• The time, date, and season
• The place where you live, type of building you are in, city and state you are in
• Your name, age, and occupation

Attention span:
Your health care provider will test your ability to complete a thought. This may be evident through conversation or you may be asked to follow a series of directions in order to base conclusions on your performance.

Recent memory:
This is the memory of people, places, and events that have recently been involved in your life. Your health care provider can easily test your remote memory by asking you questions related to recent events in your life or the world around you.

Remote memory:
This is the memory of people, places, and events that occurred earlier in your life. Your health care provider can test your remote memory by asking about your childhood, school, or historical events that occurred earlier in your life.

Word comprehension:
This tests your knowledge of common items. Your health care provider will point to every day items in the room and have you name them.

Judgment:
This test measures your judgment and ability to exercise alternative solutions to a given problem or situation. For example, your health care provider might ask, "What would you do if a police officer approached from behind in a car with lights flashing?" or "If you found a drivers' license on the ground, what would you do?"

• Orientation to person, place, and time
• Normal attention span
• Intact recent memory
• Intact remote memory
• Normal word comprehension, reading, and writing
• Intact judgment

• Alcohol intoxication
• Low blood sugar
• Head trauma or concussion
• Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
• Nutritional deficiencies -- particularly lack of niacin, thiamine, vitamin C, or vitamin B-12.
• Hyperthermia (fever)
• Hypothermia -- a drop in body temperature can cause sudden confusion.
• Hypoxemia -- chronic pulmonary disorders can produce persistent confusion
• Environmental (such as heat stroke, heavy metal poisoning, hypothermia, or methanol intoxication)
• Drugs (such as atropine, chloroquine, cimetidine, CNS depressants in large doses, cycloserine, oral digitalis medicines, indomethacin, lidocaine, withdrawal from narcotics and barbiturates)
• Organic brain disease

• Attention deficit disorder (ADD)
• Confusion
• Manic depressive illness
• Histrionic personality disorder
• Schizophrenia

Recent and Remote Memory:
Organic syndromes are indicated if there is a loss of recent memory, but remote memory remains intact. Remote memory is lost when there is damage to the upper part of the brain as occurs in Alzheimer's disease. See also memory loss.

Word Comprehension, Reading, and Writing:
These tests screen for aphasia. Some causes for aphasia include:

• Head trauma
• Senile dementia (Alzheimer's type)
• Stroke
• Transient ischemic attack

• Mental retardation
• Emotional dysfunction
• Schizophrenia
• Organic brain disease

There are no risks associated with cognitive tests.

Some tests that screen for aphasia (problems with language due to brain dysfunction), such as those involving reading or writing, do not account for people that may never have been able to read or write. If you know that the person to be tested has never been able to read or write, notify the health care provider in advance.

If your child is having any of these tests performed, it is important to help him or her understand the reasons for the tests.