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Risk Factors:
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.   Lead Poisoning Associated with Imported Candy and Powdered Food Coloring -- California and Michigan.     MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report) 1998 (Vol.47(48);1041-1043.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Children with Elevated Blood Lead Levels Attributed to Home Renovation and Remodeling Activities--New York, 1993-1994. MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report) 1997 (Vol.45, Nos. 51&52):1120-1123.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lead Poisoning Associated with Use of Traditional Ethnic Remedies - MMWR (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report) United States, 1993 42(27);521-524.  
4. University of Michigan news release. Some candles with lead wicks emit lead into the air - October 6, 1999
5. Title: Paint-Chip Ingestion Study

Publication: Pediatrics 1992; 89:740-742.

Abstract:

The objective of this study was to determine how often children with moderate to severe lead poisoning show evidence of recent paint-chip ingestion. Abdominal radiograph interpretations were reviewed for 90 children with moderate to severe lead poisoning seen at a St. Louis public clinic. Fourteen percent of the children had evidence of recent paint-chip ingestion on their radiographs. The prevalence of recent paint-chip ingestion was 26% for children with blood lead levels greater than or equal 55
µg/dL.

6. Title: Association of Housing Age and Condition with Blood Lead Levels

Publication: Gemmel, D. in: Proceedings of the 25th Public Health Conference on Records and Statistics

Abstract:

In 1994 in Youngstown, Ohio, investigators obtained blood lead levels (BLLs) from 1- to 3-year-old children who had lived their entire lives in one house; the investigators obtained data on the age of the children's housing from county auditor data. The relationship of housing age and average BLL was as follows:

 

Year house built Arithmetic mean
Blood Lead Level
(
µg/dL)
Before 1940 6.82
From 1940 to 1959 3.38
From 1960 to 1979 3.01
From 1980 onward 2.48
 
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This page last reviewed September 20, 2004

Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Branch
National Center for Environmental Health
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention