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Freshwater Mussels: A Neglected and Declining Aquatic Resource
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Fig. 1. Number of species and subspecies of freshwater mussels historically known to occur within each state and the percentage now classified as imperiled.
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North American Ducks
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Fig. 1. The Prairie Pothole region and areas sampled in the Breeding Population and Habitat Survey.
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Western North American Shorebirds
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Fig. 1. Number of shorebird species regularly breeding and wintering within three broad ecological domains of North America west and east of the Continental Divide (dashed line).
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Black Bears in North America
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Fig. 1. Historical distribution of the American black bear (modified from Hall 1981).
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Black Bears in North America
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Fig. 2. Present distribution of the American black bear, based on survey responses from provinces and states (Pelton 1994) and research projects in Mexico (D. Doan, Texas A & I University, personal communication).
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Changes in Nesting Behavior of Arctic Geese
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Fig. 1. Location of four monitoring sites. Sites chosen represent localities with information for 5 or more years. Site 1McConnell River (60š 50'N, 94š 25'W; snow goose [Chen caerulescens] and small Canada goose [Branta canadensis]); 2 La Pérouse Bay (58š 24'N, 94š 24'W; snow goose); 3Cape Churchill (58š 25'N, 93šW; medium Canada goose); and 4South-hampton Island (63š 60'N, 86šW; snow goose).
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Potential Impacts of Climate Change on North American Flora
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Fig. 2. The proportion of species that would be out of their climate envelope in each state or province with a +3°C (+5.4°F) temperature change.
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Causes of Eagle Deaths
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Fig. 2. Nationwide distribution of lead-poisoned eagles.
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Return of Wild Turkeys
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Fig. 1. Distribution of the wild turkey in the United States and Mexico in 1989 (Stangel et al. 1992).
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Mourning Doves
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Fig. 1. Breeding and wintering ranges of mourning doves and mourning dove management units in the United States.
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Piping Plovers
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Figure. Distribution of piping plovers throughout the annual cycle in 1991.
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North American Elk
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Figure. Distribution of elk in North America as of 1978, based on information provided by provincial and state wildlife agencies (modified from Thomas and Toweill 1982, used with permission, Wildlife Management Institute).
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Increased Avian Diseases With Habitat Change
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Fig. 2. Known distribution of "western duck sickness" (avian botulism) in North America, 1934 (Kalmback and Gunderson 1934), and from 1975 to 1993.
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Increased Avian Diseases With Habitat Change
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Fig. 3. Geographic distribution of avian cholera in wild waterfowl within the United States, before 1960 (first outbreak in 1944), during the 1960's, and after 1970, when disease spread (National Wildlife Health Center files).
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Monitoring Changes in Landscapes from Satellite Imagery
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Fig. 1. Grouped categories of potential natural vegetation aggregated from Küchler (1964).
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Monitoring Changes in Landscapes from Satellite Imagery
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Fig. 2. Grouped categories of 1990 land cover depicting 1990 conterminous U.S. land cover that was developed from 1990 AVHRR imagery.
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Monitoring Changes in Landscapes from Satellite Imagery
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Fig. 3. Percentage of Küchler's potential natural vegetation types (Küchler 1964) that have been converted to agricultural and urban land cover. The lighter tones represent the higher levels of human modification. Percentages of modification are displayed as deca-percentiles.
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Causes of Eagle Deaths
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Fig. 3. Nationwide distribution of eagle poisonings caused by organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides.
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Birds of Hawaii
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Fig. 1. Origins of the 54 alien species established in Hawaii.
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Birds of Hawaii
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Fig. 2. Dispersal of the 13 breeding visitor species when not breeding.
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Birds of Hawaii
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Fig. 3. Origins of the 155 visitor species that do not breed in Hawaii.
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Coral Reef Ecosystems
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Fig. 2. Coral reef ecosystems under U.S. jurisdiction in the Pacific Ocean. Coral reef ecosystems are found around the northwest and main Hawaiian Islands, Wake Island, Johnston Atoll, Northern Mariana, Guam, Palmyra Island and Kingman Reef, Howland Island, Baker Island, Jarvis Island, and American Samoa. Coral reef ecosystems at risk are indicated by a red asterisk.
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Coral Reef Ecosystems
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Fig. 1. Coral reef ecosystems under U.S. jurisdiction in the western Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea. Coral reef ecosystems are found on or around the Florida Reef tract, Flower Garden Banks, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands. Coral reef ecosystems at risk are indicated by an asterisk.
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Africanized Bees in North America
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Fig. 1. Migration of Africanized honeybees.
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Breeding Bird Survey: Population Trends 1966-92
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Fig. 1. Geographic patterns in the mean trends for grassland bird species during 1966-92.
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Breeding Bird Survey: Population Trends 1966-92
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Fig. 2. Geographic patterns in the mean trends for shrubland and old-field bird species during 1966-92.
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Breeding Bird Survey: Population Trends 1966-92
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Fig. 3. Geographic patterns in the mean trends for woodland bird species during 1966-92.
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Breeding Bird Survey: Population Trends 1966-92
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Fig. 4. Geographic patterns in the mean trends for Neotropical migrant bird species during 1966-92.
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Breeding Bird Survey: Population Trends 1966-92
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Fig. 5. Geographic patterns in the mean trends for short-distance migrant bird species during 1966-92.
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Breeding Bird Survey: Population Trends 1966-92
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Fig. 6. Geographic patterns in the mean trends for permanent resident bird species during 1966-92.
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Audubon's Crested Caracara in Florida
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Fig. 1. Breeding range of Audubon's crested caracara in Florida based on records from 1987 to 1991; range boundaries shown by Howell (1932), and main species' range in western United States.
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Southwestern Willow Flycatchers in the Grand Canyon
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Fig. 1. Breeding distribution of the southwestern willow flycatcher. Dotted line represents areas where distribution is uncertain.
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Amphibians
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Figure. Distribution of U.S. endemic amphibian species; those west of the 100th meridian tend to be more broadly dispersed.
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Imperiled Freshwater Fishes
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Figure. Number of fishes considered imperiled and number of native freshwater fishes of the contiguous United States by state (redrawn from Warren and Burr 1994).
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Lepidoptera Inventories in the Continental United States
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Fig. 1. Distribution of state and local inventories of Lepidoptera in the contiguous 48 United States. States having comprehensive lists (all families) published or in progress, those with macrolepidoptera lists, and those with preliminary lists in progress are indicated. Dots indicate locations of 35 local inventories of single sites, reserves, and islands, either published or in progress.
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The Tall-grass Prairie Butterfly Community
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Fig. 1. Original boundaries of the tall-grass prairie biome in the United States (Risser et al. 1981) and locations of study sites (A.B. Swengel, unpublished data).
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Lichens
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Fig. 2. Documented lichen deserts in the United States and Canada. Strong anecdotal evidence exists that lichen deserts also occur in most major cities.
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Native Vascular Plants
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Fig. 1. The number of native vascular plant species in each state.
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Native Vascular Plants
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Fig. 3. The proportion of globally rare vascular plant species (ranked G1, rarest, to G3, more common) in the native flora of each U.S. state.
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Native Vascular Plants
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Fig. 4. The proportion of species reported potentially extirpated from the native flora of each U.S. state.
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Vegetation Change in National Parks
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Fig. 1. Four national park units studied.
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Oak Savannas in Wisconsin
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Figure. Gross range of presettlement oak savanna in central North America (adapted from Nuzzo 1986 and Smeins and Diamond 1986). The shaded area represents the general region in which oak savannas occurred, although this region was not uniformly savanna. Significant blocks of nonsavanna vegetation, such as prairie or forest, were also present within it. Nor was oak savanna totally restricted to this region. Small, disjunct outliers existed as far east as Ohio and as far west as the Dakotas.
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Coastal Barrier Erosion: Loss of Valuable Coastal Ecosystems
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Figure. Classification of annual shoreline change around the United States (modified from U.S. Geological Survey. 1985).
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Contaminants in Coastal Fish and Mollusks
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Fig. 1. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Status and Trends Program monitors more than 350 sites nationwide for chemical con-taminants in fish livers, bivalve molluscan tissues, and associated sediments. Yellow symbols depict Mussel Watch Project (molluscan and sediment monitoring) and red symbols depict National Benthic Surveillance Project (fish and sediment monitoring) sites.
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Persistent Environmental Contaminants in Fish and Wildlife
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Fig. 3. Geographic distribution of DDE residues in starlings collected in 1985. Also shown are boundaries of the 5-degree (latitude and longitude) sampling blocks and collection sites.
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Persistent Environmental Contaminants in Fish and Wildlife
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Persistent Environmental Contaminants in Fish and Wildlife
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Fig. 4. Geographic distribution of PCB residues in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service monitoring networks: (a) PCB concentrations in fish collected in 1986 from the indicated sites. Not shown are stations in Alaska and Hawaii, at which PCB concentrations were < 1.5 parts per million (ppm) at all sites; (b) PCBs in starlings collected in 1985. Also shown are boundaries of the 5-degree (latitude and longitude) sampling blocks and collection sites.
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Wildlife Mortality Attributed to Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticides
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Fig. 2. Location by state of organophosphorus and carbamate compounds in pesticide-related wildlife mortality incidents, 1980-93.
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Agricultural Ecosystems
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Nonindigenous Fish
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Fig 1. The number of nonindigenous fish species reported by state, 1800-1994. Some species may not be established or have been eradicated.
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Invasion of the Zebra Mussel in the United States
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Fig. 1. States with zebra mussel sightings in inland or adjacent waters, 1988. In 1989, they spread to Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, and Lake Ontario (National Biological Service, unpublished data).
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Invasion of the Zebra Mussel in the United States
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Fig. 3. States with zebra mussel sightings in inland or adjacent waters in 1993. The range has extended west of the Mississippi River into Oklahoma by way of the Arkansas River (National Biological Service, unpublished data).
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Africanized Bees in North America
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Fig. 2. Confirmed presence of Africanized honeybees in (colored) counties of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, January 15, 1994.
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The Nation's Wetlands
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Fig. 1. Surface-area percentage of wetlands in each state: 1780's (Dahl 1990).
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The Nation's Wetlands
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Fig. 2. Surface-area percentage of wetlands in each state: 1980's (Dahl 1990).
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The Nation's Wetlands
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Fig. 3. Wetland acreage loss by state (Dahl 1990).
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The Nation's Wetlands
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Fig. 4. Surface-area percentage of wetland base loss by state (Dahl 1990).
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Reptiles and Amphibians in the Endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem
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Fig. 2. Historical distribution of the longleaf pine ecosystem in the southeastern Coastal Plain. Chart shows the present total number of species of amphibians and reptiles in various southeastern states.
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Reptiles and Amphibians in the Endangered Longleaf Pine Ecosystem
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Fig. 4. The distribution of the gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) in the southeastern United States. The chart shows the number of species of various taxa known to use its burrow and the number of plant taxa described from the longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosystem.
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Winter Population Trends of Selected Songbirds
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Fig. 3. Percentage of 27 birds showing positive and negative trends.
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Changes in Winter Ranges of Selected Birds, 1901-89
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Fig. 1. Range and abundance patterns of the mute swan. (a) Data from 1901 to 1940, (b) Data from 1960 to 1989 (except 1969).
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Changes in Winter Ranges of Selected Birds, 1901-89
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Fig. 2. Range and abundance patterns of the wild turkey. (a) Data from 1901 to 1940, (b) Data from 1960 to 1989 (except 1969).
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Changes in Winter Ranges of Selected Birds, 1901-89
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Fig. 3. Range and abundance patterns of the mourning dove. (a) Data from 1901 to 1940, (b) Data from 1960 to 1989 (except 1969).
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Changes in Winter Ranges of Selected Birds, 1901-89
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Fig. 4. Range and abundance patterns of the barred owl. (a) Data from 1901 to 1940. (b) Data from 1960 to 1989 (except 1969).
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Changes in Winter Ranges of Selected Birds, 1901-89
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Fig. 5. Range and abundance patterns of the bald eagle. (a) Data from 1901 to 1940. (b) Data from 1960 to 1989 (except 1969).
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Changes in Winter Ranges of Selected Birds, 1901-89
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Fig. 6. Maps showing range and abundance patterns of the northern pintail. (a) Data from 1901 to 1940. (b) Data from 1960 to 1989 (except 1969).
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Altered Fire Regimes Within Fire-adapted Ecosystems
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Fig. 1. Range of: a --sagebrush steppe; b -- juniper woodlands; c -- ponderosa pine; d -- lodgepole pine; and e -- southern pineland communities in the United States.
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Non-native Aquatic Species in the United States and Coastal Waters
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Figure. Distribution of purple loosestrife, Asian clam, zebra mussel, and carp in the United States (shading indicates species presence).
*U.S. Congress 1993.
**U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service 1994. Non-native aquatic species data base.
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Non-native Animals on Public Lands
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Figure. Distribution of several non-native animal species on public lands as reported by land managers responding to mail surveys: feral cat, wild pig, feral dog, non-native trout, carp, and wild horse.
