| Figure |
Title |
| Overview Chapter |
| O-1 |
Inflation-adjusted Federal total and Federal academic R&D: 1990–2000 |
| O-2 |
Changes in share of Federal academic research obligations, by field: 1990–99 |
| O-3 |
– Patents granted to U.S. universities: 1982–98
– Average number of citations to scientific and technical articles per U.S. patent: 1987–2000
|
| O-4 |
Ratio of natural science and engineering first university degrees awarded to 24-year-old population, by country/economy |
| O-5 |
Academic employment of native and foreign-born doctoral scientists and engineers: 1973–99 |
| O-6 |
Performance of students in last year of high school: 1994–95 |
| O-7 |
S&E doctorates earned by U.S. citizens and noncitizens: 1980–99 |
| O-8 |
Employment in S&E occupations as percentage of total civilian employment |
| O-9 |
Employment of foreign-born scientists and engineers with U.S. Ph.Ds: 1999 |
| O-10 |
– Country share of global high-tech market: 1980–98
– U.S. global market share, by high-tech industry: 1980–98 |
| O-11 |
High-tech exports: 1980–98 |
| O-12 |
– U.S. patents granted, by nationality of inventor: 1986–99
– U.S. patents granted to foreign inventors, by nationality of inventor: 1986–99 |
| O-13 |
U.S. trade balance of royalties and fees: 1987–99 |
| O-14 |
U.S. venture capital disbursement: 1990–2000 |
| O-15 |
National R&D expenditures, by source of funds: 1953–2000 |
| O-16 |
U.S., G-7, and OECD countries' R&D expenditures: 1985–99 |
| O-17 |
Distribution of scientific and technical articles by field, by selected countries: 1999 |
| O-18 |
U.S. international collaboration, by field |
| O-19 |
Industrial R&D spending flows of U.S. and foreign affiliates, by world region: 1998 |
| O-20 |
International strategic technology alliances: 1980–2000 |
| O-21 |
Shares of international strategic technology alliances: 1980–89 and 1990–2000 |
|
| Chapter 1. Elementary and Secondary Education | |
| 1-1 |
Trends in average scale scores in mathematics and science: 1969–1999 |
| 1-2 |
Trends in differences between male and female student average scale scores, by age, various years: 1969–1999 |
| 1-3 |
Percentile distribution of science and mathematics proficiency for 17-year-olds, by race/ethnicity: selected years
1977–99 |
| 1-4 |
Percentage of students within each mathematics achievement level range and at or above achievement levels, grades 4, 8, and 12: 1990–2000 |
| 1-5 |
Mathematics and science achievement for TIMSS-R 1999 countries/economies that participated in 1995 at both the 4th and 8th grades relative to the average across these locations |
| 1-6 |
Average scale score on TIMSS physics and advanced mathematics assessment for students in final year of secondary school: 1994–95 |
| 1-7 |
Percentage of high school graduates who took selected mathematics and science courses: 1982, 1987, 1990, 1994, and 1998 |
| 1-8 |
Percentage of 1998 high school graduates who took selected mathematics and science courses in high school, by sex |
| 1-9 |
Percentage of employers and college faculty who rated job applicants/freshman and sophomore students as "fair" or "poor" on various activities: 2000 |
| 1-10 |
Employee/faculty support for high stakes testing: 2000 |
| 1-11 |
Opinion of teachers and general public on move to raise academic standards: 2000 |
| 1-12 |
Opinion on preparation for and utility of state test by public high school teachers whose state has graduation test: 2000 |
| 1-13 |
Selected characteristics of grade 8 mathematics and science instruction, Germany, Japan and United States: 1994–95 |
| 1-14 |
Selected characteristics of grade 4, 8, and 12 mathematics and science instruction, Germany, Japan, and United States: 1994–95 |
| 1-15 |
Age distribution and annual median salaries by age of full-time elementary and secondary school teachers: 1971–98 |
| 1-16 |
Annual statutory teacher salaries after 15 years of experience relative to per capita GDP: 1998 |
| 1-17 |
Ratio of students per instructional computer with Internet access, by school characteristics: 1998 and 2000 |
| 1-18 |
Percentage of public schools and instructional rooms with Internet access: 1994–2000 |
| 1-19 |
Extent to which public school teachers assign different types of work using computers or Internet: 1999 |
| 1-20 |
Percentage of high school graduates enrolled in college the October after completing high school, by sex and race/ethnicity: 1960–99 |
| 1-21 |
Percentage of 1992 high school graduates qualified for admission at a four-year institution, by level of qualification and family income |
| 1-22 |
Percentage of postsecondary education institutions offering remedial courses, by type of course and type of institution: fall 1995 |
|
| Chapter 2. Higher Education in Science and Engineering |
| 2-1 |
Trends in population of 20- to 24-year-olds in selected countries and regions: 1975–2010
|
| 2-2 |
U.S. population of 18- to 24-year-olds, by race/ethnicity: 1980–2025
|
| 2-3 |
Profile of U.S. higher education by students, institutions, and degrees at all levels: 1998
|
| 2-4 |
Enrollment in U.S. higher education, by institution type: 1967–97
|
| 2-5 |
Bachelor's degrees awarded in S&E, by institution type: 1998 |
| 2-6 |
Master's degrees awarded in S&E, by institution type: 1998 |
| 2-7 |
U.S. engineering enrollment, by level: 1979–99 |
| 2-8 |
Freshmen reporting need for remedial work in science or mathematics, by intended major: 2000 |
| 2-9 |
Graduation rates and S&E completion rates of 1992 freshmen intending S&E major, by sex and race/ethnicity
|
| 2-10 |
S&E degrees earned by underrepresented minorities within each field, by level: 1998–99 |
| 2-11 |
Bachelor's degrees earned in selected S&E fields: 1975–98 |
| 2-12 |
Bachelor's degrees in S&E fields, earned by selected groups |
| 2-13 |
Trends in graduate enrollment in mathematics and computer sciences and in engineering: 1983–99 |
| 2-14 |
Foreign student enrollment in U.S. S&E graduate programs, by selected countries and economies: 1987–99 |
| 2-15 |
Master's degrees awarded in S&E, by field: 1975–98 |
| 2-16 |
Master's degrees in S&E fields earned by selected groups: 1977–98 |
| 2-17 |
Doctoral S&E degrees earned in U.S. universities, by field: 1975–99 |
| 2-18 |
Doctoral degrees earned by women in U.S. institutions, by field: 1970–99 |
| 2-19 |
Doctoral degrees in S&E fields earned by selected groups |
| 2-20 |
S&E degrees earned by foreign students within each field, by level: 1998–99 |
| 2-21 |
Percentage of foreign S&E doctoral recipients with plans to stay in United States: 1990–99 |
| 2-22 |
Foreign S&E doctoral recipients with plans to stay in United States: 1990–99 |
| 2-23 |
Foreign S&E doctoral recipients with plans to stay in the United States, by place of origin: 1990–99 |
| 2-24 |
U.S. S&E doctoral recipients from selected Asian countries and economies with plans to stay in the United States: 1990–99 |
| 2-25 |
First university degrees in S&E fields in selected countries, by region: 1999 or most recent year |
| 2-26 |
Bachelor's S&E degrees in the United States and selected Asian countries and economies, by field: 1975–98 |
| 2-27 |
Ratio of natural science or engineering first university degrees to 24-year-old population, by country or economy |
| 2-28 |
Foreign graduate student enrollment in selected countries, by field: 1999 |
| 2-29 |
Doctoral S&E degrees earned in selected Asian countries and economies: 1975–99 |
| 2-30 |
Doctoral S&E degrees in selected industrialized countries: 1975–99 |
| 2-31 |
Doctoral S&E degrees earned by Asian students at home universities and U.S. universities: 1981–99 |
| 2-32 |
Doctoral S&E degrees in Europe, North America, and Asia: 1999 |
| 2-33 |
Doctoral NS&E degrees in the United States, Europe, and Asia: 1975–99 |
| 2-34 |
Doctoral S&E degrees earned by foreign students in selected countries, by field: 1999 |
|
| Chapter 3. Science and Engineering Workforce |
| 3-1 |
College graduates in nonacademic S&E occupations |
| 3-2 |
Employed S&E degree-holders in jobs closely related to highest degree: 1999 |
| 3-3 |
Employed S&E degree-holders, in job closely related to highest degree, by years since degree: 1993 and 1999 |
| 3-4 |
Employed S&E degree-holders in jobs related to highest degree: 1999 |
| 3-5 |
Employed S&E bachelor's degree-holders in job closely related to degree: 1999 |
| 3-6 |
Unemployment rates for S&E degree-holders by years since highest degree: 1993 and 1999 |
| 3-7 |
Involuntarily out-of-field rates of S&E degree-holders, by years since highest degree: 1993 and 1999 |
| 3-8 |
Educational distribution of those in nonacademic S&E occupations: 2000 |
| 3-9 |
Distribution of S&E R&D workers, by level of degree: 1999 |
| 3-10 |
Distribution of S&E R&D workers by field of highest degree: 1999 |
| 3-11 |
S&E Ph.D.-holders engaged in R&D as major work activity: 1999 |
| 3-12 |
Median annual salaries of employed scientists and engineers by broad occupation and highest degree: 1999 |
| 3-13 |
College graduates in nonacademic S&E occupations: women and minorities |
| 3-14 |
Women as proportion of S&E workforce, by broad occupation |
| 3-15 |
Median annual salaries of employed scientists and engineers, by broad occupation and sex: 1999 |
| 3-16 |
Median annual salaries of scientists and engineers, by broad occupation and race/ethnicity: 1999 |
| 3-17 |
Age distribution of labor force with S&E highest degrees: 1999 |
| 3-18 |
Older S&E degree holders working full time: 1999 |
| 3-19 |
Total researchers in OECD countries |
| 3-20 |
Global distribution of workers with tertiary education: 1990–98 |
| 3-21 |
Foreign-born with S&E highest degrees by place of birth: 1999 |
| 3-22 |
Immigration and naturalization service counts of permanent visas to S&E occupations: 1988–98 |
| 3-23 |
High-skilled worker visas in Japan, entries |
|
| Chapter 4. U.S. and International Research and Development: Funds and Alliances |
| 4-1 |
National R&D funding, by source: 1953–2000 |
| 4-2 |
Shares of national R&D expenditures: 2000 |
| 4-3 |
Shares of national R&D expenditures, by source of funds: 1953–2000 |
| 4-4 |
Trends in Federal and non-Federal R&D expenditures as percentage of total R&D: 1953–2000 |
| 4-5 |
Federal R&D funding, by budget function: FYs 1980–2001 |
| 4-6 |
Comparison of funding concepts in the FY 2002 budget proposal |
| 4-7 |
Federal R&D support, by performing sector: 1953–2000 |
| 4-8 |
Budgetary impact of Federal research and experimentation tax credit: FYs 1988–2000 |
| 4-9 |
Historical pattern of R&D as percentage of GDP: 1953–2000 |
| 4-10 |
National R&D performance, by type of performer: 1953–2000 |
| 4-11 |
Industrial R&D performance for selected industries, by source of funds: 1999 |
| 4-12 |
National R&D expenditures, by source of funds, performing sector, and character of work: 2000 |
| 4-13 |
Projected Federal obligations for R&D and R&D plant, by agency and character of work: FY 2001 |
| 4-14 |
Federal obligations for research, by major science and engineering field, and agency: FY 2001 |
| 4-15 |
R&D associated primarily with chemistry (nonmedical) and chemical engineering |
| 4-16 |
R&D associated primarily with life sciences |
| 4-17 |
Domestic research joint ventures: 1985–2000 |
| 4-18 |
Federal technology transfer indicators: 1987–2000 |
| 4-19 |
ATP funding and number of participants: 1990–2000 |
| 4-20 |
Participation of public organizations in industry RJVs: 1985–2000 |
| 4-21 |
Growth in SBIR awards and funding: 1983–99 |
| 4-22 |
International strategic technology alliances: 1980–2000 |
| 4-23 |
Shares of international strategic technology alliances: 1980-89 and 1990–2000 |
| 4-24 |
International strategic technology alliances, by technology shares |
| 4-25 |
R&D expenditures and annual changes in R&D estimates, Japan and Germany |
| 4-26 |
U.S., G-7, and OECD countries' R&D expenditures |
| 4-27 |
Rates of change in total inflation-adjusted R&D spending |
| 4-28 |
R&D as percentage of GDP, G-8 countries |
| 4-29 |
R&D expenditures by performer and source, G-8 countries |
| 4-30 |
Distribution of R&D expenditures by character of work in selected countries: 1998 |
| 4-31 |
Proportion of industrial R&D financed by foreign sources |
| 4-32 |
Sources of R&D expenditures in OECD countries |
| 4-33 |
Government R&D support by socioeconomic objectives, G-8 countries |
| 4-34 |
Difference in U.S. performer-reported versus agency-reported Federal R&D |
| 4-35 |
Ratio of foreign and overseas R&D spending to company-funded industrial R&D |
| 4-36 |
Globalization of U.S. industrial R&D |
| 4-37 |
Industrial R&D spending of U.S. and foreign affiliates, by world region: 1998 |
| 4-38 |
Manufacturing shares in foreign, overseas, and total domestic industrial R&D |
| 4-39 |
Share of selected industries in foreign, overseas, and company-funded industrial R&D in the United States: 1998 |
| 4-40 |
Industrial Globalization R&D index for selected U.S. industries |
|
| Chapter 5. Academic Research and Development |
| 5-1 |
Academic R&D, basic and applied research, and basic research as a proportion of U.S. totals: 1953–2000 |
| 5-2 |
Academic R&D expenditures, by character of work, and national R&D expenditures, by performer and character of work: 2000 |
| 5-3 |
Average annual R&D growth, by performing sector: 1953–2000 |
| 5-4 |
Sources of academic R&D funding: 1953–2000 |
| 5-5 |
Components of institutional R&D expenditures for public and private academic institutions: 1980–99 |
| 5-6 |
Sources of academic R&D funding for public and private institutions: 1999 |
| 5-7 |
Share of academic R&D of universities and colleges by rank of R&D expenditures: 1985–99 |
| 5-8 |
Changes in share of combined expenditures accounted for by research, instruction, and public service at public and private institutions: 1977–96 |
| 5-9 |
Research as percentage of the total of instruction, research, and public service expenditures, by Carnegie class and type of control: 1977–96 |
| 5-10 |
Academic R&D expenditures, by field: 1973–99 |
| 5-11 |
Changes in share of academic R&D in selected S&E fields: 1973–99 |
| 5-12 |
Distribution of Federal agency academic research obligations, by field: FY 1999 |
| 5-13 |
Major agency field shares of Federal academic research obligations: FY 1999 |
| 5-14 |
Number of academic institutions receiving Federal R&D support by selected Carnegie classifications: 1971–99 |
| 5-15 |
New construction of research space planned during the 1986–99 period as a percentage of 1999 research space, by S&E field |
| 5-16 |
Sources of funds for new construction and repair/renovation of research facilities at public and private universities and colleges: 1999 |
| 5-17 |
Current fund expenditures for research equipment at academic institutions, by field: 1983–99 |
| 5-18 |
Academic employment of U.S.-born and foreign-born doctoral scientists and engineers: 1973–99 |
| 5-19 |
Doctoral scientists and engineers employed in public and private universities and colleges: 1973–99 |
| 5-20 |
Distribution of Ph.D. scientists and engineers, by type of academic appointment: 1973–99 |
| 5-21 |
Recent S&E Ph.D.s hired into faculty and postdoc positions at research universities and other academic institutions: 1973–99 |
| 5-22 |
Faculty and tenure track-status of academic S&E Ph.D.s whose doctorate was earned 5–7 years earlier: 1973–99 |
| 5-23 |
Age distribution of full-time academic doctoral S&E faculty: 1973–99 |
| 5-24 |
Full-time faculty age 60 and older at research universities and other higher education institutions: 1973–99 |
| 5-25 |
Growth in full-time doctoral S&E faculty, by rank and sex: 1973–99 |
| 5-26 |
Growth in full-time doctoral S&E faculty, by rank and race/ethnicity: 1973–99 |
| 5-27 |
Primary work activity of academic doctoral S&E faculty: 1973–99 |
| 5-28 |
Primary work activity of academic doctoral S&E workforce: 1999 |
| 5-29 |
Estimated number of doctoral academic researchers and graduate research assistants, by field: 1999 |
| 5-30 |
S&E Ph.D.s employed in academe with research as primary activity as a percentage of all academic S&E Ph.D.s and of academic S&E Ph.D. researchers: 1973–99 |
| 5-31 |
Distribution of academic researchers' activities, by research function |
| 5-32 |
Growth trends in scientific and technical publications by region: 1986–99 |
| 5-33 |
Output of scientific and technical papers for the U.S. and OECD: 1986–99 |
| 5-34 |
Average growth in scientific and technical papers for selected countries |
| 5-35 |
Scientific publications: regional share of world output |
| 5-36 |
Country share of world scientific publications, by income level |
| 5-37 |
Portfolio distribution of scientific and technical publications, by region: 1999 |
| 5-38 |
U.S. authorship, by sector: 1999 |
| 5-39 |
U.S. international collaboration, by field |
| 5-40 |
Relationship of foreign-born U.S. doctorates to their country's scientific collaboration with the U.S. |
| 5-41 |
International scientific collaboration by region |
| 5-42 |
Breadth of international scientific collaboration by country: 1999 |
| 5-43 |
Scientific research cited by scientific and technical papers, by region |
| 5-44 |
Citations to foreign articles in the world's major scientific and technical journals, by field: 1990 and 1999 |
| 5-45 |
Number of citations in U.S. patents to scientific and technical articles: 1985–2000 |
| 5-46 |
Average number of citations to scientific and technical articles per U.S. patent: 1987–2000 |
| 5-47 |
Science references per U.S. patent excluding "spike" patents: 1987–2000 |
| 5-48 |
Granted academic patents: 1982–98 |
| 5-49 |
Percent of total academic patents in three largest academic utility classes: 1969–98 |
|
| Chapter 6. Industry, Technology, and the Global Marketplace |
| 6-1 |
Global industry sales, average growth rate, by sector |
| 6-2 |
High-tech industries' share of total manufacturing output |
| 6-3 |
Country share of global high-tech market: 1980–98 |
| 6-4 |
U.S. global market share, by high-tech industry: 1981–98 |
| 6-5 |
High-tech exports: 1980–98 |
| 6-6 |
Export market share in high-tech industries: 1998 |
| 6-7 |
National apparent consumption1 of high-tech products: 1980–98 |
| 6-8 |
Import share of domestic high-tech markets |
| 6-9 |
Global revenues generated by five knowledge-intensive service industries: 1998 |
| 6-10 |
Three largest export markets for U.S. technology products: 1999 |
| 6-11 |
Top three foreign suppliers of technology products to the United States: 1999 |
| 6-12 |
U.S. trade balance of royalties and fees: 1987–99 |
| 6-13 |
U.S. royalties and fees generated from the exchange of industrial processes between unaffiliated companies: 1999 |
| 6-14 |
National orientation indicator |
| 6-15 |
Socioeconomic infrastructure indicator |
| 6-16 |
Technological infrastructure indicator |
| 6-17 |
Productive capacity indicator |
| 6-18 |
Composite scores for four new high-tech exporters |
| 6-19 |
U.S. industrial R&D performance: 1987–97 |
| 6-20 |
Japan industrial R&D performance: 1987–97 |
| 6-21 |
European Union industrial R&D performance: 1992–97 |
| 6-22 |
U.S. patents granted: 1986–99 |
| 6-23 |
U.S. patents granted to foreign inventors, by residence of inventor: 1986–99 |
| 6-24 |
U.S. patent applications: 1989–99 |
| 6-25 |
U.S. patent applications filed by selected foreign inventors, by residence of inventor: 1989–99 |
| 6-26 |
Share of total patents awarded to nonresident inventors in selected countries |
| 6-27 |
Patents granted to nonresident inventors in selected countries: 1998 |
| 6-28 |
Human DNA sequence patent families worldwide: 1980–98 |
| 6-29 |
Active assignees for DNA patents, United States, Japan, and Europe: 1980–98 |
| 6-30 |
Internet-related business method patent families worldwide |
| 6-31 |
Active assignees for Internet-related business methods patents, United States, Japan, and Europe |
| 6-32 |
U.S. venture capital disbursements, by industry category |
| 6-33 |
U.S. venture capital disbursements, by stage of financing, 1980–2000 |
|
| Chapter 7. Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Public Understanding |
| 7-1 |
Indices of public interest in and feeling well informed about public policy issues: 1997, 1999, and 2001 |
| 7-2 |
Indices of public interest in and feeling well informed about scientific and technological issues, by sex and level of education: 2001 |
| 7-3 |
Public attentiveness to science and technology issues, by sex and level of education: 2001 |
| 7-4 |
Public understanding of scientific terms and concepts: 2001 |
| 7-5 |
Public understanding of nature of scientific inquiry: 2001 |
| 7-6 |
Public assessment of scientific research: 1979–2001 |
| 7-7 |
Support for Federal governmental funding of basic scientific research, by level of general support for or reservations about science and technology: 2001 |
| 7-8 |
Public assessment of genetic engineering: 1985–2001 |
| 7-9 |
Attitudes toward genetically modified food and crop biotechnologies in Canada, Europe, and the United States |
| 7-10 |
Attitudes toward genetic testing and medicine production in Canada, Europe, and the United States |
| 7-11 |
Public attitudes toward selected technologies in the United States, Europe, and Canada |
| 7-12 |
Public assessment of space exploration: 1985–2001 |
| 7-13 |
Occupations of characters in prime time dramatic entertainment: 1994–1997 |
| 7-14 |
Public confidence in leadership of selected institutions: 1973–2000 |
| 7-15 |
Industry favorability for selected industries |
| 7-16 |
Who does what—scientists, engineers, or technicians: 1998 |
| 7-17 |
Public perception of scientists, engineers, and technicians: 1998 |
| 7-18 |
U.S. public viewing broadcast news versus online news |
| 7-19 |
Leading source of information: 2001 |
| 7-20 |
U.S. public reading a daily newspaper: 1979–2001 |
| 7-21 |
Public perception of whether astrology is scientific: 1979–2001 |
| 7-22 |
Belief in paranormal phenomena |
|
| Chapter 8. Significance of Information Technology |
| 8-1 |
Moore's Law: 1971–2005 |
| 8-2 |
Cost per gigabyte of stored information: 1988–2002 |
| 8-3 |
Computer price declines |
| 8-4 |
Internet domain survey host count worldwide |
| 8-5 |
Mobile phone subscriber growth in OECD countries: 1990–99 |
| 8-6 |
Mobile phone penetration in OECD countries: June 1999 |
| 8-7 |
Industry spending on capital equipment |
| 8-8 |
Estimated quarterly U.S. retail e-commerce sales: 4th quarter 1999–2nd quarter 2001 |
| 8-9 |
Economy share of IT-producing industries |
| 8-10 |
Internet hosts, per 1,000 inhabitants in the OECD countries: October 2000 |
| 8-11 |
Internet access prices and Internet host penetration per 1,000 inhabitants: October 2000 |
| 8-12 |
Secure Web servers per 100,000 inhabitants in OECD countries: July 2000 |
| 8-13 |
U.S. households with a computer and with Internet access |
| 8-14 |
U.S. households with Internet access, by income: 1998 and 2000 |
| 8-15 |
U.S. households with Internet access by educational attainment of householder: 1998 and 2000 |
| 8-16 |
U.S. households with a computer, by race/ethnicity: 1998 and 2000 |
| 8-17 |
U.S. households with Internet access, by race/ethnicity: 1998 and 2000 |
| 8-18 |
Internet use rates, by age: 1998 and 2000 |
| 8-19 |
Internet access, by disability: 1999 |
| 8-20 |
Internet access at home and outside the home: 1998 and 2000 |
| 8-21 |
Online activities: 1998 and 2000 |
| 8-22 |
Growth of GenBank |
| 8-23 |
Papers with authors from 10 or more countries or 10 or more U.S. institutions: 1986–1999 |
| 8-24 |
Ratio of R&D to value added in the ICT and total business sectors: 1997 |
| 8-25 |
Use of technology in college instruction |
