Transvaginal ultrasound is a method of imaging the genital tract in women. The ultrasound machine sends out high-frequency sound waves, which bounce off body structures to create a picture.

With the transvaginal technique, the ultrasound transducer (a hand-held probe) is inserted directly into the vagina. It is therefore closer to pelvic structures than with the conventional transabdominal technique (with the probe on the skin of the abdomen), providing superior image quality. This test can be used during pregnancy.

The examination is done with your bladder full. You may be asked, therefore, to drink several glasses of water without voiding before the exam.

Sometimes, a transabdominal ultrasound is done just after a transvaginal ultrasound to look at organs in your abdomen. If so, you will be asked to empty your bladder after the transvaginal test and before the transabdominal exam.

Transvaginal ultrasound is used to evaluate a variety of abnormalities of the female genital tract. Some of these include the endometrium of women with infertility problems or abnormal bleeding; sources of unexplained pain; congenital malformations of the uterus and ovaries; ovarian tumors and cysts; possible pelvic infection; and causes of infertility.

Transvaginal ultrasound is also used during pregnancy to identify normal intra-uterine pregnancy; ectopic pregnancy; fetal heartbeat; and many abnormalities of the uterus, placenta, and associated pelvic structures that are incompletely seen with conventional transabdominal ultrasound.

Abnormal endovaginal ultrasound results may be due to many conditions.

Some of the abnormalities that may be found in non-pregnant women include:

• Cancers of the uterus, ovaries, vagina, and other pelvic structures
• Non-cancerous growths of the uterus and ovaries
• Ovarian torsion
• Areas of infection including pelvic inflammatory disease
• Congenital malformations

Some of the abnormalities that may be found in pregnant women include:

• Ectopic pregnancy and potential miscarriage
• Multiple pregnancies
• Fetal death
• Placental abnormalities including placenta previa and placental abruption
• Tumors of pregnancy including gestational trophoblastic disease