Priapism
Priapism is a persistent, usually painful, erection that lasts for more than
four hours and occurs without sexual stimulation. The condition develops when
blood in the penis becomes trapped and unable to drain. If the condition is not
treated immediately, it can lead to scarring and permanent erectile dysfunction.
It can occur in all age groups, including newborns. However, it usually
affects men between the ages of 5 to 10 years and 20 to 50 years.
There are two categories of priapism: low-flow and high-flow.
- Low flow: This type of priapism is the result of blood being
trapped in the erection chambers. It often occurs without a known cause in men
who are otherwise healthy, but also affects men with sickle-cell disease,
leukemia (cancer of the blood) or malaria.
- High-flow: High-flow priapism is more rare than low-flow and usually
less painful. It is the result of a ruptured artery from an injury to the
penis or the perineum (area between the scrotum and anus), which prevents
blood in the penis from circulating normally.
What causes priapism?
- Sickle cell anemia: Some adult cases of priapism are the result of
sickle-cell disease and approximately 42% of all adults with sickle-cell will
eventually develop priapism.
- Medications: A common cause of priapism is the use and/or misuse of
medications. Drug-related priapism includes drugs such as Desyrel used to treat
depression or Thorazine, used to treat certain mental illnesses. For people who
have erectile dysfunction, injection therapy medications to treat the condition
may also cause priapism.
Other causes of priapism include:
- Trauma to the spinal cord or to the genital area
- Black widow spider bites
- Carbon monoxide poisoning
- Illicit drug use, such as marijuana and cocaine
In rare cases, priapism may be related to cancers that can affect the penis
and prevent the outflow of blood.
How is priapism diagnosed?
If you experience priapism, it is important that you seek medical care
immediately. Tell your doctor:
- The length of time you have had the erection
- How long your erection usually lasts
- Any medication or drugs, legal or illegal, which you have used. Be
honest with your doctor, illegal drug use is particularly relevant since both
marijuana and cocaine have been linked to priapism.
- Whether or not priapism followed trauma to that area of the body.
Your doctor will review your medical history and perform a thorough physical
examination to determine the cause of priapism. This will include checking the
rectum and the abdomen for evidence of unusual growths or abnormalities that may
indicate the presence of cancer.
After the physical exam is complete, the doctor will take a blood-gas
measurement of the blood from the penis. During this test, a small needle
is placed in the penis, some of the blood is drawn and then it is sent to a lab
for analysis. This provides a clue as to how long the condition has been present
and how much damage has occurred.
How is priapism treated?
The goal of all treatment is to make the erection go away and preserve future
erectile function. If a person receives treatment within four to six hours, the
erection can almost always be reduced with medication. If the erection has
lasted less than four hours, decongestant medications, which may act to decease
blood flow to the penis, may be very helpful. Other treatment options include:
- Ice packs: Ice applied to the penis and perineum may reduce
swelling.
- Surgical ligation: Used in cases where an artery has been
ruptured, the doctor will ligate (tie off) the artery that is causing the
priapism in order to restore normal blood flow.
- Intracavernous injection: Used for low-flow priapism,
during this treatment drugs known as alpha-agonists are injected into the
penis that cause the veins to narrow reducing blood flow to the penis causing
the swelling to subside.
- Surgical shunt: Also used for low-flow priapism, a shunt is
a passageway that is surgically inserted into the penis to divert the blood
flow and allow circulation to return to normal.
- Aspiration: After numbing the penis, doctors will insert a
needle and drain blood from the penis to reduce pressure and swelling.
If you suspect that you are experiencing priapism, you should not
attempt to treat it yourself. Instead seek emergency as soon as possible.
What is the outlook for people with priapism?
As long as treatment is prompt, the outlook for most people is very good.
However, the longer medical attention is delayed, the greater the risk of
permanent erectile dysfunction.
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