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CSAP Substance Abuse Resource Guide: Children Witnessing Violence and Substance Abuse
2000
CSAP
25 Pages
100 to a Box
This resource guide presents the very new and important research findings and information on the relationship between childhood exposure to violence and substance abuse.
Today, research is just beginning to explore the connection between substance abuse and children witnessing violence. Family violence often occurs when the perpetrator is under the influence of an intoxicating substance.
The listing of materials of programs in this resource guide does not constitute or imply endorsement by the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, the Public Health Service, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, or the Department of Health and Human Services. The materials have been reviewed for accuracy, appropriateness, and conformance with public health principals.
This Substance Abuse Resource Guide was compiled from a variety of publications and data bases and represents the most current inforamtion to date. It is not an all-inclusive listing of materials on this topic. This guide will be updated regularly, and your comments or suggestions are welcome. To suggest information or materails that might be included in future editions, please write to SAMHSA's National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI), P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345.
Produced by SAMHSA's National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, Denise C. Jones, editor.
For further information on alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs, call 800-729-6686, 301-468-2600, or TDD 800-487-4889. Or visit us on our World Wide Web Site at http://ncadi.samhsa.gov.
Books
Substance Abuse, Family Violence, and Child Welfare: Bridging Perspectives
To many, the connection between substance abuse and domestic violence seems obvious. This book seeks to combine approaches for preventing abuse and treating children and their parents who find themselves in these circumstances. The multi- disciplinary cast of contributors probe such topics as the history of abusive behavior and intoxication, using literary examples to illustrate key points; the research literature on drug-exposed children in the child welfare system and the interventions that facilitate their optimum development; the legislative and policy contexts in which potential collaborations between the fields of substance abuse and child welfare are being developed or abandoned; the damaging effect that parental and family substance abuse add to a host of child welfare problems; the need for clinicians to develop a sound therapeutic foundation to enhance their effectiveness with clients; and what can be done within substance-abuse treatment systems to develop services that directly affect the quality of life for children living with a substance-dependent parent.
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Author: Hampton, R.L.; Senatore, V.; and Gullota, T.P
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Topic: Connection between domestic violence and substance abuse
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Target Audience: Health professionals and clinicians
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Availability: Sage Publications, 2455 Teller Rd., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320; 800-499-0721 and bookstores
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Alcohol, Drugs, and Violence in Children’s Lives
This chapter in Recent Developments in Alcoholism: Volume 13, edited by M. Galanter and H. Begleiter, addresses the current state of knowledge about the interrelationship between the cycle of substance abuse and the cycle of violence by focusing on two questions: To what extent is substance abuse by the perpetrator related to the commission of physi-cal or sexual abuse against children? Is the experience of physical or sexual abuse during childhood related to the subsequent development of substance use or abuse? Studies pertaining to each question are covered first and followed by possible theoretical explanations for the links between these phenomena. Finally, the chapter presents a discussion of the methodological considerations for researchers interested in pursuing these lines of inquiry and concludes with recommendations for future research directions.
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Author: Miller, B.A.; Maguin, E.U.; and Downs, W.R.
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Topic: Impact of substance abuse and violence on children
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Target Audience: Health professionals and general public
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Availability: Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018-0358; 781-871-6600 and bookstores
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Community Violence and Child Development: A Review of Research
As increasing attention has been paid to the occurrence of violence in U.S. society, researchers and scholars have considered the effects it may have on children’s development. The research is recent, and so far is scant, but it provides some indications of how exposure to violence may influence a child’s adjustment and adaptation. This chapter in Violence Against Children in the Family and the Community, edited by P.K. Trickett and C.J. Schellenbach, examines this research and attempts to draw from it directions for further research that can advance the understanding of factors affecting child development.
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Author: Horn, J.L.; Trickett, P.K.
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Topic: Impact of violence on children
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Target Audience: General public
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Availability: American Psychological Association, Book Order Department, 750 First Street, NE., Washington, DC 20002; 800-374-2721
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Children and Youth Who Witness Violence: New Directions in Intervention and Prevention
Found in Child Abuse: New Directions in Prevention and Treatment Across the Lifespan, this chapter provides an overview of the evidence that children who witness domestic violence and wife assault are harmed in terms of their emotional health and behavioral adjustment. The chapter presents evidence that those who witness violence can become involved in violent behavior and relationships. It describes group programs for children who witness wife assault. Finally, it presents a description and evaluation of an innovative school-based primary prevention program for violence in relationships.
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Author: Sudermann, M.; Jaffe, P.
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Topic: Children witnessing violence
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Target Audience: General public
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Availability: Sage Publications, Inc., 2455 Teller Rd., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320; 800-499-0721
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Booklets, Brochures, and Fact Sheets
Highlights of Findings from the Roches
This fact sheet highlights findings from the Rochester Youth Development Study to investigate the causes and consequences of adolescent delinquency and drug use. In this longitudinal study, 1,000 students (729 boys and 271 girls) were interviewed every 6 months between 1988 and 1992, and annually between 1994 and 1996. The 7th and 8th graders were students in the Rochester public school system. Males were oversampled because they are more likely than females to engage in serious delinquency, and students from high-crime areas were oversampled based on the assumption that they are at greater risk, according to the authors of this study. Parental attachment and involvement were both significantly related to delinquency. The relationship between family process factors and delinquency were bi-directional. The impact of family variables appeared to fade as adolescents became older and more independent from their parents. Other factors that affect the potential for delinquent behavior are reviewed, and include school factors, peer influence, gang membership, involvement with guns, and socioeconomic status.
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Organization: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
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Topic: Youth substance abuse and deliquency
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Target Audience: Youth specialists, health professionals, and general public
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Availability: Juvenile Justice Clearinghouse, P.O. Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20849-6000
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International Resource Guide: Meeting the Needs of Children Exposed to the
This international guide provides annotated bibliographies for a wide variety of written, graphic and audio-visual resources on the subject of children exposed to violence against their mothers.
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Author: Slote, K.; Cuthbert, C
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Topic: Children witnessing abuse of parents
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Target Audience: Battered women, teachers, service providers, researchers, and general public
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Availability: The Wellesley Centers for Women, Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA 02481-8203; 781-283-2500
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More Than a Few Good Men: Strategies for Inspiring Boys and Young Men to Be Allies in Anti-Sexist Education
Five key strategies for inspiring boys and young men to be allies with girls and women in gender violence prevention education are outlined. Many of the ideas presented here were developed and defined during the course of hundreds of single-sex workshops and classes conducted over the past decade with boys’ and men’s athletic teams, college fraternities, groups of military enlisted men and officers, and mixed-gender workshops and classes in middle schools, high schools, and colleges. The six strategies discussed are: introducing violence against women as a men’s issue; framing gender violence prevention as a leadership issue for boys and men; personalizing gender violence issues through “remedial empathy” exercises; focusing on the role of bystanders and discussing concrete options for intervention; making the connection between homophobia and men’s reluctance to challenge sexism.
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Target Audience: Boys, men, gender violence clinicians, and general public
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Availability: The Wellesley Centers for Women, Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA 02481-8203; 781-283-2500
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Magazines and Newsletters
Prevention Pipeline
The CSAP/NCADI award-winning bi-monthly magazine features an array of articles, statistics, abstracts, descriptions of new materials in the NCADI catalog, updates on new research in the substance abuse field, funding resources, public service ads, and reprinted materials. Subscribers are encouraged to “lift” articles and artwork for their own newsletters.
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Publisher: Center for Substance Abuse Pre-vention (CSAP)
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Year: Published bimonthly
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Topic: Alcohol and substance abuse
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Target Audience: Substance abuse prevention professionals, educators, parents, teens, and adults
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Availability: SAMHSA’s National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, P.O. Box 2345, Rockville, MD 20847-2345; 800-729-6686
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Cost: Annual subscriptions are $28 for domestic orders, $32 for international orders
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Videos, Posters, and Other Items
Child Abuse, Family Violence, and Sexual Assault Publications: Office of the Direc-tor of Research, Stone Center (Bibliog-raphy)
This document lists books, journal articles, and conference presentations by staff of the Stone Center. The list includes publications on child sexual abuse, partner violence, sexual assault, trauma, and memory. Information on where to obtain publications is provided in this document
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Topic: Sexual assualt of children
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Target Audience: Child welfare professionals, health officials, and general public
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Availability: The Wellesley Centers for Women, Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA 02481-8203; 781-283-2500
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Gangs: Turning the Corner
This video, hosted by noted actor James Earl Jones, crosses the Nation to find people and programs that are successfully turning the corner on gangs. Stories and examples from across the United States highlight winning approaches to confronting the gang problem. (Broadcast version is available in English or Spanish.)
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Organization: Cal Image Marketing
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Length: 60 minutes (broadcast version); 30 minutes (training version)
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Topic: Violence prevention in communities
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Target Audience: Youth counselors, community organizations, and general public
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Availability: Cal Image Marketing, 11333 Sunrise Park Drive, Rancho Cordova, CA 95742; 800-982-1420
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Response to Sexual Abuse: Creativity and Courage
Girls who have been chronically sexually abused in childhood experience severe forms of disassociation in childhood, which lead to the presence of several disassociative symptoms in adolescence. Creativity is described as a transformative process—bridging self, disturbing states of consciousness, and an unbearable reality. Through engagement with the arts, the author proposes that dissociative symptoms can be understood and reframed as vital sources of knowledge.
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Topic: Sexual abuse of children
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Target Audience: Child health professionals and general public
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Availability: The Wellesley Centers for Women, Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA 02481-8203; 781-283-2500
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Borderline Personality Disorder and Childhood Abuse: Revisions in Clinical Thinking and Treatment Approach
The authors of this material consider the implications of what at the time was considered new research on childhood abuse and in understanding people diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. They examine the treatment implications of the data on childhood trauma in the context of reframing borderline diagnostic markers.
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Author: Saunders, E.A.; Arnold, F.
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Topic: Sexual abuse of children
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Target Audience: Child health professionals and general public
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Availability: The Wellesley Centers for Women, Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA 02481-8203; 781-283-2500
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Safe Schools: Guide for Action
Comprehensive safe school planning is the focus of this video, a companion to the document, Safe Schools: A Planning Guide for Action. Hosted by Pat Morita, this production offers a simple, proven method to creating safe and positive learning environments. Learn how parents, students, teachers, administrators, businesses, law enforcement agencies, and communities work together to create safe schools.
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Topic: Violence in schools
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Target Audience: Child welfare professionals, and general public
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Availability: Cal Image Marketing, 11333 Sunrise Park Drive, Rancho Cordova, CA 95742; 800-982-1420
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Violence: Changing a Learned Behavior
Social worker Ruth Harris Terrell shows how violence is a learned behavior and how school violence can be eliminated through effective co-operative efforts.
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Organization: Syndistar, Inc
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Topic: Violence and children
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Target Audience: Child welfare professionals, health profes-sionals, and general public
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Availability: Syndistar, Inc., 120 Mallard Street, Suite 180, St. Rose, LA 70087-9452; 800-841-9532
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Studies, Articles, and Reports
Caregiver Substance Abuse Among Maltreated Children Placed in Out-of-Home Care
Substance Abuse Among Perpetrators of Family Violence
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This article reviews the child protective services case records of 639 children placed in out-of-home care because of maltreatment. It also systematically evaluates substance abuse by the child’s caregiver before the child’s placement. On the basis of several sources of information, it finds that 79 percent of the caregivers meet the criteria for caregiver substance abuse (CSA). Children with and without evidence of CSA differed by age, ethnicity, family composition, and type of maltreatment. The authors also discuss the importance of operational specificity in defining CSA and the implications for policy and service delivery.
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Author: Besinger, B.A.; Garland, A.; Litrownik, A.J.; and Landsverk, J.A.
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Publication: Child Welfare, 78(2): 221–239
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Family Violence, Abuse, and Parental Substance Abuse as Predictor of Child Maltreatment Reports
Substance Abuse Among Perpetrators of Family Violence
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This study examines the relationships among parental substance abuse, family functioning, and subsequent abuse/neglect re-reports, for cases closed after child protective services
investigated. A cohort of 239 families (ages 18 to 60+) comprising both substance abusing and non-substance abusing parents was followed for an average of 2 years. The main data sources were the third administration of the primary caretaker interview and two case record reviews. The findings support the hypothesis that parental substance abuse would have a negative impact on family functioning, which, in turn, would result in a higher rate of re-reports. Substance abuse also had a direct impact on re-reports.
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Author: Wolock, I.; Magura, S.
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Publication: Child Abuse and Neglect, 20(12): 1183–1193
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Family Violence, Abuse, and Related Family Issues of Incarcerated Delinquents with Alcoholic Parents Compared to Those with Non-Alcoholic Parents
Substance Abuse Among Perpetrators of Family Violence
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Experts in the fields of child development, psychology, and criminology agree that family system variables play a key role in developing delinquent and other deviant behaviors. Substance abuse professionals estimate that at least
22 million children have been or are currently being raised in homes with substance abusing parents. Many studies have documented the relationship between being raised in such an environment and a variety of emotional and deviant characteristics. These individuals suffer from low self-esteem, depression, anger, and a variety of acting-out behaviors. This study investigated the differences between incarcerated juveniles from substance abusing families and those from non-substance abusing families. The researchers found significant differences in the areas of family violence, abuse, runaways, and self-reported substance abuse.
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Author: McGaha, J.E.; Leoni, E.
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Publication: Adolescence, 30: 473–482
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Adverse Effect of Child Abuse Victimization Among Substance-Using Women in Treatment
Substance Abuse as a Consequence of Victimization
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This study examined the adverse effect of childhood sexual physical abuse among 171 substance abusing women with infants or young children who were admitted to the Family Rehabilitation Program in New York City. Approximately half of the women (51 percent) self-reported had been sexually (24 percent) or physically (45 percent) abused in their childhood. Having a history of childhood abuse experiences, particularly sexual abuse, was associated with various areas of adult life functioning. Approximately 13 months after program admission, 82 percent of the sample was recontacted for follow-up. No significant associations were found between childhood abuse experiences and length of retention in services. However, several significant differences in service outcomes between sexually or physically abused women and non-abused women were found. The abused women had significantly more problems related to drug use and psychiatric/psychological adjustment at follow-up. The findings support a need for substance dependency treatment programs tailored for women who have experienced serious childhood abuse.
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Author: Kang, S.; Magura, S.; Laudet, A.; and Whitney, S.
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Publication: Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14(6): 657–670
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Witnessed Community Violence and Antisocial Behavior in High-Risk, Urban Boys
Substance Abuse as a Consequence of Victimization
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This study examines the longitudinal relation between children’s self-report of witnessing community violence, family environment, and parent report of child antisocial behavior in a sample of urban American boys ages 6 to 10 (N=97) at familial risk for antisocial behavior. Boys reported high rates of lifetime exposure to community violence. These reports were positively related to changes over 15 months in child antisocial behavior, even
after controlling for the possible effects of three aspects of parent-child interactions shown previously to be related to problematic child behavior. Furthermore, family environment, particularly the degree to which parents engaged in conflict with their sons, moderated the effect of witnessed violence on changes in antisocial behavior. In families with low conflict, higher levels of witnessed violence predicted increases in antisocial behavior over time. In contrast, in families with relatively high levels of parent-child conflict, high witnessed violence had no additional influence on antisocial outcome. This is the first prospective longitudinal study to document an association between witnessed community violence and changes in antisocial behavior in young, urban boys at familial risk for antisocial behavior.
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Author: Miller, L.S.; Wasserman, G.A.; Neugebauer, R.; et al.
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Publication: Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28(1): 2–11
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PTSD as a Mediator Between Childhood Rape and Alcohol Use in Adult Women
Substance Abuse as a Consequence of Victimization
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Although a relationship between childhood sexual abuse and later alcohol use among women has been documented, little is known about the pathways that link these two variables. The study tests a tension reduction hypothesis, which posits that emotional distress precedes substance use. In addition,
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology resulting from childhood sexual abuse is examined as a pos-sible source of emotional distress that may cause subsequent alcohol use. A sample of 3,213 U.S. women, ages 18 to 89, completed two interviews conducted 1 year apart. The study finds that a history of childhood rape doubled the number of alcohol abuse symptoms women experienced in adulthood. Path analysis and cross-validation results demonstrated significant pathways connecting childhood rape to PTSD symptoms and PTSD symptoms to alcohol use.
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Author: Epstein, J.N.; Saunders, B.E.; Kilpatrick, D.G.; et al.
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Publication: Child Abuse and Neglect, 22(3): 223–234
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Traumatic Exposure to Violence: A Comprehensive Review of the Child and Adolescent Literature
Substance Abuse as a Consequence of Victimization
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This article reviews the literature (1941–1998) on the effects of trauma and violence on children and adolescents. Topics include family violence, physical and sexual abuse, witnessing violence and abuse, the impact of violence and trauma, a history of the study of the effects of trauma, core symptoms (re-experiencing, hyperarousal and hyper-vigilance, dissociation), exacerbating and mediating factors, additional trauma (re-exposure, retraumatization, reenactment, risk-taking), substance abuse, decreased awareness, and traumatic relationship roles. It is suggested that (1) children and adolescents who experience or witness violence are at significant risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder, and (2) perpetual re-exposure to trauma through reenactments and risk-taking behaviors is an important factor.
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Publication: Smith College Studies in Social Work, 68(3): 321–345
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Youth Violent Behavior and Exposure to Violence in Children in Childhood:
An Ecological Review
Substance Abuse as a Consequence of Victimization
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This study reviews the links between violence committed by U.S. youths and the delinquents’ histories of child maltreatment, domestic violence, and community violence. Years of maltreatment research seem to indicate a
strong, indirect association to youth violence—particularly because maltreatment is closely related to general delinquent behavior and other risk factors—and a small, direct relationship because there is a slight ability to discriminate between violent and nonviolent offenders. A weak indirect relationship is assigned to domestic violence because of the sparse amount of research, although a stronger association may emerge in future studies. Early community violence literature indicates both an indirect and at least a small direct positive association to violent delinquency.
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Publication: Aggression and Violent Behavior, 3(2): 159–179
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Multiple Substance Use Among Adolescent Physical and Sexual Abuse Victims
Substance Abuse as a Consequence of Victimization
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This article uses a 1995 statewide Minnesota survey to examine the relationship between substance use patterns among adolescents (grades 6, 9, and 12) and their histories of physical or sexual abuse. Physical and sexual
abuse were associated with an increased likelihood of the use of alcohol, marijuana, and almost all other drugs for both females and males in the three grades surveyed. Use of multiple substances was highly elevated among students who reported both physical and sexual abuse. Abuse victims also reported initiating substance abuse earlier than their non-abused peers and gave more reasons for using, including use to cope with painful emotions and to escape from problems.
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Author: Harrison, P.A.; Fulkerson, J.A.; and Beebe, T.J.
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Publication: Child Abuse and Neglect, 21(6): 529–539
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Sexual Abuse in People with Alcohol Problems: A Study of the Prevalence of Sexual Abuse and Its Relationship to Drinking Behavior
Substance Abuse as a Consequence of Victimization
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Evidence shows that people with a history of sexual abuse may have an increased risk of developing substance abuse problems. This study uses a self-completion sexual abuse questionnaire administered to a sample of attendees at three London alcohol services. Drinking behavior was assessed using the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire and the Alcohol Problems Questionnaire, and additional data were derived from case notes. The high rates of sexual abuse and its association with indications of increased morbidity suggests it is an important issue managing alcohol problems.
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Author: Moncrieff, J.; Drummond, D.C.; Candy, B.; and Checinski, K.
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Publication: British Journal of Psychiatry, 169(3): 355–360
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Child Victimization and Risk for Alcohol and Drug Arrests
Substance Abuse as a Consequence of Victimization
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Using data from a prospective cohort design, this paper examines the relationship between early childhood victimization and subsequent arrest for alcohol and drug related offenses.
Complete official criminal histories are compared for cases of childhood physical and sexual abuse and neglect (n=908) and a control sample (n=667). After controlling for relevant demographic characteristics, logistic regression analyses indicate that childhood maltreatment is a significant predictor of adult, but not juvenile, arrests for substance-related offenses. Differential responses to maltreatment by race and gender are discussed, as are limitations of the findings and future direction for research.
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Author: Ireland, T.; Spatz Widom, C.
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Publication: The International Journal of Addictions, 29(2): 235–274
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Child Abuse Potential
Child Exposure to Violence
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Twenty-five mothers whose children had been under the supervision of the Child Protection Services (CPS), primarily for neglect, and 25 comparison mothers were compared with respect to their child abuse potential as assessed by Milner’s Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI). This study examines whether the CPS mothers’ child abuse potential would still be elevated 7 years after the reported maltreatment of their children.
Second, an attempt was made to predict the CAPI scores with the mothers’ childhood abuse experiences, adulthood social problems, and socioeconomic status. The CPS mothers scored significantly higher than the comparison mothers on most of the CAPI scales, indicating their persistent elevated child abuse potential. No significant differences between the groups were found, however, in risk for child abuse. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that the best predictors of CAPI scores were maternal social problems. Childhood abuse experienced by the mothers and socioeconomic status failed to predict the CAPI score.
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Author: Haapasalo, J.; Aaltonen, T.
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Publication: Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14(6): 571–585
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Witnessed Community Violence and Antisocial Behavior in High-Risk, Urban Boys
Child Exposure to Violence
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This study examines the longitudinal relation between children’s self-report of witnessing community violence, family environment, and parent report of child antisocial behavior in a sample of urban American boys ages 6 to 10 (N=97) at familial risk for antisocial behavior. Boys reported high rates of lifetime exposure to community violence. These reports were positively related to changes over 15 months in child antisocial behavior, even
after controlling for the possible effects of three aspects of parent-child interactions shown previously to be related to problematic child behavior. Furthermore, family environment, particularly the degree to which parents engaged in conflict with their sons, moderated the effect of witnessed violence on changes in antisocial behavior. In families with low conflict, higher levels of witnessed violence predicted increases in antisocial behavior over time. In contrast, in families with relatively high levels of parent-child conflict, high witnessed violence had no additional influence on antisocial outcome. This is the first prospective longitudinal study to document an association between witnessed community violence and changes in antisocial behavior in young, urban boys at familial risk for antisocial behavior.
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Author: Miller, L.S.; Wasserman, G.A.; Neugebauer, R.; Gorman-Smith, D.; and Kamboukos, D.
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Publication: Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28(1): 2–11
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Assessing Exposure to Violence in Urban Youth
Child Exposure to Violence
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This study reports on the development of a structured interview, My Exposure to Violence (My ETV), that was designed to assess child and youth exposure to violence. Eighty participants ages 9 to 24 were assessed. Data from My ETV were fitted to a Rasch model for rating scales, a technique that generates interval level measures and allows the characterization of both chronic and acute exposure. Results indicated that the fit statistics for six scales, covering both lifetime and past year victimization, witnessing of violence, and total exposure, were all good. These scales were found to have high internal consistency ((r) = .68 to .93) and test-retest reliability ((r) = .75 to .94). Evidence of construct validity was provided by the item analysis, which revealed a theoretically sensible ordering of item extremity, and also by analysis of bivariate associations. As expected, younger subjects generally reported less exposure to violence than did older subjects, males reported more exposure than did females, African-American subjects reported higher levels of exposure than did white subjects, violent offenders reported more exposure than did non-offenders, and those living in high-crime areas reported more exposure than did those residing in low-crime areas. The study also discusses future areas of investigation and the potential contribution to studies of antisocial behavior and posttraumatic stress disorder.
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Author: Selner-O’Hagan, M.B.; Kindlon, D.J.; Buka, S.L.; Raudenbush, S.W.; and Earls, F.J.
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Publication: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 39(2): 215–224
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The Effects of Violence in the Home on Children’s Emotional, Behavioral, and Social Functioning: A Review of the Literature
Child Exposure to Violence
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Violence is a pervasive force in the lives of children in the United States. All too often children have been victims of violence or witnesses to violence in their own homes. Although there is broad acknowledgment that these children are at risk for psychological, behavioral, and social maladjustment, the empirical basis
for this has not always been recognized. This article provides a review and summary of the empirical research literature related to the following question: What effects does violence in the home have on children’s emotional, behavioral, and social functioning? The evidence from these studies appears to support the conclusion that children who are victims or witnesses to violence in the home are at risk for experiencing both behavioral and emotional problems and somewhat at risk for impaired social functioning. Findings from experimental research are discussed in the context of additional data sources and considerations for future research.
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Author: Rudo, Z.H.; Powell, D.S.; and Dunlap, G.
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Publication: Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 6(2): 94-113
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The Impact of Children Witnessing Violence
Child Exposure to Violence
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This article reviews the impact violence has on children, the most vulnerable among us. Over the past decade, Americans have recognized
that violence has deeply permeated the lives of children. There is great concern over the effect these terrible experiences will have on present and future generations. The collective consciousness of society is aware that the impact of violence extends well beyond the child who is physically victimized to other larger groups of children such as those who witness violence.
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Publication: Pediatric Clinics of North America, 45(2): 355–364
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Assessing the Impact of Community Violence on Children and Youths
Child Exposure to Violence
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Social workers often encounter young clients who have been exposed to violence in their communities. Although the devastating effects of community violence have been well-documented, surprisingly little social-work practice has been focused on attending to young clients' experiences with community violence. This article explores the manifestations and consequences of community violence in the lives of children and youths, and presents an assessment framework with which social workers may examine the impact of community violence in the lives of their young clients at risk.
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Author: Guterman, N.B.; Cameron, M.
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Publication: Social Work, 42(5): 495–505, 1997
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Long-Term Psychological Adjustment to Witnessing Interparental Physical Conflict During Childhood
Child Exposure to Violence
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This study examines the long-term psychological impact of witnessing interparental conflict involving physical aggression during childhood. Of the 1,452 undergraduates (mean age 18.8) that were surveyed retrospectively, 203 (14 per-cent) reported witnessing at least one incident of physical aggression between parents, and both males and females reported higher levels of current psychological distress than controls who
never witnessed interparental physical aggression. The group difference remained even after the study controlled for parental divorce, parental socioeconomic status, physical abuse of the child, parental alcoholism, and nonphysical aggression between parents.
Same-sex parent victimization and outside intervention intensified the negative effect of these experiences. Decreased parental caring and warmth during childhood was found to account for variance in the adult adjustment of the subjects who witnessed interparental physical aggression in childhood. Implications for further research are discussed.
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Author: Henning, K.; Leitenberg H.; Coffey, P.; et al.
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Publication: Child Abuse and Neglect, 21(6): 501–515
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Urban Youth as Witnesses to Violence: Beginning Assessment and Treatment Efforts
Child Exposure to Violence
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As violent incidents have increased dramatically in urban areas, so has the exposure of inner-city youths to violence. This article reviews the effects on children of witnessing violence. Common effects of witnessing violence include symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, separation anxiety and depression; disturbed grieving and bereavement; externalizing behaviors including aggressiveness; impaired interpersonal and family relations; and declines in academic performance. Several factors may mediate the impact of exposure to violence, including age, gender, and his-tory of prior trauma. To date, mental health assessment and treatment efforts for youths who have witnessed violence have been limited.
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Author: Warner, B.S.; Weist, M.D.
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Publication: Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25(3): 361–377
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The Relationship Between Childhood Maltreatment and Adolescent Involvement in Delinquency
Child Exposure to Violence
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Recent research suggests a link between childhood maltreatment and later involvement in delinquency. This study examines this issue using official and self-report data from the Rochester Youth Development Study. The analysis addresses three central issues: (1) the magnitude of the relationship between early childhood
maltreatment and later delinquency, official and self-reported; (2) the possibility of spuriousness in this relationship; and (3) the impact of more extensive measurement of maltreatment on later delinquency. A significant relationship between maltreatment and self-reported and official delinquency is found, and this relationship, especially for more serious forms of delinquency, remains when other factors are controlled for. The results also suggest that more extensive maltreatment is related to higher rates of delinquency. Implications and suggestions are discussed.
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Author: Smith, C.; Thornberry T.
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Publication: Criminology, 33(4): 451–477
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