Overview Chapter 

The United States in a Changing World
Education, Demographics, and World Labor Markets
U.S. Reliance on Foreign-Born Scientists and Engineers
U.S. Elementary and Secondary Education: International Perspective
U.S. Higher Education
Status of the U.S. S&E Workforce
Foreign-Born Scientists and Engineers in the U.S. Workforce
Indicators of U.S. Competitiveness
Patenting as an Indicator of Inventive Activity
Venture Capital Funding and Seed Money
U.S. Industrial R&D: Manufacturing and Service Sectors
Expanding R&D Activities Around the World
Growing International Conduct of Research
National and International Research Alliances

Conclusion and Summary
Selected Bibliography

Chapter 1. Elementary and Secondary Education 

Highlights
Introduction
How Well Do Our Students Perform Mathematics and Science?

• Long-Term Trends in Math and Science Performance
• Benchmarking of Mathematics Performance Against Standards
• International Comparisons of Mathematics and Science Achievement

Science and Mathematics Coursework

• Changes in State-Level Graduation Requirements
• Differences in Course Participation by Sex
• Differences in Course Participation by Race/Ethnicity
• Impact of Coursetaking on Student Learning

Content Standards and Statewide Assessments

• Adoption of Content Standards
• Statewide Policies on Textbooks and Standards
• State Assessment Programs in Mathematics and Science
• Public Support for Standards and Testing
• Attitudes of Teachers on Academic Standards and State Testing

Curriculum and Instruction

• Instructional Time
• Curriculum and Textbook Content
• Instructional Practice

Teacher Quality and Changes in Initial Teacher Training

• Measuring Academic Skills of Teachers
• Match Between Teacher Background and Courses Taught
• Teacher Experience
• Induction of Recently Hired Teachers

Teacher Professional Development

• Observation of Other Teachers Teaching

Teacher Working Conditions

• Trends in Teacher Salaries
• Variation in the Salaries of Math and Science Teachers
• International Comparisons of Teacher Salaries

IT in Schools

• Access to IT
• Teacher Use of Technology
• Teacher Preparation and Training in IT
• Perceived Barriers to Teacher Use of Technology
• Calculator Use in the United States and Other Countries

Transition to Higher Education

• Transition from High School to College
• Transition Rates by Sex
• Transition Rates by Race/Ethnicity
• Remedial Education in College

Conclusion
Selected Bibliography

Chapter 2. Higher Education in Science and Engineering 

Highlights
Introduction

• Chapter Overview
• Chapter Organization

U.S. Higher Education in S&E

• Demographics and Higher Education
• Characteristics of U.S. Higher Education Institutions
• Traditional Institutions of Higher Education
• New Modes of Delivery

Undergraduate S&E Students and Degrees in the United States

• Enrollment and Retention in S&E
• Associate Degrees
• Bachelor's Degrees

Graduate S&E Students and Degrees in the United States

• Overall Trends in Graduate Enrollment
• Master's Degrees
• Doctoral Degrees
• Financial Support for S&E Graduate Education
• Stay Rates of Foreign Doctoral Recipients

Increasing Global Capacity in S&E

• International Comparison of First University Degrees in S&E Fields
• International Comparison of Doctoral Degrees in S&E Fields
• International Comparison of Stay Rates

Conclusion
Selected Bibliography

Chapter 3. Science and Engineering Workforce 

Highlights
Introduction

• Chapter Overview
• Chapter Organization

Profile of the U.S. S&E Workforce

• How Large Is the U.S. S&E Workforce?
• Basic Characteristics
• What Do People Do With an S&E Education?
• Sector of Employment
• Who Performs R&D?
• Salaries
• Women and Minorities in S&E
• Women Scientists and Engineers
• Racial and Ethnic Minority Scientists and Engineers

Labor Market Conditions for Recent S&E Degree-Holders

• Recipients of Bachelor's and Master's Degrees
• Recipients of Doctoral Degrees

Age and Retirement

• Age and Implications for the S&E Workforce
• Retirement Patterns for the S&E Workforce

Projected Demand for S&E Workers
The Global S&E Workforce and the United States

• Migration of Scientists and Engineers to the United States
• Origins of S&E Immigrants
• Stay Rates for U. S. Ph.D. Recipients With Temporary Visas

Conclusion and Summary
Selected Bibliography

Chapter 4. U.S. and International Research and Development: Funds and Alliances 

Highlights
Introduction

• Chapter Overview
• Chapter Organization

R&D Support in the United States

• National R&D Growth Trends
• Trends in Federal R&D Support by National Objective, Federal Agency, and Performer Sector
• The Federal R&D Tax Credit
• Historical Trends in Non-Federal Support

R&D Performance in the United States

• U.S. R&D/GDP Ratio
• Rates of Growth Among Sectors
• Federal R&D Performance
• R&D in Nonprofit Organizations
• Recent Growth in Industrial R&D, by Sector, Firm Size, and R&D Intensity
• Performance by Geographic Location, Character of Work, and Field of Science

Research Alliances: Trends in Industry, Government, and University Collaboration

• Types of Research Partnerships
• Domestic Public and Private Collaborations, Including Federal Programs
• International Private and Public Collaborations

International Comparisons of National R&D Trends

• Absolute Levels of Total R&D Expenditures
• Trends in Total R&D/GDP Ratios
• Nondefense R&D Expenditures and R&D/GDP Ratios
• International R&D by Performer, Source, and Character of Work

International Industrial R&D Investments

• Foreign Direct Investments and R&D Facilities
• Foreign R&D and R&D Expenditure Balance
• Overseas R&D Spending
• Industrial Structure of International R&D Spending and the IGRD Index

Conclusion
Selected Bibliography

Chapter 5. Academic Research and Development  

Highlights
Introduction

• Chapter Overview
• Chapter Organization

Financial Resources for Academic R&D

• Academic R&D Within the National R&D Enterprise
• Major Funding Sources
• Funding by Institution Type
• Distribution of R&D Funds Across Academic Institutions
• Emphasis on Research at Universities and Colleges
• Expenditures by Field and Funding Source
• Federal Support of Academic R&D
• Academic R&D Facilities and Equipment

Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in Academia

• Academic Employment of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers
• Foreign-Born Academic Scientists and Engineers
• Slower Hiring at Research Universities and Public Institutions
• Declining Faculty Appointments, More Postdoctorate and Other Positions
• Academic Employment Patterns for Recent Ph.D.-Holders
• Similar Trends for Young Ph.D.s With a Track Record
• Concerns About Retirement Behavior of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers
• Women and Minority Group Members As Faculty Role Models
• Size of the Academic Research Workforce
• Deployment of the Academic Research Workforce
• Government Support of Academic Doctoral Researchers
• Has Academic R&D Shifted Toward More Applied Work?

Outputs of Scientific and Engineering Research: Articles and Patents

• Publication Counts: U.S. and Worldwide Trends
• Scientific Collaboration
• International Citations to Scientific and Technical Articles
• Citations in U.S. Patents to Scientific and Technical Literature
• Patents Awarded to U.S. Universities

Conclusion
Selected Bibliography

Chapter 6. Industry, Technology, and the Global Marketplace  

Highlights
Introduction

• Chapter Overview
• Chapter Organization

U.S. Technology in the Marketplace

• The Importance of High-Technology Industries
• Share of World Markets
• Global Competitiveness of Individual Industries
• Exports by High-Technology Industries
• Competition in the Home Market
• U.S. Trade Balance in Technology Products
• Importance of Advanced Technology Product Trade to Overall U.S. Trade
• U.S. Royalties and Fees Generated From Intellectual Property

New High-Technology Exporters

• National Orientation
• Socioeconomic Infrastructure
• Technological Infrastructure
• Productive Capacity
• Findings From the Four Indicators

International Trends in Industrial R&D

• R&D Performance by Industry

Patented Inventions

• U.S. Patenting
• Patents Granted to U.S. Inventors
• Patents Granted to Foreign Inventors
• Trends in Applications for U.S. Patents
• Technical Fields Favored by U.S. and Foreign Inventors
• Patenting Outside the United States

International Patenting Trends in Two New Technology Areas

• International Patenting of Human DNA Sequences
• International Patenting of Internet-Related Business Methods

Venture Capital and High-Technology Enterprise

• Venture Capital Commitments and Disbursements
• Venture Capital Investments by Stage of Financing

Chapter Summary: Assessment of U.S. Technological Competitiveness
Selected Bibliography

Chapter 7. Science and Technology: Public Attitudes and Public Understanding 

Highlights
Introduction

• Chapter Overview
• Chapter Organization

Public Interest in and Knowledge of S&T

• Public Interest in S&T and Other Issues
• The Public's Sense of Being Well-informed about S&T Issues
• The "Attentive Public" for S&T Issues
• Public Understanding of S&T

Public Attitudes Toward S&T, Scientific Research, Federal Funding of Scientific Research, and Specific Science-Related Issues

• Trends in Attitudes Toward S&T
• Public Attitudes Toward Scientific Research
• Public Attitudes Toward Federal Funding of Scientific Research
• Public Attitudes Toward Specific Science-Related Issues
• Public Attitudes Toward Science and Mathematics Education

Public Image of the Science Community

• Public Confidence in Leadership of the Science Community
• Public Perceptions of Scientists
• Public Perceptions of Science Occupations

Where Americans Get Information About S&T

• Science on the Internet
• Science on Television
• Science in Newspapers and Museums

Science Fiction and Pseudoscience

• Interest in Science Fiction
• Relationships Between Science and Pseudoscience

Conclusion
Selected Bibliography

Chapter 8. Significance of Information Technology 

Highlights
Trends in IT

• Semiconductor Technology
• Information Storage
• Networking
• Applications of IT

Societal Implications

• Economic Implications
• IT and the Citizenry

IT and S&E

• IT and R&D
• IT and Innovation
• IT and Higher Education
• The IT Workforce

Conclusion
Selected Bibliography

Appendices 

Appendix A. Contributors and Reviewers
Appendix B. Index (available in PDF format 477K)

Volume 2 - Appendix Tables