- Why get vaccinated?
Chickenpox vaccine is
the best way to prevent chickenpox,
therefore protecting children
and adults from the severe complications
and death associated with the
disease. Even with uncomplicated
chickenpox cases, lost time from
school and work and the cost
of medications or treatment that
may be needed can result in a
significant cost for the family.
To learn more about the benefits of immunization and how vaccines work,
visit this site: http://www.cdc.gov/nip/default.htm
- Do children prefer vaccination over having
chickenpox?
In a recent study, 7 out of 10 children said given the choice, they’d
rather have the shot than have the natural disease. 7 out of 10 children also
considered chickenpox to be worse than many other common childhood ailments,
including colds, earaches, sore throat, and fever. The study also found that 3
out of 4 parent are unaware that death is a potential complication of
chickenpox.
- How long has chickenpox vaccine been available?
Chickenpox vaccine was licensed by the Food and Drug Administration in
1995 and is now widely available in private doctors’ offices and public
health clinics.
- Who should be vaccinated?
- All children between 12 and 18 months of age should have one dose of
chickenpox vaccine. Children who have had chickenpox do not need the
vaccine. No tests need to be administered to determine immune status - a
parent's recollection of the disease is considered a reliable measure of
previous infection and therefore immunity.
- Children between 19 months and their 13th birthday who have
not had chickenpox should be vaccinated with a single dose.
- People 13 and older who have not had chickenpox should get two doses of
the vaccine 4 to 8 weeks apart.
For more information on who should be vaccinated visit the following
site:
Prevention of Varicella: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory
Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)
http://www.cdc.gov/epo/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4806a1.htm
- Is the chickenpox vaccine required for child care and school entry?
Yes, more than 20 states have passed such requirements - children entering
child care and school must have a history of chickenpox, serological (blood)
evidence of immunity or evidence of receiving chickenpox vaccine: Many other
states are in the process of enacting such requirements.
- What are the benefits of having
chickenpox vaccination requirements for child care
and school entry?
The decision to vaccinate an individual child benefits both the individual
and the wider community. Having school requirements for vaccination achieves
high levels of protection in schools, pre-schools and child care centers
resulting in less illness and school time missed by healthy children (some of
whom may have serious complications) and less danger of severe infection among
children who cannot be vaccinated. Persons who are not able to receive
chickenpox vaccine include children with leukemia and other cancers, persons
taking high doses of steroid medications for a variety of medical conditions
(including asthma), pregnant women and infants less than 1 year of age. These
people have a higher risk of developing severe chickenpox with complications.
The only way to protect them is to achieve high levels of vaccination coverage among
persons in the community so that they are less likely to come in contact with a
person with chickenpox.
- How important is it for adults to be
vaccinated for chickenpox?
All adults who have never had chickenpox should be vaccinated. Immunity is
especially important for adolescents and adults who have close contact with
persons at high risk for serious complications and for those who are likely to
come in close contact with children. CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization
Practices especially recommends vaccination for the following susceptible
adolescents and adults:
- Persons who live or work in environments in which chickenpox transmission is
likely (for example teachers of young children, day-care employees, and
residents/staff in institutional settings)
- Persons who live or work in places where chickenpox transmission can
occur (for example college students, inmates and staff of correctional
institutions, and military personnel)
- Nonpregnant women of childbearing age (women should avoid pregnancy for 1
month following each vaccine dose)
-
Adolescents and adults living in households with children
- International travelers
- Is the vaccine effective in preventing chickenpox all the time?
No vaccine is 100% effective in preventing disease. For chickenpox vaccine,
about 8 to 9 out of every 10 people who are vaccinated are completely protected
from chickenpox. The vaccine almost always prevents against severe disease. If a
vaccinated person does get chickenpox, it is usually a very mild case with fewer
skin lesions (usually less than 50) lasting only a few days, no fever or a low
fever, and few other symptoms.
- I don't think I have had chickenpox, but I am not sure. Is there a blood test
available to determine whether or not I have had the disease?
Yes, a blood test is available to check immunity. Since 70% to 90% of adults
who do not remember having chickenpox actually have protection in their blood
when tested, blood testing before vaccination can be cost saving. Ask your
doctor about this blood test. If it is not available, it is still safe to
receive the vaccine even if you have previously had chickenpox.
- Is there anyone who should not receive the chickenpox vaccine?
Yes, certain persons should not receive the chickenpox vaccine. These persons
are those who:
- Ever had a serious allergic reaction to chickenpox vaccine, neomycin, or
gelatin (note: chickenpox vaccine does not contain egg),
- Now have moderate or serious illness (note: vaccine may be given to
persons with a mild fever, cold or diarrhea),
- Are pregnant,
- Are unable to fight serious infections because of:
- any kind of cancer or cancer treatment with x-rays or drugs, (note:
if your child has leukemia in remission he/she may be eligible to
receive the vaccine, ask your doctor)
- a disease that depresses cellular immune function (note: if your
child has HIV infection but has normal immune function he/she may
receive the vaccine, ask your doctor)
- treatment with drugs such as long-term steroids
- Have gotten blood products (such as immune globulin or a transfusion)
during the past five months.
If you are not sure, ask your doctor or nurse.
- What problems can occur after
chickenpox vaccination?
- Soreness, redness, or swelling where the shot was given is the most
common side effect, occurring about 20% of the time.
- A very mild rash or several small bumps can result in about 1% to 4% of
vaccine recipients. [NOTE: In very rare instances, it may be possible for
someone who gets a rash from chickenpox vaccine to give vaccine strain
chickenpox to another person. Persons developing a rash after vaccination
should take extra precautions to avoid contact with anyone whose immune
system is not working properly.]
- In children, the vaccine does not cause fever. There have not been
studies comparing fever following vaccination in adults who were vaccinated
with adults who were not vaccinated. The vaccine may cause a mild fever 2
weeks after vaccination.
- A seizure (jerking and staring spell) usually caused by fever may occur
in less than 1 in 1000 vaccine recipients. This may not be related to the
vaccine.
- Have serious reactions ever occurred from the chickenpox vaccine?
As with any vaccine, there is a very small chance that serious problems could
occur after getting chickenpox vaccine. However, after distribution of the first
10 million doses of the vaccine, reports of serious adverse events after
vaccination for example, seizures, brain infection (encephalitis), pneumonia,
loss of balance (ataxia) and severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) have been
very rare, occurring approximately 1 for every 50,000 doses given. Adverse
events that are reported following vaccination may not always be caused by the
vaccine. Some may be caused by natural chickenpox virus which is still common in
most communities and some may be caused by other viruses that happened to be
circulating in the community at the time of vaccination. It is important to note
that the risks from the vaccine remain much lower than the risks from the
disease.
For further information visit the following site:
http://www.cdc.gov/epo/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4806a1.htm
- What should I do if there is a serious
reaction after chickenpox vaccination?
- Call a doctor or get the person to a doctor right away.
- Write down what happened and the date and time it happened.
- Ask your doctor, nurse, or health department to file a Vaccine Adverse
Event Report form, or you can call (800) 822-7967 (toll-free). For more
information on reporting vaccine adverse events visit site:
- Can the varicella vaccine virus be transmitted (caught from a person who was
vaccinated)?
Yes;
however, transmission of the
varicella vaccine virus is very
rare. It has only been documented
in healthy persons on three occasions
out of the 21 million doses of
vaccine distributed. All three
cases resulted in mild disease
without complication.
- I recently got vaccinated and then found out I was pregnant. What should I
do?
If you discovered that you were pregnant when you got the chickenpox vaccine,
or if you get pregnant within 1 month after getting the vaccine, contact your
doctor or call (800) 986-8999 (toll-free). The vaccine manufacturer (Merck) and
CDC maintain a registry for reports of women inadvertently vaccinated prior to
or during pregnancy. There is a theoretical risk that when administered one
month prior to, or during, pregnancy, the vaccine may cause birth defects
similar to those that can occur from natural chickenpox (for example, limb
abnormalities including absence or underdevelopment; abnormal brain development;
mental retardation; scarring of the skin; eye abnormalities). So far, there have
been no cases reported to the registry of birth defects in babies born to mothers vaccinated during pregnancy similar to those
that can occur from having natural chickenpox during pregnancy.
For more information on the VARIVAX Pregnancy Registry, visit the following site:
http://www.cdc.gov/epo/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00040693.htm
- My child was vaccinated 2-3 years ago and he/she developed a mild case of
chickenpox this year. Why did this happen?
After vaccination, some persons (about 1 person in 10) do not develop enough
protection to completely prevent them from developing chickenpox. When they come
into close contact with a person with chickenpox, they may develop a mild case
of disease with less than 50 spots or bumps. Compared with a case of chickenpox
in an unvaccinated child, they will show very little sign of illness and may
miss no school or only 1 or 2 days of school. Children who were vaccinated in
their early childhood years may have their first close contact with another
child with chickenpox in child care or school settings several years after
vaccination. This is why they may come down with mild chickenpox several years
after they were vaccinated. This form of chickenpox is also called breakthrough
disease.
- Can a vaccinated person who develops a mild case of chickenpox still spread
the disease?
Yes. Vaccinated persons who get this milder form of chickenpox may still
spread the disease to others who are not protected. Therefore, these individuals
should stay at home until the blisters have formed scabs or if there are no
blisters present, until no new spots or bumps are forming.
- My child has never had chickenpox and she just came into close contact with
someone with chickenpox. Would receiving the vaccine now prevent her from
getting chickenpox?
Yes, varicella vaccination may prevent or modify chickenpox if administered
up to 3 days, and possibly 5 days, after a close exposure. If you or your child
comes into close contact with a person with chickenpox and you have not had
chickenpox or the vaccine, contact your health care provider for vaccination.
- There have been lots of cases of chickenpox at my child’s school over the
past month. Is it too late to have my child vaccinated?
No, it is not too late to vaccinate your child if she/he has not previously
had chickenpox or the vaccine. In schools and child care centers, it may take
many months for chickenpox to spread to every classroom. At any stage of an
outbreak, all susceptible children and adults should be vaccinated.
- How long does the vaccine protect someone against chickenpox? Will a booster
vaccination be needed?
The length of protection/immunity from any new vaccine is never known when it
is first introduced. However, available information collected from persons
vaccinated in Japan in the United States show that protection has lasted for as
long as the vaccinated persons have been followed (25 years in Japan and more
than 10 years in the U.S.). Follow up studies to determine how long protection
will last and to evaluate the need and timing for booster vaccination, are
ongoing. If it is determined in the future that a booster dose is necessary,
your health care provider will inform you. Currently, no booster dose is
recommended.
- Have cases of chickenpox declined in the United States since chickenpox
vaccine became available?
Yes, cases have declined dramatically. Since 1995, CDC , in collaboration
with Los Angeles County, Texas and Philadelphia health departments, has been
monitoring chickenpox cases in these 3 areas in the United States. As use of the
vaccine has increased, chickenpox cases have declined substantially.
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