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Alternative names Return to top
H. influenzae meningitis; H. flu meningitisDefinition Return to top
Haemophilus influenzae meningitis is an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meninges) caused by H. influenzae bacteria.Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top
Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) is a type of bacteria, not to be confused with the disease influenza, a lung infection caused by a virus.
Prior to the availability of the Hib immunization, H. influenzae was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children under 5 years of age. It occurs most frequently in children from 1 month up to 4 years with a peak at 6 to 9 months.
In the U.S., routine Hib immunization has made H. influenzae meningitis much less common.H. influenzae meningitis may follow an upper respiratory infection and may develop slowly or rapidly. The infection usually spreads from the respiratory tract to the bloodstream and then to the meninges. At the meninges, the bacteria produce infection and inflammation, causing serious illness and sometimes death.
Since the introduction of the vaccine in the U.S., H. influenzae now occurs in less than 2 in 100,000 children.
Risk factors include a recent history of otitis media (ear infection), sinusitis (infection of sinuses), pharyngitis (sore throat), or other upper respiratory infection or a history of a family members with an H. influenzae infection. Another significant risk factor includes race -- Native Americans have a rate of more than 3 times that of the general population. Placement in day care also increases risk.
Symptoms Return to top
Signs and tests Return to top
Treatment Return to top
Treatment of meningitis must be started as soon as the diagnosis is suspected. H. influenzae meningitis should be treated with antibiotics. Steroid medication may also be used, mostly in children. Steroids are given to reduce hearing loss, which is a common complication of meningitis.
Expectations (prognosis) Return to top
The probable outcome is good with early treatment. However, 3-5% of patients do not survive.Complications Return to top
Roughly 20% of patients may experience some hearing loss. Some patients will have brain damage that may lead to seizures, mental retardation, hydrocephalus (water on the brain), learning disorders, abnormalities in speech and language development, and behavioral problems.Calling your health care provider Return to top
If you experience any of the symptoms of H. influenzae or if you notice these symptoms in your child, contact your health care provider or go to an emergency room. Meningitis can quickly become life-threatening.Prevention Return to top
For protection of the general public (infant and early childhood):
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Page last updated: 28 October 2004 |