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CFSAN/Office of Plant & Dairy Foods
March 2004
On April 24, 2002, researchers at the Swedish National Food Administration and Stockholm University reported finding the chemical acrylamide in a variety of fried and oven-baked foods. The initial Swedish research indicates that acrylamide formation is particularly associated with traditional high temperature cooking processes for certain carbohydrate-rich foods. In response to concerns about the potential risk of foodborne acrylamide based on the known toxicity of acrylamide at much higher doses than those seen in foods, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began to analyze a variety of U.S. food products for acrylamide. The data presented below are results from FDA's Total Diet Study (TDS) survey for Fiscal Year 2003 (FY 03).
TDS is FDA's ongoing annual survey of market baskets representing 286 core foods (ready-to-eat) in the U.S. food supply to determine levels of various contaminants and nutrients in those foods. Since its inception in 1961 as a program to monitor for radioactive contamination of foods following atmospheric nuclear testing, TDS has grown to encompass additional radionuclides, elements (toxic and nutrient), pesticide residues, industrial chemicals, volatile organic chemicals, and folate. Four market baskets are generally collected each year, once in each of four geographic regions of the U.S. (i.e., West, North Central, South, and Northeast). For each market basket, 286 foods are collected from grocery stores and fast food restaurants in three cities within the region, prepared table-ready, and composited for analysis. Therefore, each data point for a contaminant or a nutrient represents a composite of three samples of a table-ready (i.e., cooked, if required by TDS recipes) food type.
In FY 03, FDA began analyzing the TDS market basket foods for acrylamide to determine the occurrence of this chemical in the U.S. food supply.
FDA is now posting the acrylamide data for FY 03.
These results indicate acrylamide levels in a composite of three samples of a ready-to-eat food type (some foods are cooked according to TDS recipes).
These data are exploratory and should not be taken to indicate the distribution of acrylamide levels in U.S. foods, or as an indicator to good product choices by consumers.
The acrylamide levels in these foods at this point in the survey do not necessarily indicate exposure or potential risk that would be experienced by consumers. When estimating exposure or potential risk it is important to consider the amount of the food consumed and the day to day variation in levels, in addition to the level of acrylamide measured at a particular time.
FDA will continue to investigate how acrylamide is formed in food, seek to identify ways to reduce acrylamide levels, and study the human health risk of consuming acrylamide in food. FDA is collaborating with other federal public health agencies, international partners, academia, consumers, and the food-processing industry to coordinate efforts related to acrylamide in food.
Notes:
(1) ND = nondetect
(2) The general limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the method is 10 ppb.
(3) An "X" indicates that the food item was not analyzed for acrylamide. Based on the data from
the first two market baskets, certain food items were not analyzed for acrylamide in the third
and fourth market baskets. Generally, if the first two market basket results indicated that
acrylamide was not detected (ND) in the food item, then that item was not analyzed for acrylamide
in the two subsequent market baskets.
Product Description | Acrylamide (ppb) | |||
Market Basket 1 | Market Basket 2 |
Market Basket 3 | Market Basket 4 | |
Dairy | ||||
Cheese, American, Processed | ND | ND | X | X |
Cheese, Cheddar, Natural (Sharp/Mild) | ND | ND | X | X |
Cheese, Swiss, Natural | ND | ND | X | X |
Cottage Cheese, Creamed, Lowfat (2% Milk Fat) | ND | ND | X | X |
Cream Cheese | ND | ND | X | X |
Ice Cream, Light, Vanilla | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Ice Cream, Regular, Vanilla | ND | ND | X | X |
Meal Replacement, Liquid RTD, Any Flavor | ND | ND | X | X |
Milk, Chocolate, Lowfat, Fluid | ND | ND | X | X |
Milk, Lowfat (2%), Fluid | ND | ND | X | X |
Milk, Skim, Fluid | ND | ND | X | X |
Milk, Whole, Fluid | ND | ND | X | X |
Milk Shake, Chocolate, Fast-Food | ND | 15 | 16 | 14 |
Pudding, Ready-to-Eat, Flavor Other Than Chocolate | ND | ND | X | X |
Sherbet, Fruit-Flavored | ND | ND | X | X |
Sour Cream Dip, Any Flavor | ND | ND | X | X |
Yogurt, Lowfat, Fruit-Flavored | ND | ND | X | X |
Eggs | ||||
Eggs, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Eggs, Scrambled w/ Oil | ND | ND | X | X |
Baby Food | ||||
Apples with Berries | ND | ND | X | X |
Applesauce | ND | ND | X | X |
Apricots w/ Mixed Fruit | ND | ND | X | X |
Arrowroot Cookies | 246 | 161 | 267 | 105 |
Banana Dessert | ND | ND | X | X |
Bananas | ND | ND | X | X |
Bananas and Pineapple | ND | ND | X | X |
Beef and Broth/Gravy | ND | ND | X | X |
Beef and Noodles/Beef Stroganoff | ND | 11 | 16 | 20 |
Carrots | 89 | 47 | 21 | 77 |
Cereal, Barley, Dry, Prepared w/ Water | ND | ND | X | X |
Cereal, Mixed, Dry, Prepared w/ Water | ND | ND | X | X |
Cereal, Oatmeal, Dry, Prepared w/ Water | ND | ND | X | X |
Cereal, Oatmeal w/ Fruit, Prepared w/ Water | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Cereal, Rice, Dry, Prepared w/ Water | ND | ND | X | X |
Cereal, Rice w/ Apples, Dry, Prepared w/ Water | ND | ND | X | X |
Chicken and Broth/Gravy | ND | ND | X | X |
Chicken Noodle Dinner | 11 | ND | 10 | ND |
Chicken w/ Rice | 23 | 11 | ND | 26 |
Dutch Apple/Apple Cobbler | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Fruit Dessert/Pudding | ND | ND | X | X |
Fruit Yogurt Dessert | ND | ND | X | X |
Green Beans | 34 | 16 | 20 | 22 |
Infant Formula, Milk-Based, High Iron, RTF | ND | ND | X | X |
Infant Formula, Milk-Based, Low Iron, RTF | ND | ND | X | X |
Infant Formula, Soy-Based, RTF | ND | ND | X | X |
Juice, Apple | ND | ND | X | X |
Juice, Apple-Banana | ND | ND | X | X |
Juice, Apple-Cherry | ND | ND | X | X |
Juice, Apple-Grape | ND | ND | X | X |
Juice, Grape | ND | ND | X | X |
Juice, Mixed Fruit | ND | ND | X | X |
Juice, Orange | ND | ND | X | X |
Juice, Pear | ND | ND | X | X |
Lamb and Broth/Gravy | ND | ND | X | X |
Macaroni, Tomato and Beef | 53 | 30 | 24 | 17 |
Macaroni and Cheese | ND | ND | X | X |
Mixed Vegetables | 67 | 44 | 27 | 23 |
Peach Cobbler/Dessert | ND | ND | X | X |
Peaches | ND | ND | X | X |
Pears | ND | ND | X | X |
Pears and Pineapple | ND | ND | X | X |
Peas | ND | ND | X | X |
Plums w/ Apples and/or Pears | ND | 118 | 14 | ND |
Squash | 29 | 19 | 18 | 15 |
Sweet Potatoes | 117 | 100 | 30 | 70 |
Teething Biscuits | 166 | 147 | 235 | 128 |
Turkey and Broth/Gravy | ND | ND | X | X |
Turkey and Rice | 10 | 28 | 14 | 47 |
Vanilla Custard/Pudding | ND | ND | X | X |
Veal and Broth/Gravy | ND | ND | X | X |
Vegetables and Beef | ND | 18 | 17 | 21 |
Vegetables and Chicken | 17 | 15 | 22 | 26 |
Vegetables and Ham | 31 | 26 | 19 | 22 |
Vegetables and Turkey | 15 | 12 | 15 | 10 |
Zwieback Toast | 17 | 31 | 18 | 13 |
Meat/Poultry/Fish | ||||
Beef, Ground, Regular, Pan-Cooked | ND | ND | X | X |
Beef Roast, Chuck, Oven-Roasted | ND | ND | X | X |
Beef Steak, Loin/Sirloin, Broiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Bologna (Beef/Pork) | ND | ND | X | X |
Catfish, Pan-Cooked w/ Oil | ND | ND | X | X |
Chicken Breast, Fried, Fast-Food w/ Skin | 12 | ND | ND | 11 |
Chicken Breast, Oven-Roasted (Skin removed) | ND | ND | X | X |
Chicken Leg, Fried, Fast-Food (w/ Skin) | ND | ND | X | X |
Chicken Nuggets, Fast-Food | 26 | 23 | 22 | 22 |
Chicken Thigh, Oven-Roasted (Skin Removed) | ND | ND | X | X |
Fish Sticks or Patty, Frozen, Oven-Cooked | ND | 12 | ND | ND |
Frankfurter (Beef/Pork), Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Ham, Cured (Not Canned), Baked | ND | ND | X | X |
Lamb Chop, Pan-Cooked w/ Oil | ND | ND | X | X |
Liver (Beef/Calf), Pan-Cooked w/ Oil | ND | ND | X | X |
Luncheon Meat (Chicken/Turkey) | ND | ND | X | X |
Luncheon Meat (Ham) | ND | ND | X | X |
Pork Bacon, Oven-Cooked | ND | ND | X | X |
Pork Chop, Pan-Cooked w/ Oil | ND | ND | X | X |
Pork Roast, Loin, Oven-Roasted | ND | ND | X | X |
Pork Sausage (Link/Patty), Oven-Cooked | ND | 11 | ND | ND |
Salami, Luncheon-Meat Type (Not Hard) | ND | ND | X | X |
Salmon, Steaks/Fillets, Baked | ND | ND | X | X |
Shrimp, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Tuna, Canned in Water, Drained | ND | ND | X | X |
Turkey Breast, Oven-Roasted | ND | ND | X | X |
Legumes | ||||
Peanuts, Dry Roasted, Salted | 27 | 28 | 32 | 36 |
Peanut Butter, Creamy | 92 | 93 | 67 | 90 |
Pinto Beans, Dry, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Pork and Beans, Canned | ND | 20 | 15 | 14 |
Refried Beans, Canned | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Sunflower Seeds (Shelled), Roasted, Salted | 31 | 35 | 35 | 57 |
White Beans, Dry, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Grains/Starches/Baked Goods | ||||
Apple Pie, Fresh/Frozen | 22 | ND | 15 | 15 |
Bagel, Plain, Toasted | 27 | 29 | 19 | 50 |
Biscuits, Refrigerated-Type, Baked | 21 | 39 | 32 | 55 |
Bread, Cracked Wheat | 31 | 17 | 58 | 50 |
Bread, Rye | 30 | 20 | 22 | 17 |
Bread, White, Enriched | ND | ND | ND | 13 |
Bread, Whole Wheat | 34 | 24 | 39 | 59 |
Breakfast Tart/Toaster Pastry | 18 | 22 | 37 | 23 |
Brownie | 24 | 34 | 22 | 27 |
Cake, Chocolate w/ Icing | ND | 12 | 13 | 29 |
Cake, Yellow w/ Icing | ND | ND | X | X |
Chocolate Chip Cookies | 131 | 152 | 168 | 81 |
Corn Flakes Cereal | 71 | 59 | 54 | 56 |
Cornbread, Homemade | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Corn/Hominy Grits, Enriched, Cooked | ND | ND | X | X |
Crackers, Butter-Type | 425 | 348 | 373 | 402 |
Crackers, Graham | 552 | 211 | 647 | 555 |
Crackers, Saltine | 58 | 95 | 72 | 57 |
Cream of Wheat (Farina), Enriched, Cooked | ND | ND | X | X |
Crisped Rice Cereal | 37 | 53 | 57 | 81 |
Doughnut, Cake-Type, Any Flavor | 26 | 19 | 15 | 18 |
English Muffin, Plain, Toasted | 37 | 35 | 23 | 30 |
Fruit-Flavored Cereal, Presweetened | 40 | 30 | 24 | 42 |
Granola Bar, w/ Raisins | 22 | 39 | 30 | 14 |
Granola w/ Raisins | 62 | 27 | 32 | 78 |
Macaroni Salad, from Grocery/Deli | ND | ND | X | X |
Muffin, Fruit or Plain | ND | 14 | 13 | 13 |
Noodles, Egg, Enriched, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Oat Ring Cereal | 166 | 214 | 121 | 174 |
Oatmeal, Plain, Cooked | ND | ND | X | X |
Pancakes, Frozen, Heated | 15 | 17 | 16 | 13 |
Pumpkin Pie, Fresh/Frozen | 25 | 33 | 18 | 26 |
Raisin Bran Cereal | 100 | 123 | 97 | 74 |
Rice, White, Enriched, Cooked | ND | ND | X | X |
Sandwich Cookies w/ Crème Filling | 128 | 113 | 84 | 86 |
Shredded Wheat Cereal | 130 | 241 | 102 | 59 |
Spaghetti, Enriched, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Sugar Cookies | 70 | 31 | 32 | 29 |
Sweet Roll/Danish Pastry | 21 | ND | 10 | 11 |
Tortilla, Flour | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Fruits | ||||
Apple (red), Raw (w/ Peel) | ND | ND | X | X |
Apple Juice, Bottled | ND | ND | X | X |
Applesauce, Bottled | ND | ND | X | X |
Apricots, Canned in Heavy/Light Syrup | ND | ND | X | X |
Avocado, Raw | ND | ND | X | X |
Banana, Raw | ND | ND | X | X |
Cantaloupe, Raw/Frozen | ND | ND | X | X |
Cranberry Juice Cocktail, Canned/Bottled | ND | ND | X | X |
Fruit Cocktail, Canned in Light Syrup | ND | ND | X | X |
Fruit Juice Blend (100% Juice), Canned/Bottled | ND | ND | X | X |
Grape Juice, Frozen Concentrate, Reconstituted | ND | ND | X | X |
Grapefruit, Raw | ND | ND | X | X |
Grapefruit Juice, Frozen Concentrate, Reconstituted | ND | ND | X | X |
Grapes (Red/Green), Raw | ND | ND | X | X |
Orange Juice, Bottled/Carton | ND | ND | X | X |
Orange Juice, Frozen Concentrate, Reconstituted | ND | ND | X | X |
Orange (Navel/Valencia), Raw | ND | ND | X | X |
Peach, Canned in Light/Medium Syrup | ND | ND | X | X |
Peach, Raw/Frozen | ND | ND | X | X |
Pear, Canned in Light Syrup | ND | ND | X | X |
Pear, Raw (w/ Peel) | ND | ND | X | X |
Pineapple, Canned in Juice | ND | ND | X | X |
Pineapple Juice, Frozen Concentrate, Reconstituted | ND | ND | X | X |
Prune Juice, Bottled | 160 | 185 | 202 | 53 |
Raisins | ND | ND | X | X |
Strawberries, Raw/Frozen | ND | ND | X | X |
Watermelon, Raw/Frozen | ND | ND | X | X |
Vegetables | ||||
Asparagus, Fresh/Frozen, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Beets, Canned | ND | ND | X | X |
Black Olives | 424 | 123 | 162 | 204 |
Broccoli, Fresh/Frozen, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Brussels Sprouts, Fresh/Frozen, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Cabbage, Fresh, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Carrot, Baby, Raw | ND | ND | X | X |
Carrot, Fresh, Peeled, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Cauliflower, Fresh/Frozen, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Celery, Raw | ND | ND | X | X |
Coleslaw, Mayonnaise-Type, from Grocery/Deli | ND | ND | X | X |
Collards, Fresh/Frozen, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Corn, Canned | ND | ND | X | X |
Corn, Fresh/Frozen, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Cucumber, Peeled, Raw | ND | ND | X | X |
Dill Cucumber Pickles | ND | ND | X | X |
Eggplant, Fresh, Peeled, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Green Beans, Canned | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Green Beans, Fresh/Frozen, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Lettuce, Iceberg, Raw | ND | ND | X | X |
Lettuce, Leaf, Raw | ND | ND | X | X |
Lima Beans, Immature, Frozen, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Mixed Vegetables, Frozen, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Mushrooms, Raw | ND | ND | X | X |
Okra, Fresh/Frozen, Boiled | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Onion, Mature, Raw | ND | ND | X | X |
Peas, Green, Frozen, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Pepper, Sweet, Green, Raw | ND | ND | X | X |
Potato, Baked (w/ peel) | 32 | 17 | 22 | 29 |
Potato, Boiled (w/out Peel) | ND | ND | X | X |
Potato, French-Fried, Fast-Food | 381 | 432 | 416 | 450 |
Potatoes, Mashed, Prepared from Fresh | ND | ND | X | X |
Potato Salad, Mayonnaise-Type, from Grocery/Deli | ND | ND | X | X |
Spinach, Fresh/Frozen, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Squash, Winter (Hubbard/Acorn), Fresh/Frozen, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Summer Squash, Fresh/Frozen, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Sweet Potatoes, Canned | 153 | 95 | 66 | 59 |
Tomato, Raw | ND | ND | X | X |
Tomato Catsup | ND | ND | X | X |
Tomato Juice, Bottled | ND | ND | X | X |
Tomato Salsa, Bottled | ND | ND | X | X |
Tomato Sauce, Plain, Bottled | ND | ND | X | X |
Turnip, Fresh/Frozen, Boiled | ND | ND | X | X |
Yellow Mustard | ND | ND | X | X |
Mixtures (e.g., casseroles, sandwiches, soups, pizza) | ||||
Beef and Vegetable Stew, Canned | ND | 14 | 27 | 39 |
Beef Stroganoff w/ Noodles, Homemade | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Beef w/ Vegetables in Sauce, from Chinese Carry-out | ND | ND | X | X |
Burrito w/ Beef, Beans and Cheese, from Mexican Carry-Out | ND | 17 | 17 | 15 |
Chicken Filet (Broiled) Sandwich on Bun, Fast-Food | ND | 18 | ND | 13 |
Chicken Potpie, Frozen, Heated | ND | 12 | 16 | 10 |
Chicken w/ Vegetables in Sauce, from Chinese Carry-out | ND | ND | X | X |
Chili Con Carne w/ Beans, Canned | 152 | 126 | 187 | 56 |
Clam Chowder, New England, Canned, Condensed, Prepared w/ Whole Milk | ND | 13 | ND | 10 |
Egg, Cheese, and Ham on English Muffin, Fast-Food | ND | 16 | 15 | 15 |
Fish Sandwich on Bun, Fast-Food | ND | 16 | ND | 11 |
Fried Rice, Meatless, from Chinese Carry-Out | 14 | 23 | 17 | 34 |
Lasagna w/ Meat, Frozen, Heated | ND | ND | X | X |
Macaroni and Cheese, Prepared from Box Mix | ND | ND | X | X |
Meatloaf, Beef, Homemade | ND | ND | X | X |
Pizza, Cheese and Pepperoni, Regular Crust, from Pizza Carry-Out | 19 | 20 | 20 | 19 |
Quarter-Pound Cheeseburger on Bun, Fast-Food | ND | ND | X | X |
Quarter-Pound Hamburger on Bun, Fast-Food | ND | ND | X | X |
Soup, Bean w/ Bacon/Pork, Canned, Condensed, Prepared w/ Water | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Soup, Chicken Noodle, Canned, Condensed, Prepared w/ Water | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Soup, Oriental Noodles (Ramen Noodles), Prepared w/ Water | ND | ND | X | X |
Soup, Tomato, Canned, Condensed, Prepared w/ Water | ND | ND | X | X |
Soup, Vegetable Beef, Canned, Condensed, Prepared w/ Water | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Spaghetti w/Meat Sauce, Homemade | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Taco/Tostada w/ Beef and Cheese, from Mexican Carry-Out | 18 | 13 | 34 | 42 |
Tuna Noodle Casserole, Homemade | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Snack Foods | ||||
Corn/Tortilla Chips | 164 | 208 | 235 | 240 |
Popcorn, Microwave, Butter-Flavored | 150 | 352 | 97 | 146 |
Potato Chips | 467 | 264 | 536 | 292 |
Pretzels, Hard, Salted | 97 | 342 | 143 | 46 |
Candy/Sweets/Sugar/Syrups | ||||
Candy, Hard, Any Flavor | ND | ND | X | X |
Candy Bar, Chocolate, Nougat, and Nuts | 22 | 11 | 21 | 20 |
Candy Bar, Milk Chocolate, Plain | 21 | 19 | 17 | 22 |
Gelatin Dessert, Any Flavor | ND | ND | X | X |
Honey | ND | ND | X | X |
Jelly, Any Flavor | ND | ND | X | X |
Sugar, White, Granulated | ND | ND | X | X |
Sweet & Sour Sauce | ND | ND | X | X |
Syrup, Chocolate | 27 | 20 | 29 | 26 |
Syrup, Pancake | ND | ND | X | X |
Fats/Oils | ||||
Brown Gravy, Canned or Bottled | ND | ND | X | X |
Butter, Regular (Salted) | ND | ND | X | X |
Cream Substitute, Non-Dairy, Liquid/Frozen | ND | ND | X | X |
Half & Half Cream | ND | ND | X | X |
Margarine, Regular (Salted) | ND | ND | X | X |
Mayonnaise, Regular, Bottled | ND | ND | X | X |
Olive Oil | ND | ND | X | X |
Salad Dressing, Creamy/Buttermilk Type, Low-Calorie | ND | ND | X | X |
Salad Dressing, Creamy/Buttermilk Type, Regular | ND | ND | X | X |
Salad Dressing, Italian, Regular | ND | ND | X | X |
Sour Cream | ND | ND | X | X |
Vegetable Oil | ND | ND | X | X |
Beverages | ||||
Beer | ND | ND | X | X |
Bottled Drinking Water (Mineral/Spring), not Carbonated or Flavored | ND | ND | X | X |
Carbonated Beverage, Cola, Low-Calorie | ND | ND | X | X |
Carbonated Beverage, Cola, Regular | ND | ND | X | X |
Carbonated Beverage, Fruit-Flavored, Regular | ND | ND | X | X |
Coffee, from Ground | ND | ND | 12 | ND |
Decaffeinated Coffee, from Ground | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Decaffeinated Tea, from Tea Bag | ND | ND | X | X |
Fruit Drink, from Powder | ND | ND | X | X |
Fruit Drink (10% Juice), Canned or Bottled | ND | ND | X | X |
Lemonade, Frozen Concentrate, Reconstituted | ND | ND | X | X |
Popsicle, Fruit-Flavored | ND | ND | X | X |
Tea, from Tea Bag | ND | ND | X | X |
Wine, Dry Table, Red/White | ND | ND | X | X |