FEMA Mitigation Case Studies Hardened First Responder Facility 911 Communications and Emergency Operations Center Smith County, Texas September 2003 Smith County is located in east Texas, approximately 100 miles east of Dallas. It is largely rural, with only one metropolitan area, the City of Tyler. The Sheriff of Smith County and the Police Chief of the City of Tyler saw a need for a consolidated emergency operations and communications center that would serve the entire Smith County population. From past experience, they believed that this consolidation would reduce fragmentation and duplication of emergency services, and allow services to be provided in a more efficient and cost-effective manner. The county has begun construction of a state-of-the-art facility that will serve as the centralized 911 communications dispatch and emergency operations center (EOC) for approximately 30 agencies (serving a population of approximately 175,000). Notable features of this 15,000-square-foot facility include a roof and exterior walls hardened to resist tornadic forces, a lobby designed to minimize blast effects, multiple security access levels, and an area specifically planned for press conferences, interviews, and other interaction with members of the media. Defining Essential Functions In addition to its main role of providing 911 dispatch functions, the Smith County facility will serve as the EOC during times of disaster. It will be the primary coordination and control point for all counter-disaster efforts. Before designing this facility, Smith County defined seven essential functions that take place at an EOC before, during, and after a disaster: Coordination. The EOC serves as the coordination point for the activities of emergency responder organizations (e.g., police, fire, and ambulance; American Red Cross; Salvation Army; and Federal, state, and local agencies), providing a centralized meeting, planning, and reporting facility. Policy-making. Policies and procedures are often developed at an EOC in anticipation of disaster events. Ideally, these policies and procedures will ensure that the EOC and emergency response activities run as smoothly as possible. Operations Management. The EOC serves as the central point for managing the deployment of personnel and resources for disaster mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery in the field. Because the situation during a disaster is continuously changing, the staffing and resources must be able to keep up with these changes. Information Management. Information pours into the EOC during a disaster. Data concerning the execution of disaster response, damage assessments, and recovery operations must be collected, analyzed, and distributed to the appropriate parties so that it can be acted on in an effective and timely manner. Documentation. Information gathered at the EOC during a disaster becomes a vital tool in decision-making, both during and after times of emergency response. For example, documentation of damage levels can be used in GIS-based analyses that enable emergency workers to assess the effects of the disaster and compare them to the effects of other events. Furthermore, documentation of emergency response methods during a disaster event allows for future evaluation of what worked and what did not work. This information is often used to define "lessons learned," which can help guide the development of future policies and procedures. Public Information. The EOC is responsible for disseminating information about mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery to the general public, the public at risk, and the media. Hosting Visitors. Local and regional officials are ultimately responsible for the protection of citizens and public resources during disaster events. These officials, and others such as the President, may visit the site after a large disaster, and the EOC staff must be prepared to escort them through the EOC and designate an area where the visitors are permitted to observe the operations. Evaluating Existing EOC Designs After the essential EOC functions were defined, a Research and Planning Committee was created to visit communities with EOCs whose sizes and scopes of service were similar to those planned by Smith County. The purpose was to learn how the design and amenities of those facilities influence their operations. Committee members visited EOCs across the Nation and recorded features they liked and disliked at each site. The visits provided valuable information for Smith County, including elements the county wanted to incorporate into its new facility, as well as obstacles to be avoided. Sites visited: Shreveport, LA – A workout room was provided on-site to promote good health and stress management. Las Cruces, NM – Breakout rooms and radio rooms were located on the perimeter of the command center so that areas devoted to planning, operations, and communications were near each other. Longview, TX– Employees emphasized the importance of having adequate storage space and special equipment rooms. Belton, TX – Thumbprint recognition systems were used to control access to the most sensitive areas, and a room was designed specifically for addressing the media. Conroe, TX – An area outside the command center was provided where visitors could observe the command center operations without interrupting workers. Tyler, TX – Large screens were used to post critical information, which allowed all involved parties concurrent access to the same information so that their actions could be better coordinated. Salt Lake City, UT – Lockers and showers were provided for employees' comfort. EOC Assessment Checklist FEMA has developed an EOC Assessment Checklist to help state and local governments assess hazards that can affect an EOC and its vulnerabilities to those hazards. Architects and engineers will find this checklist useful in defining key features of the architectural, building system, and structural design of an EOC. The checklist is divided into six sections: 1. Facility Features – examines the physical features of the EOC 2. Survivability – examines the ability of the EOC to sustain the effects of a hazard event and continue operations after the event has occurred 3. Security – examines the protection of the EOC facility, its occupants, and communications equipment and systems from relevant hazards 4. Sustainability – examines the ability of the EOC to operate for extended periods of time without interruption 5. Interoperability – examines the extent to which the EOC shares common principles of operations and information exchange with local, state, and Federal jurisdictions 6. Flexibility – examines the ability of the EOC to adapt the scale and pace of its operations to the demands of specific hazard events The EOC Assessment Checklist can be downloaded at http://www.fema.gov/onp/nca.shtm. Site Considerations One of the first steps in the successful design of an EOC is selecting an appropriate site. A prime consideration in site selection is that an EOC must remain operational during and after a disaster in order to perform its vital functions. Consequently, site selection depends largely on the identification of potential hazards that could impact the EOC and the surrounding communities. An EOC should be placed where these identified potential hazards will have the least impact on its operation, but where a timely response can still be made by emergency personnel. Natural Hazards Natural hazards tend to be related to geographic regions – tornadoes in the Midwest, hurricanes and high winds in coastal areas, earthquakes in the West and Southeast, and heavy winter storms in northern states. When EOCs are built in these areas, such hazards are usually unavoidable and must be taken into consideration in the physical design of the facility. Other regional hazards, however, such as flooding and landslides, are more easily avoided. For example, an EOC can be located outside the 500-year floodplain or on stable soils. Smith County is in an area considered to be at high risk for severe tornadoes. In the past 52 years, the most frequently occurring natural hazard for the county has been high winds. Smith County has experienced approximately 200 high-wind incidents that have resulted in over 30 million dollars in damage. Potential Natural Hazards Drought Earthquakes Excessive Heat Fires Floods and Heavy Rains Hail Hurricanes Ice and Winter Storms Landslides Lightning Thunderstorm Winds and High Winds Tornadoes Tsunamis Volcanoes Natural Hazards in Smith County, Texas, (1950-2002) Hazard: Thunderstorm Winds and High Winds Number of Incidents: 147 Damage in Dollars: 945,000 Hail Number of Incidents: 138 Damage in Dollars: 157,000 Tornados Number of Incidents: 50 Damage in Dollars: 30,209,000 Floods and Heavy Rains Number of Incidents: 17 Damage in Dollars:43,000 Ice and Winter Storms Number of Incidents: 7 Damage in Dollars: 173,000,000 Lightning Number of Incidents: 5 Damage in Dollars: 12,000 Drought Number of Incidents: 2 Damage in Dollars: 154,000,000 Excessive Heat Number of Incidents: 2 Damage in Dollars: 0 Technological Hazards The assessment of technological and human-generated hazards involves the investigation of surrounding facilities, infrastructure, and land use. Hazards include the following: • industrial, manufacturing, or commercial facilities with the potential for industrial accidents or acts of malice • potential terrorist targets • hazardous materials storage facilities and transportation routes • areas susceptible to inundation as a result of the failure of dams and levees Sites in areas that encompass such identified potential hazards are, therefore, inappropriate locations for EOCs. Potential Technological Hazards Fires Floods (from dam and levee failures) Hazardous materials releases Nuclear accidents Terrorism Agriterrorism Armed attack Arson/incendiary attack Attack with biological, chemical, or radiological agent Conventional bombing Cyberterrorism Hazardous materials release Nuclear bombing Potential Terrorists Targets The U.S. Code of Federal Regulations defines terrorism as "the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives." Potential terrorist targets can be difficult to identify, but, in general, terrorists want media high- exposure and attention. They achieve this by targeting areas or facilities where damage will result in: (1) a potentially high number of casualties, (2) extensive media coverage, and (3) a disruption of everyday life. Potential targets include the following: Emergency Support Facilities Fire stations Police stations Financial Facilities Banks Credit card companies Government Facilities Courthouses Federal/state/local offices Post offices Health Care Facilities Clinics Hospitals Industrial Facilities Chemical manufacturers Military Facilities Academies Armories Bases Political Icons Political party offices Political rallies Research Facilities Animal testing facilities Stem cell research facilities Tourist Attractions Concerts and theaters Festivals Landmarks Sporting facilities Theme parks Utilities Communications Electricity (nuclear, hydroelectric) Gas Water supply Smith County identified three major technological hazard siting considerations for its communications and emergency operations center: 1. The new facility had to be located in a different telephone exchange from the backup communications and emergency operations center so that the loss of telephone service in one exchange would not affect both facilities. 2. The La Gloria Gasoline Refinery (located within the city of Tyler) presents a major potential hazard for industrial accidents or acts of malice, so a site was chosen away from the refinery. 3. Two railways and two U.S. highways run through Smith County. Locating the EOC near any of these major transportation routes was avoided because they all may carry potentially hazardous cargo. Hazardous Materials Transportation Accidents (1975, 1980, 1985, 1990-2001) It is important to have good access routes to an EOC. However, hazardous materials transportation routes should be considered in the selection of an EOC site. Hazardous materials accidents on transportation routes can impair access to an EOC, adversely affect EOC operations, and threaten staff. The potential for such accidents on highways is of particular concern. Between 1975 and 2001, approximately 86 percent of accidents, 62 percent of deaths, and 67 percent of injuries were attributed to the transportation of hazardous materials occurred on highways Accidents Deaths Injuries Air 11,271 110 257 Highway 172,171 184 4,545 Railway 16,017 4 1,908 Water 176 0 5 Other 353 0 19 Total 199,998 298 6,734 Site Security Design Once a site has been selected, the site design (e.g., building locations, access, parking, landscaping) must be developed. For an EOC, one of the main goals of site design is ensuring the security of the facility and its staff. Smith County addressed site security for its facility by providing secure parking, controlling vehicular access, locating buildings away from the site perimeter, and minimizing vegetative cover. Structural Design Because Smith County is in a region susceptible to severe tornadoes, the new communications and emergency operations center, including its utility and support systems, must be able to withstand the extreme wind pressures and windborne debris associated with a tornado. The project architects, Eubanks & Harris Architects, Inc., consulted FEMA 361: Design and Construction Guidance for Community Shelters to determine the specific design loads that the new communications and emergency operations center would have to be able to withstand. The facility's exterior walls and roof were designed to resist 250-mph (3-second gust) wind speeds and the impact of a 15-pound wood 2x4 traveling at 100 mph. Smith County's new facility will be eight times stronger than "typical" structures in the area built in compliance with the local building code, which requires buildings to resist 90-mph (3-second gust) wind speeds. For the exterior walls, the architects chose to use a reinforced insulating concrete form (ICF) wall system. This type of wall system not only provides the needed strength to resist high-wind pressures and windborne debris impacts, but also has superior thermal resistance (R-rating) and sound reduction qualities. The core of the facility contains the command center, breakout rooms, vault, and restrooms. Given the importance of the command center, the architects took the extra step of specifying ICF construction for the core area, thereby providing two layers of protection for the command center. The steel-truss roof system is rated to resist wind uplift pressures of 360 pounds per square foot (psf) versus the 90 psf used for general design. A reinforced concrete roof provides protection from windborne debris. The architect's design ensured that loads would be transferred from the concrete slab roof to the roof structure, from the roof structure to the ICF supporting walls, from the ICF walls to the foundation, and from the foundation into the ground by specifying connections capable of transmitting the extreme wind loads. All exterior windows and doors and security interior doors are bulletproof. The architects took great care to ensure that the window and door frames would be adequately connected. All exterior doors were specified to have six points of connection: three hinge points and three latching points as recommended by FEMA 361: Design and Construction Guidance for Community Shelters. The lobby is designed to minimize the effects of a bomb blast in the lobby. The interior walls between the lobby and the facility will be hardened, while the exterior wall of the lobby will be of lighter, metal-stud construction. In the event of an explosion, the exterior wall would be blown out, directing the blast pressures away from the structure. Communications An EOC serves as the central point for decision-making and coordination of response activities during and after an emergency or disaster; therefore, adequate communications capabilities are an essential part of EOC design. Required communications equipment includes telephones, radios, computers, fax machines, copiers, cellular phones, satellite phones, and supporting equipment such as batteries and chargers. Sufficient electrical, telephone, and network lines must be provided to support this equipment, and they must be protected from known threats. For example, utility lines at the EOC site should be installed in secure locations and designed to withstand the effects of hazard events. In addition, local and state Wide Area Networks (LANs and WANs) should be protected from cyber attack. Building System Design Four key concepts should be considered in the design of building systems for a critical facility: 1. Backup systems should be provided. 2. All points of access to the systems – including entry points, control panels, and maintenance access – should be located in secured areas. 3. All systems should be protected from potential hazards. 4. All systems should be physically separated. For example, Smith County's EOC will have an on-site emergency generator with the capacity to operate the entire facility and function independently from the normal electric service. The emergency generator will be housed in a secured, reinforced concrete masonry mechanical yard covered with a steel screen that will protect the generator from windborne debris impacts. In addition, external connections will be provided for portable generators that can supply power in case the backup generator fails. A backup system will also be provided for the potable water supply. The facility will be connected to municipal water, but will also have a secured backup water well that can provide potable water if the municipal water service is interrupted or the water becomes contaminated or otherwise unusable. The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system will also include built-in redundant features to ensure that, if part of the system becomes inoperable, other units will be available to maintain the required temperature in areas of the building that contain sensitive equipment. In addition, the HVAC outdoor air intakes will be installed in secure areas. The electrical, communications, and security systems will each have separate rigid conduits and control panels. This will minimize the likelihood of all systems being disabled by one incident. Vulnerable: Outdoor air intake vents located in unsecured areas and within human reach are vulnerable to chemical, biological, and radiological attacks. Better: All air intakes should be covered with protective coverings, such as metal mesh, to reduce the threat of objects being tossed into the intake. If the air intake cover is sloped, a minimum slope of 45 degrees should be used so that any objects that are tossed onto the vent will roll off. Best: Ideally, outdoor air intake vents should be located on a secure roof or high on a wall, out of human reach. SOURCE: DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES PUBLICATION: Guidance for Protecting Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks Controlling Access Controlling access to an EOC is one of the most critical security concerns. The Smith County facility will have three levels of security access. The first level begins at the lobby and the employee parking area. An electronic access ID card will be needed to enter both areas. For visitors, the receptionist will be able to override the lobby security system and "buzz" them in. The second level of security access will require both an electronic ID card and an access code for entry into the facility from the lobby or the secured parking area. Entry into the command center and vault will require a third level of security access that incorporates an electronic ID card, an access code, and thumbprint recognition. In addition to the various levels of access security, both the interior and exterior of the building will be monitored by video surveillance systems. Additional security will be provided by extensive exterior lighting, particularly at entrances and utilities, and near the limited vegetative cover allowed by the site plan. One of the most important roles of the EOC is to disseminate information, particularly through the media. Disasters usually involve intense public interest, and EOC staff often must deal with media representatives who want updated information. Recognizing the importance of the media, Smith County included a special room for media interaction in the design of their facility. The media room will be accessible only from the secured employee parking area so that the media and general public are kept separate. The secured employee parking area has been designed with additional space for media mobile units, and power outlets have been provided on the exterior of the building so that the mobile units can draw on the facility's power supply. Electrical outlets have also been provided in the media room. A lounge and restrooms will be accessible to media, but access to the remainder of the building will not be allowed. Human Factors During a crisis, emergency workers often work 12- to 15-hour shifts at an EOC and frequently need to remain there for several days, including overnight. Additionally, an EOC can be activated for prolonged periods of time. Therefore, the Smith County facility was designed to be self-contained for 2 weeks at a time. It is equipped with enough cots and mattresses for 25 people, and is stocked with enough food to feed up to 50 people for 2 weeks. Washers and dryers are also available on site for employees, as well as showers and separate dressing rooms. The extended EOC stays often required of emergency workers, the urgency of emergency response, and the need to deal with injuries, loss of life, damage, and destruction, all place extreme pressure and stress on emergency managers and staff. Recognizing the effects of this difficult working environment, the Research and Planning Committee put high priority on keeping the staff as comfortable as possible during their stay at the EOC. As a result, in addition to basic accommodations, several other features were included in the design of the facility. The committee members learned from their visit to Shreveport, Louisiana, that an exercise area for employees can be extremely beneficial in helping to relieve the tension emergency workers experience during a crisis. Caddo Parish employees were overwhelmingly positive about the availability of their exercise area and the relief that physical activity offers. Therefore, a similar feature was included in the Smith County facility. In addition, the Research and Planning Committee visited an EOC in Florida that had an interesting amenity – a secured courtyard that allowed employees access to the outside. Secured outdoor environments of this type are particularly useful when the EOC is located in a high-crime area. Although Smith County's EOC is not in a high-crime area, a similar secured courtyard was included in its design. The open-air courtyard is adjacent to the break room and is surrounded by concrete masonry walls. Useful References for Designing Critical Facilities American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials A Guide to Highway Vulnerability Assessment for Critical Asset Identification and Protection, May 2002, The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials' Security Task Force, Washington, DC http://security.transportation.org/community/security/guides.html The American Institute of Architects Building Security Through Design: A Primer for Architects, Design Professionals, and their Clients, November 2001, The American Institute of Architects http://www.aia.org/security American Society of Civil Engineers Blast Effects on Buildings: Design of Buildings to Optimize Resistance to Blast Loading, 1995, G.C. Mays and P.D. Smith, London: Thomas Telford, Ltd., American Society of Civil Engineers, ISBN: 0-7277-2030-9 http://www.pubs.asce.org/BOOKdisplay.cgi?9990338 Blast Resistant Design of Commercial Buildings, 1996, Mohammad Ettouney, Robert Smilowitz, and Tod Rittenhouse, Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, Vol.1, Issue 1, American Society of Civil Engineers, February 1996 http://ojps.aip.org/dbt/dbt.jsp?KEY=PPSCFX&Volume=1&Issue=1 A preprint of the final article is available at http://www.wai.com/AppliedScience/Blast/blast-struct-design.html Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities, 1997, American Society of Civil Engineers, ISBN: 0-7844-0265-5 http://www.pubs.asce.org/BOOKdisplay.cgi?9704510 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE 7-02, 2002, American Society of Civil Engineers, ISBN: 0-7844-0624-3, [note revision of 7-98 does not include building security or antiterrorism, but covers all natural hazards] http://www.asce.org/publications/dsp_pubdetails.cfm?puburl=http://www.pubs.asce.org/ ASCE7.html?9991330 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- Conditioning Engineers Defensive Filtration, ASHRAE Journal, December 2002, James D. Miller http://resourcecenter.ashrae.org/store/ashrae/newstore.cgi?itemid=9346&view=item&c ategoryid=409&page=1&loginid=29483 Risk Management Guidance for Health and Safety under Extraordinary Incidents, ASHRAE 2002 Winter Meeting Report, January 12, 2002 http://engineering.tamu.edu/safety/guidelines/faclab/ASHRAE_Security_Rpt_12Jan02. pdf Centers for Disease Control and Prevention / National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Publication No. 2002-139, Guidance for Protecting Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks, May 2002, Cincinnati, Ohio http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/bldvent/2002-139.html Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMA 277, 1996, The Oklahoma City Bombing: Improving Building Performance Through Multi-Hazard Mitigation, Washington, DC FEMA 361, Design and Construction Guidance for Community Shelters, Washington, DC http://www.fema.gov/fima/fema361.shtm FEMA 372, 2001. Mitigation Resources for Success (CD-ROM), Washington, DC http://www.fema.gov/fima/success.shtm FEMA 386-7, Integrating Human-Caused Hazards Into Mitigation Planning, Washington, DC http://www.fema.gov/fima/antiterrorism/resources.shtm FEMA 403, 2002, World Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data Collection, Preliminary Observations, and Recommendations, Washington, DC http://www.fema.gov/library/wtcstudy.shtm FEMA EOC Assessment Checklist, Washington, DC http://www.fema.gov/onp/nca.shtml Structural Engineering Institute of American Society of Civil Engineers Structural Design for Physical Security: State of the Practice, 1999, Edward Conrath, et al., Reston, Virginia, Structural Engineering Institute of American Society of Civil Engineers http://www.pubs.asce.org/BOOKdisplay.cgi?9990571 U.S. Air Force Entry Control Facilities Design Guide, October 2002, Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence http://www.afcee.brooks.af.mil/dc/products/dcproducts.asp ESL-TR-87-57, Protective Construction Design Manual, November 1989; Contact Airbase Technologies Division (AFRL/MLQ) at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, by email at techinfo@afrl.af.mil. [Superseded by Army Technical Manual TM 5-855-1 (Air Force Pamphlet AFPAM 32-1147(I), Navy Manual NAVFAC P-1080, DSWA Manual DAHSCWEMAN-97), December 1997] Expedient Hardening Methods for Structures Subjected to the Effect of Nonnuclear Munitions, October 1990, Wright Laboratory Report Installation Force Protection Guide, 1997, Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence http://www.afcee.brooks.af.mil/dc/dcd/arch/force.pdf Vehicle Bomb Mitigation Guide, July 1, 1999, Force Protection Battlelab U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Technical Letters (ETL) ETL 1110-3-494, Airblast Protection Retrofit for Unreinforced Concrete Masonry Walls, July 14, 1999 Technical Manuals (TM) TM 5-853-1, Security Engineering Project Development, May 12, 1994, also Air Force Manual 32-1071, Volume 1 [official use only] http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace- docs/armytm TM 5-853-2, Security Engineering Concept Design, May 12, 1994, also Air Force Manual 32-1071, Volume 2 [official use only] http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/armytm TM 5-853-3, Security Engineering Final Design, May 12, 1994, also Air Force Manual 32- 1071, Volume 3 [official use only] http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/armytm TM 5-853-4, Security Engineering Electronic Security Systems, May 12, 1994 http://www.military-info.com/mphoto/new1j98.htm#engineer TM 5-855-1, Design & Analysis of Hardened Structures to Conventional Weapons Effects, August 1998 [Army Technical Manual TM 5-855-1 (Air Force Pamphlet AFPAM 32- 1147(I), Navy Manual NAVFAC (Naval Facilities) P-1080, DSWA Manual DAHSCWEMAN-97) December 1997] [official use only] http://www.usace.army.mil/inet/usace-docs/armytm U.S. Department of Energy DOE/TIC 11268, A Manual for the Prediction of Blast and Fragment Loadings on Structures, February 1992, Albuquerque NM, Southwest Research Institute U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Creating Defensible Space, April 1996, Oscar Newman, Washington, DC http://www.huduser.org/publications/pdf/def.pdf U.S. Department of the Treasury / Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Vehicle Bomb Explosion Hazard And Evacuation Distance Tables, 1999, send in a written request to the following to receive a copy: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, Arson and Explosives Programs Division, 800 K Street, NW, Tech World Suite 710, Washington, DC 20001 U.S. Navy Design Manual (DM) NAVFAC (Naval Facilities Command), NAVFAC DM 2.08, Blast Resistant Structures, December 1986 http://www.wbdg.org/ccbref/ccbdoc.php?category=nav&docid=46&ref=1 TechData Sheets - Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC) TDS-2062-SHR, Estimating Damage to Structures from Terrorist Bombs, September 1998 [official use only] Requests for publication can be made to Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Security Engineering Division (ESC66), 1100 23rd Ave, Port Hueneme, CA 93043-4370, (805) 982-1582 (Primary), (805) 982-4817 (Alternate), (805) 982-1253 (Fax) TDS-2063-SHR, Blast Shielding Walls, September 1998 [official use only] Requests for publication can be made to Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Security Engineering Division (ESC66), 1100 23rd Ave, Port Hueneme, CA 93043-4370, (805) 982- 1582 (Primary), (805) 982-4817 (Alternate), (805) 982-1253 (Fax) TDS-2079-SHR, Planning and Design Considerations for Incorporating Blast Mitigation in Mailrooms. For copies, contact Defense Printing Service, Building 40, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, (215) 697-2179 (Primary), (215)697-1462 (Fax)