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Appendix B:
Preventing the Initiation of Tobacco Use Among Young People
Text Version
Program goal: prevent tobacco initiation among young people
Examples of outcome objectives
Examples of long-term objectives
- Reduce the proportion of young people in grades 9 through 12 who have
used any tobacco product in the previous month from X% in 2001 to Y% in
2005.
- Increase by at least 1 year the average age of first use of cigarettes
by adolescents aged 12-17 by 2005.
- Increase the proportion of young people in grades 9 through 12 who
report having never tried a cigarette from X% in 2001 to Y% in 2005.
Examples of intermediate objectives
Strategy: Decrease the social acceptability of tobacco use.
- Decrease the proportion of young people who believe that people who
smoke have more friends from X% in 2001 to Y% in 2003.
- Decrease the proportion of young people in grades 6 through 8 who
definitely feel that smoking cigarettes makes young people look cool or
fit in from X% in 2001 to Y% in 2003.
- Decrease the proportion of young people in grades 9 through 12 who
definitely feel that smoking cigarettes makes young people look cool or
fit in from X% in 2001 to Y% in 2003.
- Decrease the proportion of young people in grades 6 through 8 who
would ever use or wear something that has a tobacco company name or
picture on it from X% in 2001 to Y% in 2003.
- Decrease the proportion of young people in grades 9 through 12 who
would ever use or wear something that has a tobacco company name or
picture on it from X% in 2001 to Y% in 2003.
- Increase the number of communities with local ordinances restricting
tobacco advertising within 1,000 feet of schools, parks, and playgrounds
from X in 2001 to Y in 2003.
Strategy: Decrease young people's access to tobacco.
- Increase the proportion of retailers who refuse to sell to minors from
X% in 2001 to Y% in 2003.
- Increase the proportion of young people in grades 9 through 12 who
were refused sales of cigarettes during the prior 30 days from X% in 2001
to Y% in 2003.
Examples of short-term objectives
Strategy: Increase young people's awareness and knowledge about the risks
of tobacco use; improve their attitudes toward nonsmoking and their skills
in resisting tobacco use.
- Increase the proportion of young people in grades 6 through 8 who have
seen messages on television, radio, billboards, or other media about not
smoking from X% in 2001 to Y% in 2002.
- Increase the proportion of targeted young people in grades 6 through 8
who have seen messages on television, radio, billboards, or other media
about not smoking from X% in 2001 to Y% in 2002.
- Increase the proportion of young people in grades 6 through 8 who
believe people can get addicted to tobacco from X% in 2001 to Y% in 2002.
- Increase the proportion of young people in grades 6 through 8 who have
practiced ways to say "no" to tobacco during the previous school year from
X% in 2001 to Y% in 2002.
- Increase the proportion of targeted young people in grades 6 through 8
who have practiced ways to say "no" to tobacco during the past school year
from X% in 2001 to Y% in 2002.
- Increase the proportion of young people in grades 9 through 12 who
have seen messages on television, radio, billboards, or other media about
not smoking from X% in 2001 to Y% in 2002.
- Increase the proportion of young people in grades 9 through 12 who
believe people can get addicted to tobacco from X% in 2001 to Y% in 2002.
- Increase the proportion of young people in grades 9 through 12 who
have practiced ways to say "no" to tobacco during the previous school year
from X% in 2001 to Y% in 2002.
- Increase the proportion of young people in various population groups
in grades 9 through 12 who have practiced ways to say "no" to tobacco
during the previous school year from X% in 2001 to Y% in 2002.
Strategy: Restrict tobacco sales to minors and enforce laws related to
restricting such sales.
- Increase the proportion of smokers in grades 9 through 12 who were
asked to show proof of age the last time they attempted to purchase
cigarettes from X% in 2001 to Y% in 2002.
- Increase the proportion of smokers in grades 9 through 12 who have
ever had a retailer refuse to sell them cigarettes from X% in 2001 to Y%
in 2002.
Examples of process objectives
Strategy: Promote school programs to prevent tobacco use.
- By December 2002, conduct teacher training on a tobacco-use-prevention
curriculum that is consistent with the CDC recommended guidelines in at
least 25% of school districts.
- By September 2003, increase the percentage of school districts that
are implementing a tobacco-use-prevention curriculum that meets the CDC
recommended guidelines to at least 15%.
Strategy: Promote youth advocacy to empower young people to live a
smoke-free lifestyle.
- By June 2002, fund at least five community organizations that
primarily serve particular populations of people (e.g, African Americans,
blue-collar workers) to develop youth advocacy groups to promote
nonsmoking norms.
Strategy: Decrease young people's access to tobacco products.
- By December 2002, conduct tobacco retail compliance checks in at least
10 municipalities in collaboration with youth advocacy groups and police
departments.
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| Example
Outcomes, Outputs, Indicators, and Data Sources for the Program Goal of
Reducing Tobacco Initiation Among Young People |
|
Long-Term Outcomes |
Long-Term Indicators |
Data Sources* |
|
Decreased prevalence of tobacco use among young people. |
- Proportion of young people who report smoking a cigarette in the
prior 30 days.
|
- Youth Tobacco Survey.
- Youth Risk Behavior Survey.
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Delayed average age at first use. |
- Average age at which young people smoke a whole cigarette for the
first time.
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Increased prevalence of young people who have never
tried a cigarette. |
- Proportion of young people who report they have never tried a
cigarette.
|
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Intermediate Outcomes |
Intermediate Indicators |
Data Sources* |
|
Decreased social acceptance of tobacco use. |
- Proportion of young people who believe smoking does not make them
look cool or fit in.
- Proportion of young people who report they would not wear
something that has a tobacco company name or picture on it.
- Proportion of young people who do not think people who smoke
cigarettes have more friends.
- Number of communities with ordinances restricting tobacco
advertising near schools, parks, and playgrounds.
|
- Youth Tobacco Survey.
- DASH School Profile.
- Copies of ordinances.
|
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Decreased access to tobacco for young people. |
- Proportion of retailers who refuse to sell cigarettes to minors.
- Proportion of young people who report buying a pack of cigarettes
within the prior 30 days.
|
- Retailer Survey.
- Youth Tobacco Survey.
|
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Improved attitudes about smoking among young people. |
- Proportion of young people who report they would not wear or use
something with a tobacco name or picture on it.
- Proportion of young people who believe they can resist peer
pressure to smoke.
- Proportion of young people with a firm intention to never smoke.
|
|
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Short-Term Outcomes |
Short-Term Indicators |
Data Sources* |
|
Increased knowledge and awareness about the dangers of
smoking. |
- Proportion of young people who believe people can get addicted to
tobacco.
- Proportion of people who recall content of anti-smoking,
youth-focused counter-advertisements, brochures, posters, or
presentations.
- Proportion of young people who remember seeing
counter-advertisements, brochures, posters, or presentations.
|
- Youth Tobacco Survey.
- State Survey.
|
|
Increased skills to reduce tobacco use. |
- Proportion of young people who have been taught during the
previous school year to practice ways to say "no" to tobacco.
|
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Increased adoption and enforcement of tobacco-free
school policies. |
- Proportion of schools that have implemented school-based tobacco
prevention programs.
- Proportion of young people who report smoking on school property
within the prior 30 days.
|
- DASH School Profile.
- Youth Tobacco Survey.
|
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Increased restriction and enforcement of tobacco sales
to minors. |
- Proportion of young people who report retailers refused to sell
cigarettes to them.
- Proportion of young people who report being asked for proof of age
by retailers when purchasing cigarettes.
|
|
|
Process Outcomes |
Process Indicators |
Data Sources* |
|
Increased number of schools with programs to prevent
tobacco use. |
- Percentage of school districts that have conducted teacher
training on a CDC-recommended tobacco-use-prevention curriculum.
- Percentage of school districts that have implemented a
CDC-recommended tobacco-use-prevention curriculum.
|
- Site-specific survey of school districts.
- DASH School Profile.
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Increased number of youth advocacy groups whose purpose
is to empower young people to say "no" to tobacco. |
- Number of contracts with ethnic-minority community organizations
to develop youth advocacy groups for the purpose of helping young
people not to smoke.
|
- Copies of contracts.
- NTCP-Chronicle Progress Report.
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Decreased access of young people to tobacco products. |
- Number of communities in which tobacco retail compliance checks
were completed.
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- State or local progress reports.
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Abbreviations: DASH = CDC's Division of Adolescent and
School Health; NTCP = CDC's National Tobacco Control Program
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