The tongue normally has tiny projections (papillae) on its surface. Geographic tongue results from the loss of papillae in certain areas of the tongue. These smooth patches give the tongue a map-like, or geographic, appearance. The patterns of papillae loss may change very quickly. They may also go away suddenly.

The cause of geographic tongue isn't known. In some cases, it's associated with other skin conditions such as psoriasis. A doctor can diagnose geographic tongue by visually inspecting the tongue.

If you have soreness or a burning sensation on your tongue, it may help to avoid hot or spicy foods, alcohol and tobacco. Also, some types of toothpaste that contain tartar-control additives or heavy flavoring may aggravate this condition. You may consider using toothpaste made for sensitive teeth.

If the problem persists, your doctor may refer you to a dermatologist or a dentist. Additional tests, such as for allergies or yeast infection, may be needed to rule out other causes.