (Chi). Wantzin PS, Krogsgaard K, Dickmeiss E. [Screening of Danish blood donors for hepatitis C virus antibodies]. Ugeskr Laeger 1990 Sep 24;152(39):2846-8. (Dan). Weiner AJ, Truett MA, Rosenblatt J, Han J, Quan S, Polito AJ, Kuo G, Choo QL, Houghton M, Agius C, et al. HCV testing in low-risk population [letter]. Lancet 1990 Sep 15;336(8716):695. Wendel S, Luzzi JR, Russo C, de Cassia R, Fontao L, Ghaname J. [Anti-BHc determination in blood donors in Sao Paulo: should this test be adopted in Brazil?]. Rev Paul Med 1991 Mar- Apr;109(2):77-83. (Por). Wick MR, Moore S, Taswell HF. Non-A, non-B hepatitis associated with blood transfusion. Transfusion 1985 Mar-Apr;25(2):93-101. Widell A, Mansson AS, Sundstrom G, Hansson BG, Nordenfelt E. Hepatitis C virus RNA in blood donor sera detected by the polymerase chain reaction: comparison with supplementary hepatitis C antibody assays. J Med Virol 1991 Dec;35(4):253-8. Widell A, Sundstrom G, Hansson BG, Fex G, Moestrup T, Nordenfelt E. Relation between donor transaminase and recipient hepatitis non-A, non-B in Sweden. Vox Sang 1988;54(3):154-9. Widell A, Sundstrom G, Hansson BG, Moestrup T, Nordenfelt E. Antibody to hepatitis-C-virus-related proteins in sera from alanine-aminotransferase-screened blood donors and prospectively studied recipients. Vox Sang 1991;60(1):28-33. Wiese M, Stolle K, Ehrenberg M. [Progress in the development of a detection test for parenteral non-A, non-B hepatitis--results of enzyme immunoassay for anti-hepatitis C virus]. Z Gesamte Inn Med 1990 Mar 1;45(3):80-3. (Ger). Willems M, Moshage H, Fevery J, Yap SH. [Hepatitis C; current developments in diagnosis and therapy]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1992 Dec 26;136(52):2564-7. (Dut). Williams AE, Dodd RY. The serology of hepatitis C virus in relation to post-transfusion hepatitis. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1990 May-Jun;20(3):192-9. Wilmer A, Tilg H, Vogel W. [Does the determination of serum neopterin secure blood transfusion? (letter)]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1992 May 8;117(19):765. (Ger). Wolpl A, Cardoso M, Siemoneit K, Koerner K, Kubanek B. [Recombinant antibodies in serologic diagnosis]. Beitr Infusionther 1993;31:147-51. (Ger). Wood GM, Levy LJ, Losowsky MS, Cooke DI, Read AE, Hambling MH, Clarke SK, Waight P, Polakoff S. Chronic liver disease. A case control study of the effect of previous blood transfusion. Public Health 1989 Mar;103(2):105-12. Wozniak A, Hawksley VC. Post-transfusion hepatitis: a retrospective study. Mil Med 1982 Aug;147(8):672-5. Wu X. [Investigation on anti-HCV antibody in Shashi District]. Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1993 Dec;14(6):331-3. (Chi). Wyke RJ, Tsiquaye KN, Thornton A, White Y, Portmann B, Das PK, Zuckerman AJ, Williams R. Transmission of non-A non-B hepatitis to chimpanzees by factor-IX concentrates after fatal complications in patients with chronic liver disease. Lancet 1979 Mar 10;1(8115):520-4. Xiao YJ. [A study of potential risk of HBsAg negative with RPHA]. Chung Hua Yu Fang I Hsueh Tsa Chih 1991 May;25(3):158-60. (Chi). Xie Z. [Hepatitis B virus infection in hemodialysis patients]. Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1992 Feb;13(1):12-5. (Chi). Yabuuchi T, Tsukuma H, Hiyama T, Nakanishi K. [Risk factors of hepatitis C virus infection]. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi 1993 Nov;40(11):1006-11. (Jpn). Yamada G, Endo H, Takahashi M, Tsuji T. [Hepatitis C virus in chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis]. Nippon Rinsho 1991 Feb;49(2):426-31. (Jpn). Yamashita C, Yamauchi Y, Oka S, Nagaro T, Arai T. [A death caused by fulminant B-hepatitis which was latent preoperatively]. Masui 1992 May;41(5):841-5. (Jpn). Yanagi M, Kaneko S, Unoura M, Kobayashi K. [Detection of serum hepatitis C virus RNA using the polymerase chain reaction assay]. Nippon Rinsho 1991 Feb;49(2):292-9. (Jpn). Yano M. [Clinical significance and the problems of HCV antibody]. Nippon Rinsho 1991 Feb;49(2):402-8. (Jpn). Yap PL. Hepatitis transmission by blood products. J Hosp Infect 1988 Feb;11 Suppl A:166-74. Yoshizawa H. [Characterization of hepatitis C related markers and control of hepatitis C infection]. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi 1992 Aug;39(8):441-4. (Jpn). Yoshizawa H. [Donors blood screening and prevention of posttransfusion type C hepatitis in Japan]. Uirusu 1993 Dec;43(2):315-21. (Jpn). Yoshizawa H, Tanaka J, Ohhori K, Iizuka H, Tango T, Watanabe J, Aoyama K, Mizui M. [Prevalence of the HCV associated markers among blood donors in Japan]. Nippon Rinsho 1991 Feb;49(2):357-65. (Jpn). Zellweger U, Havelka J, Zala G, Altorfer J, Joller-Jemelka HI, Schmid M, Buhler H. [Hepatitis C antibodies in acute Non-A, Non- B hepatitis]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1991 May 18;121(20):761-3. (Ger). Zhang HY, Kuramoto IK, Mamish D, Sazama K, Holland PV, Zeldis JB. Hepatitis C virus in blood samples from volunteer donors. J Clin Microbiol 1993 Mar;31(3):606-9. Zhang YY, Yan XB, Li FH. [Investigation of anti-hepatitis C virus antibody in healthy blood donors in China: enzyme immunoassay and recombinant immunoblot]. Chung Hua Nei Ko Tsa Chih 1991 Nov;30(11):695-8, 730-1. (Chi). Zhou XJ. [The ultrastructural pathology of chronic hepatitis C]. Chung-hua Ping Li Hsueh Tsa Chih 1993 Jun;22(3):157-9. (Chi). Zhuang H. [Advances in the research on non-A, non-B hepatitis in China]. Chung Hua Liu Hsing Ping Hsueh Tsa Chih 1991 Dec;12(6):377-9. (Chi). Zimmermann R, Konig V, Bauditz J, Zeiler T, Zingsem J, Heuft HG, Hopf U, Huhn D, Eckstein R. [Examination of a Berlin blood donation branch for antibodies to hepatitis C virus with the anti-HCV test and for circulating HCV-RNA using polymerase chain reaction]. Beitr Infusionther 1992;30:38-41. (Ger). Zuck TF, Sherwood WC, Bove JR. A review of recent events related to surrogate testing of blood to prevent non-A, non-B posttransfusion hepatitis. Transfusion 1987 Mar-Apr;27(2):203-6. Zuckerman AJ. Is the enigma of non-A, non-B hepatitis being solved? J Hepatol 1985;1(4):443-5. Zufferey C, Lavanchy D, Reiff M, Schneider P, Frei P, Pecoud A, Gonvers JJ. [Prevalence of anti-HCV (C100-3) antibodies in 20.373 blood donors]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1992 Oct 10;122(41):1524-9. (Fre). Lyme Disease Aoki SK, Holland PV. Lyme disease--another transfusion risk? Transfusion 1989 Sep;29(7):646-5. Comment in: Transfusion 1990 May;30(4):380-1. Arzouni JP, Laveran M, Beytout J, Ramousse O, Raoult D. Comparison of western blot and microimmunofluorescence as tools for Lyme disease seroepidemiology. Eur J Epidemiol 1993 May;9(3):269-73. Badon SJ, Fister RD, Cable RG. Survival of Borrelia burgdorferi in blood products. Transfusion 1989 Sep;29(7):581-3. Bohme M, Schembra J, Bocklage H, Schwenecke S, Fuchs E, Karch H, Wiebecke D. [Infections with Borrelia burgdorferi in Wurzburg blood donors: antibody prevalence, clinical aspects and pathogen detection in antibody positive donors]. Beitr Infusionther 1992;30:96-9. (Ger). Bohme M, Schwenecke S, Fuchs E, Wiebecke D, Karch H. Screening of blood donors and recipients for Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies: no evidence of B. burgdorferi infection transmitted by transfusion. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 1992 Aug;19(4):204-7. Ciavarella D, Wormser G, Henney C, Aguero-Rosenfield M. A seroprevalence study of antibodies to Borrelia-burgdorferi BB in blood donors residing in an endemic area [abstract]. Transfusion 1992;32(8 Suppl):65s. Gerber MA, Shapiro ED, Krause PJ, Cable RG, Badon SJ, Ryan RW. The risk of acquiring Lyme disease or babesiosis from a blood transfusion. J Infect Dis 1994 Jul;170(1):231-4. Halkier-Sorensen L, Kragballe K, Nedergaard ST, Jorgensen J, Hansen K. Lack of transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi by blood transfusion [letter]. Lancet 1990 Mar 3;335(8688):550. Huycke MM, D'Alessio DD, Marx JJ. Prevalence of antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi by indirect fluorescent antibody assay, ELISA, and western immunoblot in healthy adults in Wisconsin and Arizona. J Infect Dis 1992 Jun;165(6):1133-7. Johnson SE, Swaminathan B, Moore P, Broome CV, Parvin M. Borrelia burgdorferi: survival in experimentally infected human blood processed for transfusion. J Infect Dis 1990 Aug;162(2):557-9. Nadelman RB, Sherer C, Mack L, Pavia CS, Wormser GP. Survival of Borrelia burgdorferi in human blood stored under blood banking conditions. Transfusion 1990 May;30(4):298-301. Nohlmans MK, van den Bogaard AE, Blaauw AA, van Boven CP. [Prevalence of Lyme borreliosis in The Netherlands]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1991 Nov 30;135(48):2288-92. (Dut). Petersen LR, Sweeney AH, Checko PJ, Magnarelli LA, Mshar PA, Gunn RA, Hadler JL. Epidemiological and clinical features of 1,149 persons with Lyme disease identified by laboratory-based surveillance in Connecticut. Yale J Biol Med 1989 May- Jun;62(3):253-62. Schmidt R, Gollmer E, Zunser R, Kruger J, Ackermann R. Prevalence of Erythema migrans Borreliosis in blood donors. Infusionstherapie 1989 Dec;16(6):248-51. Weiland T, Kuhnl P, Darda C, Sibrowski W, Pulz M. [Retrospective study of a borreliosis infected blood donor]. Beitr Infusionther 1991;28:32-4. (Ger). Weiland T, Kuhnl P, Laufs R, Heesemann J. [Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in Hamburg blood donors]. Beitr Infusionther 1992;30:92-5. (Ger). Parvovirus Blacklock HA, Mortimer PP. Aplastic crisis and other effects of the human parvovirus infection. Clin Haematol 1984 Oct;13(3):679-91. Cohen BJ, Field AM, Gudnadottir S, Beard S, Barbara JA. Blood donor screening for parvovirus B19. J Virol Methods 1990 Dec;30(3):233-8. Cohen BJ, Mortimer PP, Pereira MS. Diagnostic assays with monoclonal antibodies for the human serum parvovirus-like virus (SPLV). J Hyg (Lond) 1983 Aug;91(1):113-30. Cutlip AC, Gross KM, Lewis MJ. Occult hereditary spherocytosis and human parvovirus infection. J Am Board Fam Pract 1991 Nov- Dec;4(6):461-4. Eriksson BM, Stromberg A, Kreuger A. Human parvovirus B19 infection with severe anemia affecting mother and son. Scand J Infect Dis 1988;20(3):335-7. Fridell E, Cohen BJ, Wahren B. Evaluation of a synthetic-peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin M to human parvovirus B19. J Clin Microbiol 1991 Jul;29(7):1376-81. Goldstein AR, Anderson MJ, Serjeant GR. Parvovirus associated aplastic crisis in homozygous sickle cell disease. Arch Dis Child 1987 Jun;62(6):585-8. Kurtzman GJ, Cohen B, Meyers P, Amunullah A, Young NS. Persistent B19 parvovirus infection as a cause of severe chronic anaemia in children with acute lymphocytic leukaemia. Lancet 1988 Nov 19;2(8621):1159-62. McOmish F, Yap PL, Jordan A, Hart H, Cohen BJ, Simmonds P. Detection of parvovirus B19 in donated blood: a model system for screening by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 1993 Feb;31(2):323-8. Morinet F. B19 parvovirus and blood transfusion. Dev Biol Stand 1993;81:45-7. Mortimer PP, Luban NL, Kelleher JF, Cohen BJ. Transmission of serum parvovirus-like virus by clotting-factor concentrates. Lancet 1983 Aug 27;2(8348):482-4. Muir K, Todd WT, Watson WH, Fitzsimons E. Viral-associated haemophagocytosis with parvovirus-B19-related pancytopenia. Lancet 1992 May 9;339(8802):1139-40. Comment in: Lancet 1992 Jul 11;340(8811):115. Niitsu H, Takatsu H, Miura I, Chubachi A, Ito T, Hirokawa M, Endo Y, Miura A, Fukuda M, Sasaki T. [Pure red cell aplasia induced by B19 parvovirus during allogeneic bone marrow transplantation]. Rinsho Ketsueki 1990 Sep;31(9):1566-71. (Jpn). Nour B, Green M, Michaels M, Reyes J, Tzakis A, Gartner JC, McLoughlin L, Starzl TE. Parvovirus B19 infection in pediatric transplant patients. Transplantation 1993 Oct;56(4):835-8. Rappaport ES, Quick G, Ransom D, Helbert B, Frankel LS. Aplastic crisis in occult hereditary spherocytosis caused by human parvovirus (HPV B19). South Med J 1989 Feb;82(2):247-51. Sibrowski W, Kuhnl P. [Viral safety in hemotherapy. Current aspects of hepatitis C and parvovirus B19 detection for plasma component therapy]. Beitr Infusionther 1990;26:22-6. (Ger). Snowden JA, Ali-Wali WI. Human parvovirus B19. Virus transmissible in blood products [letter]. BMJ 1994 Feb 26;308(6928):595. Comment on: BMJ 1994 Jan 15;308(6922):149-50. Syphilis and Other Sexually-Transmitted Diseases (Other than AIDS/HIV/HTLV) Beal RW, Merry DJ. The VDRL test in a blood transfusion service. J Clin Pathol 1975 Nov;28(11):854-9. Biendo M, Orfila J. [Serodiagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Evaluation comparing 2 methods: microimmunofluorescence and ELISA. A study of 216 Congolese sera]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 1994;87(2):81-4. (Fre). Bogdanik I, Namirska-Krzton H. [Results of serological tests for syphilis used in preventive examinations]. Acta Haematol Pol 1992;23(1):49-54. (Pol). Cope JC, Vincent JL, Patten E. Evaluation of syphilis testing of blood donors [abstract]. Transfusion 1991;31(8 Suppl):78s. De Schryver A, Meheus A. Syphilis and blood transfusion: a global perspective. Transfusion 1990 Nov-Dec;30(9):844-7. Kim YA, Lee JB, Lee MG. Recent trends of syphilis prevalence in normal population in Korea-1986. J Korean Med Sci 1988 Mar;3(1):13-7. Kline LM, Friedman LI, Severns ML. Cost analysis of routine laboratory testing in blood centers. Transfusion 1986 May- Jun;26(3):227-30. Nagano I, Ohtomo H, Noda N. [Fundamental study on serological diagnosis of amoebiasis. 3. Serological survey of amoebiasis in blood donors showing seropositive for syphilis]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1991 Jan;65(1):1-6. (Jpn). [Practical approach to the serodiagnosis of syphilis in a blood donor]. Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol 1991 Jul;34(4):351-2. (Fre). Puckett A, Pratt G. Syphilis screening in the Blood Transfusion Service: a report of four years' experience with the Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay and the subsequent development of a rapid spin method. J Clin Pathol 1987 Nov;40(11):1337-9. Risseeuw-Appel IM, Kothe FC. Transfusion syphilis: a case report. Sex Transm Dis 1983 Oct-Dec;10(4):200-1. Roberts SC, Dowd JC, Savalonis JM. An automated test for detection of Treponema-pallidum antibodies using the Olympus pk7100 [abstract]. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1990;20(4):285-6. Saxinger C, Polesky H, Eby N, Grufferman S, Murphy R, Tegtmeir G, Parekh V, Memon S, Hung C. Antibody reactivity with HBLV (HHV-6) in U.S. populations. J Virol Methods 1988 Sep;21(1-4):199-208. Seidl S. Syphilis screening in the 1990s [editorial]. Transfusion 1990 Nov-Dec;30(9):773-4. Serrano J. [Syphilis and blood transfusion]. Sangre (Barc) 1991 Jun;36(3):211-5. (Spa). Sevars AH, Schasfoort RB, Salden MH. An immunosensor for syphilis screening based on surface plasmon resonance. Biosens Bioelectron 1993;8(3-4):185-9. Soendjojo A, Boedisantoso M, Ilias MI, Rahardjo D. Syphilis d'emblee due to blood transfusion. Case report. Br J Vener Dis 1982 Jun;58(3):149-50. Stienstra S, Peeters T, van der Straaten AM, Kadir N. Treponema pallidum membrane protein A ELISA: a new test for screening and diagnosis of syphilis. Beitr Infusionther 1992;30:85-91. van der Sluis JJ, Onvlee PC, Kothe FC, Vuzevski VD, Aelbers GM, Menke HE. Transfusion syphilis, survival of Treponema pallidum in donor blood. I. Report of an orientating study. Vox Sang 1984;47(3):197-204. van der Sluis JJ, ten Kate FJ, Vuzevski VD, Kothe FC, Aelbers GM, van Eijk RV. Transfusion syphilis, survival of Treponema pallidum in stored donor blood. II. Dose dependence of experimentally determined survival times. Vox Sang 1985;49(6):390-9. Other Diseases Arduino MJ, Bland LA, Tipple MA, Aguero SM, Favero MS, Jarvis WR. Growth and endotoxin production of Yersinia enterocolitica and Enterobacter agglomerans in packed erythrocytes. J Clin Microbiol 1989 Jul;27(7):1483-5. Bayer WL, Tegtmeier GE, Barbara JA. The significance of non-A, non-B hepatitis, cytomegalovirus and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome in transfusion practice. Clin Haematol 1984 Feb;13(1):253-69. Blajchman MA, Thornley JH, Richardson H, Elder D, Spiak C, Racher J. Platelet transfusion-induced Serratia marcescens sepsis due to vacuum tube contamination. Transfusion 1979 Jan- Feb;19(1):39-44. Bove JR. Transfusion-transmitted diseases other than AIDS and hepatitis. Yale J Biol Med 1990 Sep-Oct;63(5):347-51. Busch MP, Holland PV. Idiopathic CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia (ICL) and the safety of blood transfusions: what do we know and what should we do? [editorial]. Transfusion 1992 Nov-Dec;32(9):800-4. Choudhury N, Jolly JG, Ganguly NK, Mahajan RC, Dubey ML. Plasmodial antigen detection by monoclonal antibody as a screening procedure for blood donors in transfusion medicine. J Indian Med Assoc 1991 Dec;89(12):334-6, 333. Dodd RY. The risk of transfusion-transmitted infection [editorial]. N Engl J Med 1992 Aug 6;327(6):419-21. Comment on: N Engl J Med 1992 Aug 6;327(6):369-73. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1993 Apr 29;328(17):1280-1. Ferguson SJ, Boyce F, Blajchman MA. Anti-Ytb in pregnancy. Transfusion 1979 Sep-Oct;19(5):581-2. Ferreira-da-Cruz M de F, Machado-Passo R, Fortier B, Daniel- Ribeiro C. Development of an immunoenzymatic assay using a monoclonal antibody against a 50-kDa catabolite from the P126 Plasmodium falciparum protein to the diagnosis of malaria infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1992;87 Suppl 3:187-92. Grossman BJ, Kollins P, Lau PM, Perreten JL, Bowman RJ, Malcolm S, Palko WM. Screening blood donors for gastrointestinal illness: a strategy to eliminate carriers of Yersinia enterocolitica. Transfusion 1991 Jul-Aug;31(6):500-1. Comment in: Transfusion 1992 Feb;32(2):191. Hamill TR, Hamill SG, Busch MP. Effects of room-temperature exposure on bacterial growth in stored red cells. Transfusion 1990 May;30(4):302-6. Heredia A, Joshi B, Weiss SH, Lee SF, Muller J, Poffenberger KL, Quirinale J, Epstein JS, Hewlett IK. Absence of evidence of retrovirus infection in intravenous drug users with idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia [letter]. J Infect Dis 1994 Sep;170(3):748-9. Holland PV. Why a new standard to prevent Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease [editorial]. Transfusion 1988 Jul-Aug;28(4):293-4. Holtmann G, Goebell H, Holtmann M, Talley NJ. Dyspepsia in healthy blood donors. Pattern of symptoms and association with Helicobacter pylori. Dig Dis Sci 1994 May;39(5):1090-8. Infection, immunity, and blood transfusion. Proceedings of the XVIth Annual Scientific Symposium of the American Red Cross; 1984 May 9-11; Washington. Prog Clin Biol Res 1985;182:1-464. Isacchi G, Cardillo AM, Chiarioni S, Gozzer M, Granati L, Panzini E, Perrone P, Pugliese P, Rosato V, Screnci M, et al. [Transfusion therapy in the strategy for bone marrow transplantation]. Haematologica 1991 Jun;76 Suppl 3:411-9. (Ita). Kiviat NB, Koutsky LA, Paavonen JA, Galloway DA, Critchlow CW, Beckmann AM, McDougall JK, Peterson ML, Stevens CE, Lipinski CM, et al. Prevalence of genital papillomavirus infection among women attending a college student health clinic or a sexually transmitted disease clinic. J Infect Dis 1989 Feb;159(2):293-302. Klein HG. Controversies in transfusion medicine. Alanine aminotransferase screening of blood donors: pro. Transfusion 1990 May;30(4):363-7. Koerner K, Peichl-Hoffmann G, Kubanek B. [Confidential donor self-exclusion for raising the safety of blood preparations]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1990 Jan 5;115(1):8-11. (Ger). Kubanek B. [Risks of homologous blood transfusion]. Klin Anasthesiol Intensivther 1993;43:11-20. (Ger). Kusne S, Dummer JS, Singh N, Iwatsuki S, Makowka L, Esquivel C, Tzakis AG, Starzl TE, Ho M. Infections after liver transplantation. An analysis of 101 consecutive cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 1988 Mar;67(2):132-43. Mannucci PM, Schimpf K, Abe T, Aledort LM, Anderle K, Brettler DB, Hilgartner MW, Kernoff PB, Kunschak M, McMillan CW, et al. Low risk of viral infection after administration of vapor-heated factor VIII concentrate. International Investigator Group. Transfusion 1992 Feb;32(2):134-8. Mazzoleni G, deSa D, Gately J, Riddell RH. Yersinia enterocolitica infection with ileal perforation associated with iron overload and deferoxamine therapy. Dig Dis Sci 1991 Aug;36(8):1154-60. Memon A, Doll R. A search for unknown blood-borne oncogenic viruses. Int J Cancer 1994 Aug 1;58(3):366-8. Menitove JE. Current issues in blood component therapy: transmission of infectious diseases. Oncology (Huntingt) 1987 Jun;1(4):21-30. Nazaretian MK, Karapetian IuS, Antonian RK. [Autologous blood transfusion and the problem of safe blood]. Gematol Transfuziol 1991 Feb;36(2):22-5. (Rus). Okuda K. Early recognition of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 1986 Jul-Aug;6(4):729-38. Perez Bianco R, Santarelli MT. [Analysis of a national serological survey for diseases transmitted by blood transfusion]. Medicina (B Aires) 1993;53(6):491-6. (Spa). Politis C. Complications of blood transfusion in thalassemia. Prog Clin Biol Res 1989;309:67-76. Sachs V. [Transfusion medicine at present and in the future]. Beitr Infusionther 1990;26:XV-XXII. (Ger). Saxena S, Odono V, Uba J, Nelson JM, Lewis WL, Shulman IA. The risk of bacterial growth in units of blood that have warmed to more than 10 degrees C. Am J Clin Pathol 1990 Jul;94(1):80-3. Sayers MH. Transfusion-transmitted viral infections other than hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, and human parvovirus B19. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1994 Apr;118(4):346-9. Sazama K. Reports of 355 transfusion-associated deaths:1976 through 1985. Transfusion 1990 Sep;30(7):583-90. Shimizu M. [Current status of transfusion-transmitted infection]. Rinsho Ketsueki 1993 Apr;34(4):411-7. (Jpn). Shulman IA. Parasitic infection from blood transfusions. MLO Med Lab Obs 1992 Sep;24(9):55-6, 58, 60. Shulman IA, Appleman MD. An overview of unusual diseases transmitted by blood transfusion within the USA. In: Westphal RG, Carlson KB, Turc JM, editors. Emerging global patterns in transfusion-transmitted infections. Arlington (VA): American Association of Blood Banks; 1990. p. 1-30. Shulman IA, Appleman MD. Transmission of parasitic and bacterial infections through blood transfusion within the U.S. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1991;28(5-6):447-59. Shulman IA, Saxena S, Nelson JM, Furmanski M. Neonatal exchange transfusions complicated by transfusion-induced malaria. Pediatrics 1984 Mar;73(3):330-2. Sibrowski W, Penner M, Kuhnl P. [Transfusion-induced virus infections: how great is the risk?]. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 1993 Jun;20 Suppl 2:4-9. (Ger). Starkey JM, MacPherson JL, Bolgiano DC, Simon ER, Zuck TF, Sayers MH. Markers for transfusion-transmitted disease in different groups of blood donors. JAMA 1989 Dec 22-29;262(24):3452-4. Comment in: JAMA 1990 Jun 20;263(23):3149. Sugg U. [Transfusion-transmitted infections]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 1991 Jun;26(4):214-5. (Ger). Tulupov AN, Mel'nikova VN, Volkova SD, Pleshakov VT, Bel'skikh AN, Il'ina EF, Popov VI. [Leukocyte transfusions in the treatment of sepsis]. Vestn Khir Im I I Grek 1991 Jun;146(6):72-6. (Rus). Vlahov D, Sullivan M, Astemborski J, Nelson KE. Bacterial infections and skin cleaning prior to injection among intravenous drug users. Public Health Rep 1992 Sep-Oct;107(5):595-8.
Last updated: 31 December 1996