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1 Lockwood, S. Public/Private Partnerships are the Answer; What is the Question? Resource paper. Proceedings of a Conference on Transportation Finance in the 21st Century. Transportation Research Board. Washington, DC. 1997. [ back ]

2 Foretell is a Midwest, multistate PPP providing traveler information and maintenance guidance, primarily in wintertime conditions. ATWIS began as a traveler system based out of the University of North Dakota. It is now branching into more maintenance activities. [ back ]

3 The Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 1998. [ back ]

4 The term Other Transactions refers to an innovative finance technique that relaxes the FAR procedures (see Chapter 5, Box 3 for a complete description). [ back ]

5 Lockwood, S. Public/Private Partnerships are the Answer; What is the Question? Resource paper. Proceedings of a Conference on Transportation Finance in the 21st Century. Transportation Research Board. Washington, DC. 1997. [ back ]

6 This year's PPP report updates the AGATE project (see Chapter 6). [ back ]

7 For more details on these types of partnerships, see U.S. DOT. RSPA 2000. U.S. Department of Transportation Research and Development Plan. Washington, DC. [ back ]

8 Pirone, M. Public/Private Partnerships for the New Millennium. in U.S. DOT. Volpe Center. Conference Proceedings for the Advanced Multimodal Transportation Weather Services Partnership Initiatives, Cambridge, MA. 1998. [ back ]

9 Rogers, E.M. Diffusion of Innovations. New York, NY: Free Press. 1995. [ back ]

10 U.S. House Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs, Subcommittee on Economic Stabilization. Catalog of Federal Loan Guarantee Programs. September 1971. [ back ]

11 Knisely, R.A. Toward a Science of Program Design. Speech at ORSA-TIMS conference, Atlanta, Georgia, November 9, 1977. [ back ]

12 Maslow, A. Toward a Psychology of Being (p. 55). Princeton, NJ: Van Nordstrand. 1982. [ back ]

13 Pressman, J., & Wildavsky, A. How Great Expectations in Washington are Dashed in Oakland, or Why it's Amazing that Federal Programs Work at All. Berkeley, CA: U. California. 1973. [ back ]

14 Senge, Peter M. The Fifth Discipline: The Art & Practice of the Learning Organization. New York: Currency Doubleday. 1990. [ back ]

15 Kaufman, H. Are Government Organizations Immortal? The Brookings Institution. 1976. [ back ]

16 U.S. General Services Administration. Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance. U.S. GPO. Washington, DC. 2001. [ back ]

17 More information available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/innovativefinance/eval-es.htm [ back ]

18 TIFIA is a loan and loan guarantee authority provided to DOT through the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) It allows the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) to provide loans and loan guarantees for up to 33 percent of a major project's construction costs. Loans are made at U.S. Treasury rates, and may be repaid over as long as 40 years. [ back ]

19 Source: Lockwood, S. Presentation at the Symposium on Public/Private Partnerships. DOT/Volpe Center. Cambridge, MA. May 15, 2001. [ back ]

20 Increasingly, the term "telematics" means "automotive telematics," the use of computers and telecommunications to enhance the functionality of motor vehicles; e.g., wireless data applications in cars, trucks, and buses. This new usage is reflected in the entry defining "telematics" in the Tech Encyclopedia (techweb.com). There is even an attempt by some vendors to narrow the meaning of telematics to what they happen to be selling, as seen in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office filings. There is also a telematics web page on the ITS America web site (www.itsa.org) containing recent news articles on automotive telematics. Certain companies, such as Global Telematics, have been longtime supporters of "telematics" for improving how cars and other transportation systems work. Source: www.globaltelematics.com/telematics.htm [ back ]

21 Lockwood, S. Presentation and Handout at the 21st Century Transportation Infrastructure Symposium: Linking Regional Planning and Operations for Effective ITS Deployment. Proceedings, Appendix A. Policy and Technology Challenges and Opportunities. Washington, DC. December 16, 1996. [ back ]

22 Title 26 of the IRS Code defines (501)c(3) organizations as "corporations, and any community chest, fund, or foundation, organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, testing for public safety, literary, or educational purposes, or to foster national or international amateur sports competition (but only if no part of its activities involve the provision of athletic facilities or equipment), or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals, no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual, no substantial part of the activities of which is carrying on propaganda, or otherwise attempting, to influence legislation (except as otherwise provided in subsection (h)), and which does not participate in, or intervene in (including the publishing or distributing of statements), any political campaign on behalf of (or in opposition to) any candidate for public office." [ back ]

23 (e.g., see www.miramar.usmc.mil/BRIWeb/3brifaqs.htm#top). [ back ]

24 MEO is a term used under OMB Circular A-76. MEO refers to the government's in-house organization to perform a commercial activity and is the basis for the in-house cost estimate, which competes under A-76 with the private-sector bid. Source: www.miramar.usmc.mil/BRIWeb/3brifaqs.htm#top. [ back ]

25 As reported by Government Executive, February 12, 2001, Final round of outsourcing lists released, by Katy Saldarini (see www.govexec.com/dailyfed/0201/021201k1.htm). Nearly one-half of civilian jobs in the federal government could be outsourced to private firms under the 1998 FAIR Act, according to the final year 2000 list of jobs released by OMB. [ back ]

26 White, R.A. The Evolving Public/Private Meteorological Partnership. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Vol. 32. No.7. July 2001. [ back ]

27 See Weather Information for Surface Transportation; Request for Participation. Federal Register: June 13, 1997 (Volume 62, Number 114)] pp. 32401-32405. [ back ]

28 The MM5, developed jointly by Pennsylvania State University and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), produces highly detailed forecasts at the mesoscale (up to 500 square miles) weather level. [ back ]

29 FFRDCs have evolved from research facilities established to meet the special needs of World War II. FFRDCs do not have a prescribed organizational structure, and can range from the traditional contractor-owned/contractor-operated or government-owned/contractor-operated organizational structures to various degrees of contractor/government control and ownership. Some criteria that identify a FFRDC include criteria that performs, analyzes, integrates, supports and/or manages basic research, applied research, and/or development; The majority of the activity's financial support (70 percent or more) is received from the government, mainly a single agency; A long-term relationship exists between the activity and its primary sponsor. [ back ]

30 ITWS is a real-time "nowcasting" system designed by Lincoln for the FAA. The system shows finely detailed weather features within a 100-mile radius of participating airports. Over the past several years, MIT/Lincoln Laboratory developed several prototypes sites for this ITWS technology, installing increasing amounts of sophistication and capability to the system. Along with New York City, other prototype sites include Orlando, Memphis, and Dallas/Fort Worth. Although Raytheon will handle the deployment to over 140 airports during the next 2 years, Lincoln Laboratory will retain access to software, data archival, and algorithms developed during the prototype phase. It maintains the technology base for future improvements. [ back ]

31 The TDWR, an essential component of ITWS, transmits a pencil-beam signal at frequencies high enough to detect motion in very fine particles of atmospheric moisture. It is most useful for measuring wind velocities and wind shear, and forecasting microbursts and tornadoes. [ back ]

32 The FAA, under its existing arrangement with Lincoln Laboratory, had earlier provided funding for ITWS prototypes only in Dallas, Memphis, and Orlando. In part, these sites were selected because they have high levels of convective weather; i.e., thunderstorms. [ back ]

33 See http://www.nttc.edu/solicit/dod/95sttr/dod95sttr.html. The STTR is a pilot program under which awards are made to small business concerns for cooperative research and development, conducted jointly by a small business and a research institution, through a uniform process having three phases. The STTR, although modeled substantially on SBIR, is a separate program and separately financed. Designed to provide a strong incentive for small companies and researchers, the STTR encourages teaming arrangements involving nonprofit institutes, FFRDCs, and universities, to move ideas from the laboratory to the marketplace, foster high-tech economic development, and advance U.S. economic competitiveness. The STTR is mandated by Public Law 102-564. [ back ]

34 Partnerships discussed in the section immediately following were not part of the Symposium, but are discussed here to emphasize the success of the aviation sector in accomplishing PPPs. [ back ]

35 Provides NWS aviation weather support. [ back ]

36 The Uniform Partnership Act defines a partnership as "an association of two or more persons to carry on as co-owners a business for profit." Martindale-Hubbell Law Digest, Uniform and Model Acts, Uniform Partnership Act, Part II, §6. [ back ]

37 Established in March 1993, the CBI received its 501(c)3 not-for-profit status in September 1993. CBI operations began in August 1993 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Its mission is threefold: (1) undertake and publish results of independent studies and assessments of consensus building and dispute resolution efforts; (2) assist public and nonprofit agencies and institutions to develop and employ consensus building and dispute resolution in performing public-interest functions; and (3) conduct workshops, seminars and other training programs, and develop and disseminate instructional materials and practice guides, designed to advance public understanding of the theory and practice of dispute resolution and consensus building. In recent years, CBI has provided training and facilitation services to a broad spectrum of domestic and international agencies. It has also secured grants for the research and promotion of alternative dispute resolution techniques and systems. The Institute has an annual budget of about $1.3 million. [ back ]

38 The EPA defines Brownfields as "Abandoned, idled, or under-used industrial and commercial facilities where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination." See http://www.epa.gov/swerosps/bf/glossary.htm#brow [ back ]

39 "An Act Relative to Environmental Cleanup and Promoting the Redevelopment of Contaminated Property." The Brownfields Act establishes new incentives to encourage parties to clean up and redevelop contaminated property in Massachusetts. This Act will provide liability relief and financial incentives to attract new resources for these properties, while ensuring that the Commonwealth's environmental standards are met. [ back ]

40 In a "hot transfer," buildings on a military installation slated for closure revert to the community as soon as existing tenants vacate. In this manner, any modifications or reconstruction required for new tenants can begin without waiting for the closure of the entire base. [ back ]

41 The city, as a basis for the San Antonio Technology Accelerator Initiative, has also adopted the Kelly model. [ back ]

42 WSI was acquired last year by Landmark Communications, parent company of The Weather Channel and Weather.com, making it part of one of the largest providers of non-governmental weather information. [ back ]

43 See Policy Statement on the Weather Service/Private Sector Roles. Federal Register. January 18, 1991. [ back ]

44 Other PPPs involving the National Weather Service include the Global Disaster Information Network (GDIN). GDIN involves the Department of State, NOAA, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), USGS, the DOD, Central Intelligence Agency, universities, and private industry. Its overall goal is to help ensure that relevant remote sensing systems and information sources are utilized as fully as possible. Speaking in 1998, former NOAA Administrator D. James Baker, concluded hopefully that, "…there are few technical barriers to creating a GDIN. We already have many of the data sources, networks, and tools…the main requirements at this point are for better coordination, collaboration, and integration.…We recognize that all stakeholders, particularly the user community, must be involved in designing and operating a disaster information network. We plan to organize a public/private partnership to advance the concept of GDIN which will involve representatives of government, industry, academia, aid organizations, and groups at risk. The primary goal is to leverage existing resources, and not to create a new government institution." Baker, D.J. Partnerships - A Key to Weather Services. 27th Conference on Broadcast Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. St. Louis, MO. June 18, 1998. [ back ]

45 Others include the General Aviation Propulsion Program (GAP), Aviation Safety Program, Aviation Weather Information, and Advanced Air Transportation Technologies. [ back ]

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