Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States
Appendix C
Glossary of Terms
- acid
- Term applied to water with a pH less than 5.5.
- alkaline
- Term applied to water with a pH greater than 7.4.
- bar
- An elongated landform generated by waves and currents, usually
running parallel to the shore, composed predominantly of
unconsolidated sand, gravel, stones, cobbles, or rubble and with
water on two sides.
- beach
- A sloping landform on the shore of larger water bodies,
generated by waves and currents and extending from the water to a
distinct break in landform or substrate type (e.g., a foredune,
cliff, or bank).
- brackish
- Marine and Estuarine waters with Mixohaline salinity. The term
should not be applied to inland waters.
- boulder
- Rock fragments larger than 60.4 cm (24 inches) in diameter.
- broad-leaved deciduous
- Woody angiosperms (trees or shrubs) with relatively wide, flat
leaves that are shed during the cold or dry season; e.g., black
ash (Frazinus nigra).
- broad-leaved evergreen
- Woody angiosperms (trees or shrubs) with relatively wide, flat
leaves that generally remain green and are usually persistent for
a year or more; e.g., red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle).
- calcareous
- Formed of calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate by
biological deposition or inorganic precipitation in sufficient
quantities to effervesce carbon dioxide visibly when treated with
cold 0.1 normal hydrochloric acid. Calcareous sands are usually
formed of a mixture of fragments of mollusk shell, echinoderm
spines and skeletal material, coral, foraminifera, and algal
platelets (e.g., Halimeda).
- channel
- "An open conduit either naturally or artificially created
which periodically or continuously contains moving water, or
which forms a connecting link between two bodies of standing
water" (Langbein and Iseri 1960:5).
- channel bank
- The sloping land bordering a channel. The bank has steeper
slope than the bottom of the channel and is usually steeper than
the land surrounding the channel.
- circumneutral
- Term applied to water with a pH of 5.5 to 7.4.
- codominant
- Two or more species providing about equal areal cover which in
combination control the environment.
- cobbles
- Rock fragments 7.6 cm (3 inches) to 25.4 cm (10 inches) in
diameter.
- deciduous stand
- A plant community where deciduous trees or shrubs represent
more than 50% of the total areal coverage of trees or shrubs.
- dominant
- The species controlling the environment.
- dormant season
- That portion of the year when frosts occur (see U.S. Department of
Interior, National Atlas 1970:110-111 for generalized regional
delineation).
- emergent hydrophytes
- Erect, rooted, herbaceous angiosperms that may be
temporarily to permanently flooded at the base but do not
tolerate prolonged inundation of the entire plant; e.g., bulrushes
(Scirpus spp.), saltmarsh cordgrass.
- emergent mosses
- Mosses occurring in wetlands, but generally not covered by
water.
- eutrophic lake
- Lake that has a high concentration of plant nutrients such as
nitrogen and phosphorus.
- evergreen stand
- A plant community where evergreen trees or shrubs represent
more than 50% of the total areal coverage of trees and shrubs. The
canopy is never without foliage; however, individual trees or
shrubs may shed their leaves (Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg
1974).
- extreme high water of spring tides
- The highest tide occurring during a lunar month, usually near
the new or full moon. This is equivalent to extreme higher high
water of mixed semidiurnal tides.
- extreme low water of spring tides
- The lowest tide occurring during a lunar month, usually near
the new or full moon. This is equivalent to extreme lower low
water of mixed semidiurnal tides.
- flat
- A level landform composed of unconsolidated sediments -- usually
mud or sand. Flats may be irregularly shaped or elongate and
continuous with the shore, whereas bars are generally elongate,
parallel to the shore, and separated from the shore by water.
- floating plant
- A non-anchored plant that floats freely in the water or on the
surface; e.g., water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) or common
duckweed (Lemna minor).
- floating-leaved plant
- A rooted, herbaceous hydrophyte with some leaves floating on
the water surface; e.g., white water lily (Nymphaea odorata),
floating-leaved pondweed (Potamogeton natans). Plants such as
yellow water lily (Nuphar luteum) which sometimes have leaves
raised above the surface are considered floating-leaved plants or
emergents, depending on their growth habit at a particular site.
- floodplain
- "a flat expanse of land bordering an old river. . . " (see Reid
and Wood 1976:72, 84).
- fresh
- Term applied to water with salinity less than 0.5‰ dissolved
salts.
- gravel
- A mixture composed primarily of rock fragments 2 mm (0.08 inch)
to 7.6 cm (3 inches) in diameter. Usually contains much sand.
- growing season
- The frost-free period of the year (see U.S. Department of
Interior, National Atlas 1970:110-111 for generalized regional
delineation).
- haline
- Term used to indicate dominance of ocean salt.
- herbaceous
- With the characteristics of an herb; a plant with no persistent
woody stem above ground.
- histosols
- Organic soils (see Appendix D).
- hydric soil
- Soil that is wet long enough to periodically produce anaerobic
conditions, thereby influencing the growth of plants.
- hydrophyte, hydrophytic
- Any plant growing in water or on a substrate that is at least
periodically deficient in oxygen as a result of excessive water
content.
- hyperhaline
- Term to characterize waters with salinity greater than 40‰, due
to ocean-derived salts.
- hypersaline
- Term to characterize waters with salinity greater than 40‰, due
to land-derived salts.
- macrophytic algae
- Algal plants large enough either as individuals or communities
to be readily visible without the aid of optical magnification.
- mean high water
- The average height of the high water over 19 years.
- mean higher high tide
- The average height of the higher of two unequal daily high
tides over 19 years.
- mean low water
- The average height of the low water over 19 years.
- mean lower low water
- The average height of the lower of two unequal daily low tides
over 19 years.
- mean tide level
- A plane midway between mean high water and mean low water.
- mesohaline
- Term to characterize waters with salinity of 5 to 18‰, due to
ocean-derived salts.
- mesophyte, mesophytic
- Any plant growing where moisture and aeration conditions lie
between extremes. (Plants typically found in habitats with
average moisture conditions, not usuall dry or wet.)
- mesosaline
- Term to characterize waters with salinity of 5 to 18‰, due to
land-derived salts.
- mineral soil
- Soil composed of predominantly mineral rather than organic
materials.
- mixohaline
- Term to characterize water with salinity of 0.5 to 30‰, due to
ocean salts. The term is roughly equivalent to the term brackish.
- mixosaline
- Term to characterize waters with salinity of 0.5 to 30‰, due to
land-derived salts.
- mud
- Wet soft earth composed predominantly of clay and silt--fine
mineral sediments less than 0.074 mm in diameter (Black 1968; Liu
1970).
- needle-leaved deciduous
- Woody gymnosperms (trees or shrubs) with needle-shaped or
scale-like leaves that are shed during the cold or dry season;
e.g., bald cypress (Tazodium distichum).
- needle-leaved evergreen
- Woody gymnosperms with green, needle-shaped, or scale-like
leaves that are retained by plants throughout the year; e.g.,
black spruce (Picea mariana).
- nonpersistent emergents
- Emergent hydrophytes whose leaves and stems break down at the
end of the growing season so that most above-ground portions of
the plants are easily transported by currents, waves, or ice. The
breakdown may result from normal decay or the physical force of
strong waves or ice. At certain seasons of the year there are no
visible traces of the plants above the surface of the water;
e.g., wild rice (Zizania aquatica), arrow arum (Peltandra
virginica).
- obligate hydrophytes
- Species that are found only in wetlands -- e.g., cattail (Typha
latifolia) as opposed to ubiquitous species that grow either in
wetland or on upland -- e.g., red maple (Acer rubrum).
- oligohaline
- Term to characterize water with salinity of 0.5 to 5.0‰ due to
ocean-derived salts.
- oligosaline
- Term to characterize water with salinity of 0.5 to 5.0‰ due to
land-derived salts.
- organic soil
- Soil composed of predominantly organic rather than mineral
material. Equivalent to Histosol.
- persistent emergent
- Emergent hydrophytes that normally remain standing at least
until the beginning of the next growing season; e.g., cattails
(Typha spp.) or bulrushes (Scirpus spp.).
- photic zone
- The upper water layer down to the depth of effective light
penetration where photosynthesis balances respiration. This level
(the compensation level) usually occurs at the depth of 1% light
penetration and forms the lower boundary of the zone of net
metabolic production.
- pioneer plants
- Herbaceous annual and seedling perennial plants that colonize
bare areas as a first stage in secondary succession.
- polyhaline
- Term to characterize water with salinity of 18 to 30‰, due to
ocean salts.
- polysaline
- Term to characterize water with salinity of 18 to 30‰, due to
land-derived salts.
- saline
- General term for waters containing various dissolved salts. We
restrict the term to inland waters where the ratios of the salts
often vary; the term haline is applied to coastal waters where
the salts are roughly in the same proportion as found in
undiluted sea water.
- salinity
- The total amount of solid material in grams contained in 1 kg
of water when all the carbonate has been converted to oxide, the
bromine and iodine replaced by chlorine, and all the organic
matter completely oxidized.
- sand
- Composed predominantly of coarse-grained mineral sediments with
diameters larger than 0.074 mm (Black 1968) and smaller than 2 mm
(Liu 1970; Weber 1973).
- shrub
- A woody plant which at maturity is usually less than 6 m (20
feet) tall and generally exhibits several erect, spreading, or
prostrate stems and has a bushy appearance; e.g., speckled alder
(Alnus rugosa) or buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis).
- sound
- A body of water that is usually broad, elongate, and parallel
to the shore between the mainland and one or more islands.
- spring tide
- The highest high and lowest low tides during the lunar month.
- stone
- Rock fragments larger than 25.4 cm (10 inches) but less than
60.4 cm (24 inches).
- submergent plant
- A vascular or nonvascular hydrophyte, either rooted or
nonrooted, which lies entirely beneath the water surface, except
for flowering parts in some species; e.g., wild celery
(Vallisneria americana) or the stoneworts (Chara spp.).
- terrigenous
- Derived from or originating on the land (usually referring to
sediments) as opposed to material or sediments produced in the
ocean (marine) or as a result of biologic activity (biogenous).
- tree
- A woody plant which at maturity is usually 6 m (20 feet) or
more in height and generally has a single trunk, unbranched for 1
m or more above the ground, and a more or less definite crown;
e.g., red maple (Acer rubrum), northern white cedar (Thuja
occidentalis).
- water table
- The upper surface of a zone of saturation. No water table
exists where that surface is formed by an impermeable body
(Langbein and Iseri 1960:21).
- woody plant
- A seed plant (gymnosperm or angiosperm) that develops
persistent, hard, fibrous tissues, basically xylem; e.g., trees
and shrubs.
- xerophyte, xerophytic
- Any plant growing in a habitat in which an appreciable portion
of the rooting medium dries to the wilting coefficient at frequent
intervals. (Plants typically found in very dry habitats.)
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