Title: NSF/Tokyo Report: Japan's Space Budget Request for JFY 98: Little Change For Now Date: March 19, 1998 Replaces: None The National Science Foundation's offices in Tokyo and in Paris periodically report on developments abroad that are related to the Foundation's mission. These documents present facts for the use of NSF program managers and policy makers; they are not statements of NSF policy. Report Memorandum #98-04 February 19, 1998 The following report was prepared by Mr. Gilbert Kirkham, the NASA Representative assigned to the Environment, Science, and Technology (EST) section of the US Embassy in Tokyo. Mr. Kirkham and EST approved the distribution of this report by the NSF Tokyo Office. For further information, clarification or to make comments, please contact: Mr. Kirkham at:gkirkham@hq.nasa.gov (if sending an attachment, please use the following e-mail address instead: ustkysci@ppp.bekkoame.or.jp) JAPAN'S SPACE BUDGET REQUEST FOR JFY98: LITTLE CHANGE FOR NOW ------- Caveats ------- This report is based mostly on documents that present an overview of the Japanese budget obtained in Japanese from the Space Activities Commission. Requests for the full NASDA and ISAS budgets were denied. As Japan is currently working on legislation similar to the FOIA legislation in the US, I expect that greater detailed information will be more easily accessible next year. This report is, therefore, not an exhaustive record, but rather organizes available information into categories that NASA officials can recognize. Another caveat is that I am not a budget analyst, therefore the deductions that are made herein are based more on my impressions than on specific rules of budget analysis. As a result, there will undoubtedly be many questions and requests for clarification on some of the entries in this report. I welcome your comments and requests. Contact information for me is above. ------- Summary ------- While the government budget is just beginning to be debated in the Japanese Diet, Japan's space budget growth will likely be 1.4% for fiscal year 1998 (April 1, 1998 to March 31, 1999). The budget for the National Space Development Agency (NASDA)will likely grow by 1.1% from last year to $1.368 billion. The Ministry of Education's Institute of Space and AstronauticalSciences (ISAS) budget growth will be 2.2%, bringing the ISAS budget to $172.7 million. The Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) saw its space budget fall nearly 16% from last year to $75 million. Given US Government predictions for a rise in Japan's gross domestic product of only 0.75% for this fiscal year (and even lower for next year) and Japan's commitment to fiscal reform, it is unlikely that Japan will be able to afford large increases in Japan's space budget over the next few years. While Japan will be able to meet its Space Station obligations, any optimism for near-term fiscal support by Japan's space organizations for new US projects should be tempered by this reality: Japan's space budget does not have the dough. Coupled with Prime Minister Hashimoto's administrative reform proposal to combine the Science and Technology Agency (STA) with the Ministry of Education (MOE), there are substantial changes in store for the Japanese space program over the next several years. ------------------------------------------------- Little Surprise in Ministry of Finance Submission ------------------------------------------------- On January 12, 1998, the Japanese Diet began its deliberations on the Government of Japan fiscal year 1998 budget (JFY98). Overall, the government is seeking a growth of 1.4% over last year's space budget to a total of $1.903 billion (at an exchange rate of $1:Y130). Further analysis shows that that Japan's space development budget grew at only 0.8%. The rest of the growth is in infrastructure and operations. In terms of the ministerial breakdowns, growth in the STA budget grew was 1.0% and in the MOE budget was 2.2% over last year's budget. NASDA, which is under the auspices of STA, requested an increase of 1.5% over last year's budget; the Ministry of Finance (MOF) submission to the Diet for NASDA is an expected 1.1% increase. If approved by the Diet, NASDA's budget will be $1.368 billion. While this report focuses on mostly on the NASDA, MOE and MITI budgets, Japan's overall space budget is also divided among the National Aeronautics Laboratory (NAL), the Police Agency, the Environmental Agency (EA), the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF), Ministry of Transportation (MOT), Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MPT), and the Ministry of Construction (MOC) which all have small space activities of their own. The following table is the breakdown of ministry and agency space budgets. Only in Table 1 are amounts listed in millions of US dollars. Later tables show amounts in millions of Japanese yen. The JFY98 Request column indicates the amount requested by the ministry or agency to MOF. The JFY98 Submit column indicates the amount that MOF submitted to the Diet for approval. It is unlikely that the Diet will change the MOF submit figures. One final note, the SAC budget is for administrative activities associated with Japan's Space Activities Commission (SAC). Table 1. Ministerial Breakout of Japan's Space Budget Ministry JFY97 Budget JFY98 Request JFY98 Submit Percent change /Agency(Millions US$)(Millions US$)(Millions US$)(JFY98vs.JFY97) ---------------------------------------------------------------- NASDA 1,352.9 1,373.7 1,368.3 101.1% NAL 29.5 28.7 28.7 97.3% SAC 7.9 7.1 7.1 89.9% Police Agency 5.3 5.3 5.3 100.0% EA 7.0 8.1 8.1 115.7% MOE 169.0 174.0 172.7 102.2% MOA 0.5 0.8 0.7 140.0% MITI 89.0 76.9 75.0 84.3% MOT 158.8 186.9 183.6 115.6% MPT 43.1 42.2 41.0 95.1% MOC 12.6 12.9 12.8 101.6% MOJ 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0% ---------------------------------------------------------------- Total 1,876.3 1,916.6 1,903.3 101.4% ---------------------------------- Changing Priorities in the Future? ---------------------------------- According to sources, this year is the first year that MOF has asked NASDA to prioritize three programs scheduled for phase-up:the Selenological Engineering Explore (SELENE) mission, Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS), and the eighth Engineering Test Satellite (ETS-8). As late as December 1997, NASDA officials were certain that at least one, if not more, programs would be denied phase-up funding and would plunge into an uncertain future. However, in the end, all three made it through the difficult MOF negotiation period and escaped predicted cuts. Was this exercise a shot across NASDA's bow or an aberration? My impression is that Japanese space officials in and out of NASDA see cannibalization of programs as the shape of things to come for all Japanese space organizations. A more detailed description of SELENE, ALOS, ETS-8 and other line items are in the following five sections: Earth Science, Human Exploration and Development of Space (HEDS), Space Science, Aeronautics, and Satellite Development. Unless they were new starts in JFY98, purely administrative budget items and construction of facilities (COF) costs are not included in the tables of this report. Also deleted have been programs whose funding was zeroed out in this fiscal year because they are at the end of their development cycle (like NASDA ADEOS-I and NASDA ETS-7 that launched last year). Tables are at the end of the report. ------------------------------ 1. Earth Science (Tables 2-3) ------------------------------ Overall Earth science funding in Japan (exclusive of launch costs) will be around $681.9 million. Of most immediate note, "post-ADEOS-II" Phase-A funding was pegged at 25.334 million yen for JFY98. Listed as, "Research on follow-on environment observation technology satellite mission," this money will be used to conduct an ADEOS-III (aka "post-ADEOS-II") feasibility study. NASDA will get funding for its study of a system of Earth observation satellites, communication satellites and ground facilities for disaster monitoring. The Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (MPT) is also contributing part of their budget for "research into a multiple-satellite based disaster management system" (11 million yen). NASDA is expecting to see 46 million yen of feasibility study money for the ATMOS (Atmospheric Observation Satellite) missions, a series of precipitation, cloud/radiation and chemistry missions. NASDA indicated that ADEOS-III will take priority over these missions, but assuming that ADEOS-III develops as planned, NASDA will try to launch ATMOS-A in 2003, ATMOS-B in 2005 and ATMOS-C in 2006. Finally, NASDA budget officials recently indicated that MTSAT (Multipurpose Transportation Satellite) funding for JFY98 will be 3 billion yen, most of which is for rocket development. <#1> ------------------------------------------------------------- <#1>: The MTSAT is actually a Ministry of Transportation (MOT) program run mostly out of the Aerospace Bureau with support from the Meteorological Agency in MOT. The MOT budget for JFY98 lists money for only a "feasibility study" totaling 6.8 billion yen (compared to 5.5 billion yen in JFY97). --------------------------------------------------------------- In terms of cuts, NASDA is expecting a 25% cut in research on sensors for Earth environment, weather, and ocean observation as well as disaster surveillance (8 billion yen). They will get 6% of last year's research money for forecasting and understanding Earth changes (839 million yen). The Environment Agency (EA) and MITI are contributing to Japan's Earth sciences research. EA is contributing to the development of ADEOS-II with 1 billion yen in JFY98, an increase of 16% over last year's budget. MITI is shouldering part of the ALOS (Advanced Land Observation Satellite) development burden with 1.4 billion yen this year as opposed to 1.1 billion yen last year. As noted, the ALOS program received the go-ahead to proceed with Phase-C development beginning this year. In this program, NASDA with NEC, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation and Toshiba are developing an optical sensor able to conduct 3-dimensional observation and a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) equipped with a radiowav Sennsor that can function day, night and in during bad weather. Both sensors are able to view an area 70 kilometers wide. ALOS is on schedule for launch in 2002. MPT's Communications Research Laboratory (CRL) is also adding to Japan's technology in Earth observation with 37.8 million yen budgeted for research in "sensor observation technology" and million yen for research in next-generation cloud observation radar equipment. Likewise, CRL's "research in space-based weather forecasting system" (88.9 million yen) will contribute to Japan's forecasting research initiatives. The Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) has budgeted a small amount of money to cover "fees" for "remote sensing data usage" (62.5 million yen). MOA is also budgeting a small amount of money for "remote sensing technology development for controlling fishing boat management" (30 million yen). Finally, the Ministry of Construction pays a fee for the usage of remote sensing satellites (1.6 billion yen). ---------------------------------------------------------------- 2. Human Exploration and Development of Space (HEDS)(Tables 4-6) ---------------------------------------------------------------- NASDA commands most of the budget in the HEDS enterprise, with some help from the National Institute on Radiological Sciences (NIRS) and MITI.<#2> ----------------------------------------------------------- <#2> For Japan, HEDS would include life and microgravity science research, ELV mission support, payload processing support, ISS/JEM development, advanced projects, and engineering and technological base. ----------------------------------------------------------- Japan's Space Station budget is stable despite the delay to the JEM launches agreed to at the May 1997, Space Station Heads of Agency meeting. This year's decrease in funding reflects a projected reduction in spending as the program ramps down. It's worth noting, however, that this year's ISS budget submission is a 1.1% increase over what NASDA/STA were seeking from MOF in August. Program managers here agree that it has been difficult to manage the JEM budget, but that there is enough margin to prevent Japan from causing an overall schedule delay. Japan is implementing new starts in space infrastructure development and small launches. Another new start is the safety and mission assurance role that NASDA is now responsible for with regard to the Rocket Systems Corporation (RSC). Management of NASDA rocket launches is done by RSC. As a new start, this year NASDA will perform safety reviews of RSC launches. This year's budget will be 6.1 million yen. Conducted by the National Institute for Radiological Science, medical space research, including research on space radiation, will receive a large boost in funding this year over last year's budget (37 million yen vice 30 million yen in JFY97). In terms of decreases, robotic research has decreased in Japan's space budget by about 20% to 85 million yen. NASDA money for developing a "common orbiting platform" has also decreased to 131 million yen, vice 188 million yen in JFY97. In looking more closely at the budget for Space Station, the first impression may be that there are confusing signals. On the one hand, Japan's budget for station is gently decreasing. On the other hand, however, NASDA is incurring extra costs. As of this writing, the JEM development schedule is slipping to the right slightly. The end-to-end JEM systems integration test scheduled to begin in December 1997, is now scheduled to begin not earlier than February 1998. Last year, NASDA was given authority to contract 23.9 billion yen over the next 2-3 years. This year NASDA will be able to contract for no more than 21.6 billion yen. Given the slip in schedule formally acknowledged by the Partners during JFY97, one would have expected the contract budget to increase, not decrease, over last year's budget. The fact that it hasn't may mean that NASDA is, like the rest of the Partners, stretching to make ends meet. I have been assured, however, that there is more than enough money in reserves to manage the program. More specifically, NASDA has implemented a strict 30% reserve policy in its contracts and has displayed no tolerance for overruns. The fact that they have been able to maintain a stable program with no increases in funding is a source of understandable pride for JEM management. I was told that "NASA can learn a lot from NASDA in funding management." NASDA noted that Japan's overall ISS budget also includes a portion of (1) Facility Equipment Necessary for Satellite and Rocket Development (18.2 billion yen) and (2) Launch Facility Equipment for Satellites and Rockets (10.0 billion yen). Unfortunately, the exact portions of these items that are dedicated to ISS were not released by NASDA for this report. ------------------------------ 3. Space Science (Tables 7-8) ------------------------------ There are little surprises in the Japanese space science budget. The overall budget for Japanese space sciences will rise 94% to $67.5 million. In terms of ISAS programs, Space News recently posited that the launch of "the Solar-B will not likely occur by 2004 as planned." However, there is little reason as yet to believe that this is a certainty given the fact that the ISAS budget request for Solar-B is not for development, but rather is to conduct a feasibility study for this mission. ISAS confirmed that whether the launch does in fact slip or not in the future is dependent more on the development budget authorization in JFY99-01 than on this year's request for Phase-A funding. The ISAS program that was given the go-ahead to proceed for phase-up is SELENE (Selenological and Engineering Explorer). SELENE, entering Phase-B in JFY98 and scheduled to be launched in 2003, is a cooperative lunar observing and landing mission between NASDA and ISAS. Through this project the organizations intend to learn how to establish control technology to put satellites in lunar orbit; develop guidance control for a soft landing of rovers on the moon; and to develop high performance, high precision observation equipment. This summer's test of Japan's automated rendezvous and docking experiment (Engineering Test Satellite #7 -- ETS-7) will undoubtedly influence Japan's continued funding for the SELENE project. As a final note, ISAS received a nearly double increase in its construction of facilities budget, bringing it to 2.3 billion yen. As noted above, administrative costs and COF are not included in the tables of this report. ----------------------------- 4. Aeronautics (Tables 9-10) ----------------------------- The total aeronautics budget dropped 53.6% from last year's budget to $43.7 million. Japan's aeronautic research is performed mostly by the Science and Technology Agency's National Aerospace Laboratory (NAL) and to some extent by NASDA. From last year's budget submission NAL's budget dropped 3% to 3.726 billion yen, nearly the same figure it requested from the Ministry of Finance (3.728 billion yen). Within this limited budget, NAL has seen increases in funding for space plane research, next generation liquid rocket engine research, and space infrastructure research. NAL's "comprehensive research into space infrastructure includes research into space environment safety and utilization technologies. There are some notable developments in Japan's upgraded rocket program, H-IIA. Although the net H-IIA development budget looks robust this year, it suffered a large decrease in the amount of money it can contract. The H-IIA loan amount available to NASDA (amount up to which they could contract for 2-3 years) for JFY97 was 40.3 billion yen (more than the JEM development budget for that year). This year the amount is a mere 20.6 billion yen. Consequently, when compared with last year's budget and multiyear advance, the actual H-IIA development budget dropped 21% over last year's total budget. STA explains this decrease as being in line with the policy for phasing out NASDA involvement in the program and ramping up commercial involvement in its place. An indicator that this transition is not proceeding as smoothly as expected may be in the fact that MOF's H-IIA budget represents an increase of 3.7% over NASDA and STA's JFY98 request for H-IIA in August. The HOPE-X program also received significant cuts. NASDA will have 3.6 billion yen to contract over the next 2-3 years for this program. This represents a decrease of 12.3% over NASDA and STA's JFY98 budget request for HOPE-X and is 41% of last year's budget. STA notes that the program is not dead but is in critical condition. "Next year's budget will indicate whether the HOPE-X program survives or dies," said the STA. The STA also noted that Japanese program managers were prepared for the cuts this year, but realistically can not make it with a similar cut next year. The most notable drop, however, has been in the area of reusable transportation systems, or what the Japanese translation reads as "research into orbital transfer vehicles and research for realizing a perfectly reusable transportation system." STA explained the change of nearly 180% this way: "when combined with the new start budget for researching a reusable space transportation rocket, the change is not all that great." In other words, money that was to have been used for researching and developing a Space Shuttle-type of space plane and transfer vehicle is being used instead to study the feasibility of a reusable SSTO-type of rocket. It is also worth noting that NASDA appears to be backing away from electronic propulsion research for orbital transfer vehicles. With regard to ISAS and its rocket capabilities, funding for the M-series rocket is stable. The M-V, a mid-class launcher that functions as Japan's main space science payload carrier, saw a slight drop in its funding this year. The first ISAS SS520 sounding rocket, was successfully launched on February 5. Plans are underway to launch another again in February 1999, only this time in Norway at an inclination of 79 degrees. The budget for this program was not available for this report. ---------------------------------------- 5. Satellite Development (Tables 11-12) ---------------------------------------- Of the five areas in this report, satellite development has the biggest funding increase this year, though the overall total is lower than Earth and space science. Increasing by nearly 160%, the overall satellite development budget will be $426.2 million. NASDA's eighth Engineering Test Satellite (ETS-8) will receive authorization to begin Phase-C. The phase-up budget, however, is nearly one billion yen lower than what NASDA had requested (3.0 billion yen vice 3.9 billion yen in JFY97). It is still too early to tell if this budget shortfall will result in a delay in the planned 2002 launch date for this mission. A more reliable indicator will be the fiscal year 1999 NASDA request and MOF budget submission. The Optical Interorbit Communication Engineering Test Satellite (OICETS) should be able to launch on schedule in the summer of 2000. This year's NASDA budget request for OICETS (1.8 billion yen) equaled what MOF put in its budget submission, making it almost unlikely that OICETS will slip for budgetary reasons. Both Data Relay Tracking Satellite (DRTS) missions also appear to be fiscally healthy, receiving 13 million yen more from MOF than NASDA requested (17.7 billion yen). Its multiyear funding profile also looks strong. Finally, NASDA's budget request for the Mission Demonstration Satellite (MDS) series received a slight cut of 100 million yen from MOF; not enough, however, to substantially impact the program this year (1.6 billion yen vice 1.8 billion yen requested). The multiyear funding request, however, was cut by nearly 1 billion yen and should be watched closely in next year's budget request and authorization. In 2000, NASDA's first launch of the new H-IIA vehicle will be for ESA's Advanced Relay and Technology Mission Satellite (ARTEMIS) on a cost-offset basis; it was unable to give a budget figure for that activity. In closing this section, it should be noted that MITI's USERS (Unmanned Space Experiment Satellite) received less than it requested from MOF (3.6 billion yen vice 3.8 billion yen requested), but should be able to maintain its schedule. The purpose of this satellite is twofold: to focus on advanced electric component development as a way to reduce satellite development costs and to experiment with superconductor development in space. ---------- Conclusion ---------- Although the total amount of Japan's overall space budget for this year may be lower than hoped, few Japanese space officials seem surprised by the outcome. Problems with individual firms and banks as well as poor overall economic performance dominated the economic news in Japan during the budget negotiation period last year. The start of 1998 has been dominated by the Asian financial crisis. Japanese space officials expect the budget situation to remain severe. It is important to note, however, that the content of Japan's space budget strays little from the Space Activities Commission's 1996 revision of the "Fundamental Policy of Japan's Space Activities." It is likely that Japanese space organizations over the next several years will continue to pursue the policy goals outlined in that 1996 statement. Changes are coming though. The Hashimoto cabinet is committed to fiscal reform, which includes reducing government spending. Further cuts are clearly imminent as MOF's prioritization exercise on ALOS, SELENE and ETS-8 funding indicated. As part of his administrative reform package, Prime Minister Hashimotohas also committed to combining the STA and MOE into one Education, Science and Technology (EST) Ministry. Cabinet-level working groups are actively addressing the question of what to do with NASDA and ISAS, the result of which may be less clout for NASDA. The combination of the NASDA and ISAS under this new ministry or the splitting of NASDA into the EST Ministry and the Economy and Industry Ministry (former MITI) are two scenarios among many. In addition, STA Minister Tanigaki has requested that all science and technology organizations conduct an evaluation of their current programs. Within the next two months, NASDA will begin to conduct its own evaluation although the final product may not be available for some time. How all these reform measures will be coordinated is not clear. The fact that there will be changes to the organization and content of Japanese space activities over the next several years, however, cannot be disputed. Thus, while there may appear to be little change on the surface and to the content of the JFY98 budget, Japanese aerospace officials are already beginning to think about new programs and new directions for Japan=81fs space program. The budding visions of a revised Japanese space plan will likely not be finalized for at least another three years. Over that period, it is important to closely follow these changes and their implications for future US-Japan space cooperation. * * * * * * * * Table 2. JFY98 Earth Sciences Budget <#3> (Flight year) JFY97 JFY98 Budget Line Item (Millions of yen) (Millions of yen) -------------------------------------------------------- NASDA ADEOS-III (03) 0 25 NASDA ATMOS-A (03) 0 46 NASDA MTSAT (99) 0 3,000 MOT MTSAT (99) 5,524 6,885 NASDA ALOS* (02) 1,817 1,024 MITI ALOS (02) 1,141 1,484 NASDA ADEOS-II*(99) 9,500 15,430 EA ADEOS-II (99) 906 1,049 MITI ADEOS-II (99) 800 72 NASDA AMSR-E* 293 2,537 MITI ASTER (98) 630 300 NASDA basic research into future satellite observation technology 27.9 6.5 NASDA Earth sensor research <#4> 10,739 8,062 CRL global environment observation sensors 37.8 37.8 CRL weather forecast system research 89 88.9 MPT disaster monitoring 0 11 NASDA forecasting research 893 839.9 NASDA rainfall observation research 57,178 45,985 NASDA basic research into future observation satellites 27.9 6.5 CRL cloud observation radar research 18 20 MOC land survey satellite usage fee 1,640 1,666 JAMSTEC ocean observation technology 61 50 MITI resource satellite evaluation technology 35 25.5 -------------------------------------------------------- Total: 91,357.6 88,651.1 -------------------------------------------------------- <#3> Indicates only satellite development costs; does not include rocket, ground systems, or launch costs. <#4> Includes sensors for observing the Earth environment, weather, and oceans; and surveillance of disasters. There is also money in this pot for developing technology to manage information and network data. Table 3. Multiyear Earth Science Funding JFY 97 JFY 98 Budget Line Item (Millions of yen) (Millions of yen) -------------------------------------------------------- NASDA ADEOS-II 3,573.5 4,273.7 NASDA AMSR-E 1,424.0 0 NASDA ALOS 583.0 3,492.0 -------------------------------------------------------- Total: 5,580.5 7,765.7 Table 4. JFY98 HEDS Budget JFY97 JFY98 Budget Line Item (Millions of yen) (Millions of yen) -------------------------------------------------------- NASDA ISS <#5> 38,826.7 34,627.3 NASDA ground-based micro-gravity utilization 2,303.4 2,648.3 NASDA ground-based space technology research 2,840.8 2,950.1 NASDA medical space research 160.4 249.6 NASDA space robot research 122.4 85.0 NASDA common orbiting platform 188.1 131.2 NASDA untended platform research 53.0 0.0 NASDA space infrastructure 0.0 21.4 NASDA small rocket launch research 0.0 65.7 NASDA launch safety reviews 0.0 6.1 NASDA space debris research 31.0 22.7 RIKEN life sciences research 20.0 20.0 MITI micro-gravity utilization 744.5 545.9 -------------------------------------------------------- Total: 45,290.3 41,373.3 -------------------------------------------------------- <#5> This is broken down in a separate table below for the JEM. Some other useful figures: 10.9 billion yen for JEM development and 25.3 billion yen for JEM development and utilization. Table 5. JFY98 ISS Budget Breakdown (Fiscal Year) JFY97 JFY98 NASDA Budget Line Item (Millions of yen)(Millions of yen) --------------------------------------------------------- JEM Development 19,836 10,990 Centrifuge Rotor 0 831 CAM 0 862 Life Sciences Glovebox 0 1,766 JEM Operational Systems Equipment <#6> 11,407 14,345 Cooperative research into JEM utilization theme candidates 249.9 43 Development of JEM common experiment 6,008 4,480.6 Cooperative research into JEM utilization theme candidates 249.9 43 Accommodations for Japanese astronauts aboard JEM <#7> 1,075.9 1,266.7 --------------------------------------------------------- Total: 38,826.7 34,627.3 --------------------------------------------------------- <#6> Hidden in this number is funding for the HTV (H-IIA Transfer Vehicle), a proposed ISS logistics carrier. This year's budget request for HTV includes 3,459 million yen for Phase-C funding. There is also 1,059 million yen of multiyear funding. The first demonstration flight of the HTV is scheduled for 2001. <#7> This includes money to seek two additional Japanese astronauts and pay for their ASCAN training. Table 6. JFY98 HEDS Multiyear Funding (Fiscal year) JFY97 JFY98 Budget Line Item (Millions of yen)(Millions of yen) ---------------------------------------------------------- Cooperative research into JEM utilization theme candidates 3,444.6 3,346.9 Accommodations for Japanese astronauts aboard JEM 108.7 0 JEM Development and JEM Operational Systems Equipment 20,397 17,829.8 Centrifuge 0 477 CAM 0 254 Life Sciences Glovebox 0 328 ----------------------------------------------------------- Total: 23,950.3 22,235.7 Table 7. JFY98 Space Science Budget (Fiscal year) JFY97 JFY98 Budget Line Item (Millions of yen) (Millions of yen) ------------------------------------------------------ ISAS ASTRO-E (00) 2,854 4,757 ISAS MUSES-C (02) 940 1,210 ISAS ASTRO-F (03) 600 1,650 ISAS SELENE (03) 0 821 NASDA SELENE (03) 125.8 238.9 ISAS SOLAR-B (04) 0 100 ------------------------------------------------------ Total: 4,519.8 8,776.9 * * * * * * * * Table 8. Multiyear Space Science Funding (Fiscal year) JFY97 JFY98 Budget Line Item (Millions of yen) (Millions of yen) ------------------------------------------------------ NASDA SELENE 0 1,072 ISAS SELENE 0 821 ISAS ASTRO-E 9,800 0 ------------------------------------------------------ Total: 9,800 1,893 * * * * * * * * Table 9. JFY98 Aeronautics Budget (Flight year) JFY97 JFY98 Budget Line Item (Millions of yen) (Millions of yen) -------------------------------------------------------- NASDA H-IIA (00) 11,743 20,915 NASDA H-rocket development <#8> 24,361.7 28,561.5 NASDA J-1 rocket development 839 839.4 ISAS M-rocket development <#9> 1,596.5 1,521.7 M-V rocket development <#10> 6,551.6 5,503.7 NASDA reusable rocket 0 75.2 NASDA rocket structure/component 41.4 65.4 NASDA increased induction research 65.5 41.5 NASDA research into space infrastructure 207.9 209.8 NASDA unpiloted reusable vehicle 631 582 NASDA space plane research 279.7 298 NASDA next generation liquid rocket engine research 162 175 NASDA Reusable transportation system 275.1 98.2 NASDA HOPE-X (01) 10,446.2 4,330 NASDA research into electronic propulsion technology for orbital transfer 16.519 0 ---------------------------------------------------------- Total: 12,001.9 5,693 ---------------------------------------------------------- <#8> Includes high speed re-entry technology research and development. <#9> The M-series rockets are managed by the Ministry of Education's Institute for Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), whereas the other rockets are all managed by NASDA. <#10> It is worth noting that last year ISAS received no multiyear funding for this line item, whereas this year they will be authorized 6,803.4 million yen in advanced funding. * * * * * * * * Table 10. Multiyear Aeronautics Funding (Fiscal year) JFY97 JFY98 Budget Line Item (Millions of yen) (Millions of yen) -------------------------------------------------------- HOPE-X 4,482.7 3,612 H-II Rocket upper-stage multi-firing technology 0 120 Equipment for satellite and rocket development 1,736.7 5,254.7 Equipment for satellite and rocket launches 18,608 12,838 --------------------------------------------------------- Total: 24,827.4 21,824.7 * * * * * * * * Table 11. JFY98 Satellite Budget (Flight year) JFY97 JFY98 Budget Line Item (Millions of yen) (Millions of yen) -------------------------------------------------------- NASDA OICETS (00) 2,391.9 649.2 NASDA DRTS-W (00),-E (01) 1,726.8 15,988.8 NASDA MDS-1 (00), -2 (01) 153 1,592.6 NASDA ETS-8 (02) 248.2 3,009.4 MITI USERS (01) 3,682.6 3,696.7 Small communication satellite research 119 88.3 Satellite operations 6,660.5 4,820.9 Research into efficient satellite development 0 21 Improvement of electronic components 1,002 1,391 Rendezvous and Docking 64.8 65 High-fidelity positioning control systems research 224.8 173 Active heat systems 106.7 74.6 Advanced satellite bus systems 21.6 10.8 Future satellite designs 89.8 88.9 Small satellite research 140 120 Systems and components standardization 1,676.9 1,592 Mission Demonstration Satellite research 127 284.7 Data transmission satellite technology research 142 144 High fidelity orbital positioning systems 24.7 16.6 Facilities necessary for halving satellite development costs 5,171 3,302 Facilities for rockets and satellite development 12,201.7 18,191.7 MPT feasibility research on an Asian- Pacific satellite communication system 0 89.7 ---------------------------------------------------------- Total 35,975 55,410.9 * * * * * * * * Table 12. Multiyear Satellite Funding (Fiscal year) JFY97 JFY98 Budget Line Item (Millions of yen) (Millions of yen) ------------------------------------------------------- DRTS -W, -E 7,589.7 8,228.5 ETS-8 793.6 4,984.6 MDS-1, -2 1,487.9 2,901.9 Satellite operations 0 165.5 Improvement of electronic components 0 265 Systems and components standardization 1,043 938.8 Facilities necessary for halving satellite development costs 1,420.7 4,603 ------------------------------------------------------ Total: 12,334.9 22,087.3