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Regional Study Areas

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Mississippi Sandhill Cranes
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Figure. Range of Mississippi sandhill cranes.

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Red-cockaded Woodpeckers
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Figure. Distribution of red-cockaded woodpeckers by county and state. Most historical RCW records are cited from Jackson 1971 and Hooper et al. 1980. For information on references, contact R. Costa.

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Indiana Bats
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Fig. 1. Range of the Indiana bat and locations of Priority 1 hibernacula (see text for definitions).

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Southeastern Freshwater Fishes
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Fig. 1. Total numbers of freshwater fishes and percentage imperiled by hydrographic region of the southeastern United States.

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Loss of Genetic Diversity Among Managed Populations
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Loss of Genetic Diversity Among Managed Populations
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Figure. Loss of genetic variation among largemouth bass populations. a. The native range of the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is delineated by the red lines (MacCrimmon and Robbins 1975). As first described by Bailey and Hubbs (1949), the Florida subspecies, M.s. floridanus, was restricted to peninsular Florida (blue); the northern subspecies, M.s. salmoides, covered most of the rest of the range of the species; and there was a relatively small intergrade zone between the two resulting from some indeterminable combination of natural hybridization and human-caused mixing of stocks. b. The expansion of the intergrade by 1980 was described by Philipp et al. (1983). Because detailed ranges were not explored in all states, and because this intergrade zone expansion was likely caused by state stocking programs, entire states are classified according to whether the intergrade zone was expanded. c. The current intergrade zone is now even larger because of the addition of more states in which largemouth bass containing at least some M.s. floridanus genes are being introduced either by the state fish and game agencies themselves or by private groups. Notice that the entire southern and eastern portion of the original range of the northern subspecies, M.s. salmoides, is at risk of being inundated with M.s. floridanus genes.

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Freshwater Mussels in Lake Huron-Lake Erie Corridor
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Fig. 1. The Lake Huron-Lake Erie corridor, including Lake St. Clair and western Lake Erie (in red).

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Southern Forested Wetlands
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Fig. 1. Approximate distribution of forested wetlands along rivers and streams in the southeastern United States prior to European colonization (Putnam et al. 1960).

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Gulf of Mexico Coastal Wetlands: Case Studies of Loss Trends
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Fig. 1. Locations of wetland loss study sites along the Gulf of Mexico region.

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Seagrass Distribution in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
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Figure. Study sites along the Gulf of Mexico region.

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Grizzly Bears
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Grizzly Bears
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Fig. 1. Approximate distribution of grizzly bears in 1850 compared to 1920 (a; Merriam 1922) and 1970-90 (b). Local extinction dates, by state, appear in (a). Populations identified in (b) are NCE -- North Cascades ecosystem, SE -- Selkirk ecosystem, CYE -- Cabinet-Yaak ecosystem, BE -- Bitterroot ecosystem, NCDE -- Northern Continental Divide ecosystem, GYE -- Greater Yellowstone ecosystem. As indicated in (b), a grizzly was killed in the San Juan Mountains of southern Colorado in 1979.

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Species Richness and Trends of Western Butterflies and Moths
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Fig. 1. Western United States showing five subregions of high species richness.

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Desert Bighorn Sheep
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Figure. Historical range and current distribution of the three subspecies of desert bighorn in the United States (redrawn from Trefethen 1975 and Weaver 1985).

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Western North American Shorebirds
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Fig. 2. Location of important staging areas in western North America used by shorebirds during spring and fall migration. Size of dot indicates the estimated peak number of shorebirds at each site.

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Native Ranid Frogs in California
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Fig. 1. Historical and current distribution of the northern red-legged frog, California red-legged frog, and Cascades frog in California based on 2,068 museum records and 302 records from other sources. Dots indicate locality records based on verified museum specimens. Squares indicate locality records based on verified sightings (e.g., field notes, photographs, published papers). Red dots and green squares denote localities where native frogs are extant. Gold dots and blue squares indicate where native frogs are presumed extinct. Figure modified from Jennings and Hayes (1993).

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Native Ranid Frogs in California
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Fig. 2. Historical and current distribution of the foothill yellow-legged frog, spotted frog, and Yavapai leopard frog in California based on 3,316 museum records and 171 records from other sources. Dots indicate locality records based on verified museum specimens. Squares indicate locality records based on verified sightings (e.g., field notes, photographs, published papers). Red dots and green squares denote localities where native frogs are extant. Gold dots and blue squares indicate where native frogs are presumed extinct. Figure modified from Jennings and Hayes (1993).

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Native Ranid Frogs in California
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Fig. 3. Historical and current distribution of the mountain yellow-legged frog, and presumed native populations of the northern leopard frog in California based on 2,565 museum records and 673 records from other sources. Dots indicate locality records based on verified museum specimens. Squares indicate locality records based on verified sightings (e.g., field notes, photographs, published papers). Red dots and green squares denote localities where native frogs are extant. Gold dots and blue squares indicate where native frogs are presumed extinct. Figure modified from Jennings and Hayes (1993).

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Desert Tortoises in the Mojave and Colorado Deserts
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Fig. 1. U.S. range of the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii). The six population segments for desert tortoises federally listed as threatened occur in parts of the Mojave and Colorado deserts that lie north and west of the Colorado River.

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Disappearance of the Tarahumara Frog
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Fig. 1. Range of the Tarahumara frog, Rana tarahumarae. Copper smelters are at Douglas, AZ (now closed), and Cananea and Nacozari, Sonora. Historical locations include both surveyed populations that appeared stable, and unvisited historical localities (Campbell 1931; Little 1940; Williams 1960; Hale et al. 1977; Hale and May 1983; Hale and Jarchow 1988).

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Columbia River Basin White Sturgeon
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Figure. Distribution and status of white sturgeon in the U.S. portion of the Columbia River Basin.

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Sea Otters in the North Pacific Ocean
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Fig. 1a. Distribution of sea otters before fur harvest began in 1741 and populations that survived the harvest, providing the nucleus for recovery of the species. Width of shaded area is not relative to sea otter habitat.

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Whitebark Pine: Ecosystem in Peril
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Fig. 1. (a) Natural distribution of whitebark pine (Arno and Hoff 1989; Olgilvie 1990) with mortality zones. Mortality level is the proportion of trees dead from all causes since presettlement. (b) White pine blister rust infection rates in whitebark pine. Blister rust is present but infection rates are unknown in Canada and the southern United States.

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Sea Otters in the North Pacific Ocean
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Fig. 1b. Current distribution of sea otters including locations of successful translocations.

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White-tailed Deer in the Northeast
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Fig. 2. The harvest of antlered white-tailed deer (number per square mi or 259 ha of deer range) in 13 northeastern states in 1983 (first value) and in 1992 (second value); estimates for Virginia and West Virginia include young-of-the-year males (button bucks).

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Southeastern Freshwater Fishes
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Fig. 3. An example of habitat fragmentation, decline, and isolation of populations of a southeastern freshwater fish, the endangered spotfin chub (Cyprinella monacha). Former (pre-1930's) and present range in yellow.

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Colorado River Basin Fishes
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Figure. Colorado River Basin.

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Biodiversity Degradation in Illinois Stoneflies
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Figure. Twenty-five major river drainages in Illinois.

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Southern Forested Wetlands
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Fig. 2. Distribution of forested wetlands along the Lower Mississippi River: (a) Precolonial extent based on Putnam et al. (1960); (b) recent extent based on 1982 data (data source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Vicksburg, Mississippi).

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Habitat Changes in the Upper Mississippi River Floodplain
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Fig. 1. The Upper Mississippi River. Numbers indicate reservoirs formed by navigation dams and known locally as pools.

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Contaminant Trends in Great Lakes Fish
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Fig. 1. Sampling sites for the NBS/USEPA Fish Contaminant Monitoring Program and "hot spots" of sediment contamination where tumors and other deformities have been detected in fish.

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Surface Cover Changes in the Rio Grande Floodplain, 1935-89
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Figure. The Rio Grande study area.

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Duck Nest Success in the Prairie Potholes
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Fig. 1. Areas of the Prairie Pothole region and time periods for which estimates of duck nest success were made. See Fig. 2 for abbreviations.

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Decline of Native Prairie Fishes
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Fig. 1. Historical occurrences of the Arkansas River shiner from collections before 1989 and current occurrences from 1989 to 1991.

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Decline of Native Prairie Fishes
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Fig. 2. Historical occurrences of the Arkansas River speckled chub from collections before 1992 and current occurrences from 1992 to 1993.

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Southwestern Sky Island Ecosystems
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Fig. 1. Sky island mountain ranges of Arizona, New Mexico, and adjacent Sonora and Chihuahua (Marshall 1957). All of the labeled mountain ranges have pine-oak woodland.

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Bonytail and Razorback Sucker in the Colorado River Basin
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Fig. 3. Historical range and current concentrations of bonytail and razorback sucker (Minckley and Deacon 1991).

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Amphibian and Reptile Diversity on the Colorado Plateau
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Figure. The Colorado Plateau region is cut by dramatic canyons of the Colorado River system.

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Wintering Bald Eagles Along the Colorado River Corridor
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Fig. 1. The Colorado Plateau.

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Mexican Spotted Owls in Canyonlands of the Colorado Plateau
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Fig. 1. Distribution of Mexican spotted owls in the southwestern United States.

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Pacific Walruses
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Figure. Distribution of Pacific walruses in the Bering and Chukchi seas of Alaska and Russia (Fay 1982).