TABLE OF CONTENTS
Descriptive Summary
Biographical Note
Collection Summary
Index Terms
Administrative Information
Restrictions
Series Descriptions
Copyright Subject Files, 1958-74; 78; 82
Incoming Correspondence, 1965-1976
Outgoing Correspondence, 1967-1973
Inter-Office Memoranda & Notes, 1965-1975
Legal Documents, 1968-1975
Related Copyright Activities, 1965-1970
Copyright Legislation, 1961-1976
"Williams and Wilkins Case: Publicity", [n.d.]-1975
General Articles on Copyright, 1938-1975
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Archives and Modern Manuscripts Program, History of Medicine Division
Processed by Karen Pitts and Peter Hirtle
Machine-readable finding aid encoded by Dan Jenkins
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| Collection Number: | MS C 421 |
| Creator: | Williams & Wilkins Co. |
| Title: | Williams & Wilkins Co. v. The United States Records
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| Dates: | 1938-1982 (bulk 1958-1982) |
| Quantity: | 3.75 linear feet and 8 volumes |
| Abstract: | The suit charged that the libraries had violated the company's copyright by duplicating for interlibrary loan articles from journals published by Williams & Wilkins. The case was settled by a split decision of the Supreme Court upholding the appeals court verdict that found for the government. Included are files from Martin Cummings and Scott Adams, the Director and Deputy Director of the Library, and Albert Berkowitz, the Reference Services Division Section Chief, as well as subject and correspondence files. |
On 27 February 1968 the Williams & Wilkins Co., a major publisher
of medical and scientific books and journals, filed a petition in the
U.S. Court of Claims against the United States of America. They
charged that the National Library of Medicine and the National
Institutes of Health library violated the company's copyright by
duplicating for interlibrary loan articles from journals published by
Williams & Wilkins. By the time the case was finally settled by the
Supreme Court in 1975, it had become a landmark case in library
photocopying and copyright. While the Copyright Revision Act of 1976
addressed some of the issues raised by this important decision,
others remain to be resolved.
The case developed from Williams & Wilkins's objection to the
Library's practice of photocopying in lieu of a loan single articles
at the request of other libraries. In initial conversations with the
Library and in the petition Williams and Wilkins requested not that
library photocopying be prohibited, but rather that the company be
paid a royalty of 2 cents per page for each copy made of an article
from a Williams & Wilkins journal. Because of the potentially broad
ramifications of the case for librarians, information scientists and
other users of information, many professional societies, including
the American Library Association, the Association of American
Publishers, and the Medical Library Association among others, filed
briefs in support of the position taken by the National Library of
Medicine.
The original decision by the commissioner of the U. S. Court of
Claims, delivered on 16 February 1972, was in the company's favor.
On appeal, however, the full court found for the government. The
revised decision was upheld on 25 February 1975 by a 4 to 4 vote of
the Supreme Court.
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The papers in the manuscript collection "Williams & Wilkins vs. the
United States of Americao represent the National Library of Medicine's
records of the case. Included are files from Martin Cummings and
Scott Adams, the Director and Deputy Director of the Library, and
Albert Berkowitz, the Reference Services Division Section Chief. The
files arrived in the History of Medicine Division in a jumbled
condition, making it impossible to identify the original provenance
of the records. Consequently, the decision was made to combine the
files into nine artificial series.
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Restrictions
Restrictions
Collection is not restricted. Contact the Reference Staff for information regarding access. For online customer service, please visit http://www.nlm.nih.gov/contacts/custserv-email.html.
Copyright
NLM does possess copyright to the collection. Contact the Reference Staff for details regarding rights. For online customer service, please visit http://www.nlm.nih.gov/contacts/custserv-email.html.
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| These terms are indexed in the National Library of Medicine's online catalog LocatorPlus. Researchers wishing to find related materials should search the catalog using these terms. |
| MeSH Subjects |
| | Jurisprudence |
| | Libraries, Medical -- legislation & jurisprudence |
| Corporate Names |
| | National Library of Medicine (U.S.) |
| Genre Terms |
| | Legal Cases |
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[Call Number, Collection Name, Series Number], Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, USA.
Acc. #424, 06/02/86 from Ralph C. Williams, Sr. Transferred from the files of Chief Reference Services Div., N.L.M
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Copyright Subject Files, 1958-74; 78; 82
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| Consists primarily of the the Director's
subject files on copyright. Included is background
information on copyright policy and materials relating
to various proposed copyright revision bills. |
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| Box | Folder |
| 1 | 1-3 | Copyright, Undated |
| 1 | 4 | Copyright, 1958-1960 |
| 1 | 5 | Copyright, 1961 |
| 1 | 6 | Copyright, 1962 |
| 1 | 7 | Copyright, 1963 |
| 1 | 8-10 | Copyright, 1964 |
| 1 | 11 | Copyright, 1965(1) |
| 1 | 12 | Copyright, 1965(2) |
| 1 | 13 | Copyright, 1966 |
| 1 | 14-17 | Copyright, 1967 |
| 2 | 1 | Copyright, 1967 |
| 2 | 2-4 | Copyright, 1967 |
| 2 | 5-10 | Copyright, 1968 |
| 2 | 11-12 | Copyright, 1969 |
| 2 | 13 | Copyright, 1970 |
| 2 | 14 | Copyright, 1972 |
| 2 | 15 | Copyright Revision, Undated - 73 |
| 2 | 16 | Copyright Revision, 1974 |
| 2 | 17 | Copyright, 1978; 1982 |
| 2 | 18 | Copyright Commmittee, 1964 |
| 2 | 19 | Interlibrary Loan Policies, 1970 |
| 2 | 20 | Information Industry Association - Open Forum, 1972 |
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Incoming Correspondence, 1965-1976
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Includes incoming correpsondence, arranged by
correspondnents in alphabetical order. Included among
the major correspondents are officials of the Williams
& Wilkins Co., including William Passano, President,
and Eben Perkins, their lawyer; the lawyers from the
National Institutes of Health and the Justice
Department who defended the library; and
representatives of the professional societies which
supported the Libraries position, including the
American Library Association, the American Medical
Association, the Council on Library Resources, Inc.,
and the Association of Research Libraries. |
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| Box | Folder |
| 3 | 1 | Abernathy, H.C.,Advocates for the Arts, Almy, Thomas P., American Chemical Society (Robert W. Cairns and B.H. Well), Anlyan, W.G., n.d. |
| 3 | 2 | American Library Association (Ralph T. Esterquest and Germaine Krettek), n.d. |
| 3 | 3 | Association of Research Libraries (Donald F. Cameron, Stephen A. McCarthy and John P. McDonald, |
| 3 | 4 | Barrett, St. John; Berliner, Robert W.; Berson, Robert C.; Blackwell, Thomas E.; Bonk, Johan P.; Bowsher, Prentice; Bravo, Desi; Burger, Charles L.; Burns, F. |
| 3 | 5 | Cady, Duane M.; Cahoon, Lunda; Carter, Willard H.; Chalkey, D.T.; Clifton, James A.; Coady, John M.; Cole, John D.R.; Cooper, John A.D.; Corning, Mary E.; Crawford, Susan, |
| 3 | 6 | Council on Library Resources (Verner W. Clapp), |
| 3 | 7 | Davis, Madge G.; Davis, Oscar; Day, Kermit W.; Day, Melvin S., |
| 3 | 8 | Dept. of Justice (T. Brown, Thomas J. Byrnes, Joseph Hill, and Manuel Hiller); Dekker, Marcel; Drake, Mayo, |
| 3 | 9 | Eastwood, Douglas W.; Ebert, Robert H.; Ecker, Arthur; Einstein, Stanley; Falk, Hans L.; Friedel, Samuel N.; Gillikin, Phyllis; Goodwin, Norton, |
| 3 | 10 | Henry, Joseph L.; Herner, Saul; Hoey, Evelyn; Hogben, C.A.M.; Hogness, John R.; Humphries, William C.; Ingelfinger, Franz J.; Isbister, James D.; Ivy, Robert H.; , |
| 3 | 11 | Jenkins, Carol G.; Johnson, Barbara; Kao, Irving; Kaplan, Louis; Kaufman, Nathan; Keaney, Kerri; Knoff, William F.; Lamont-Havers, Ronald W.; Leavitt, Milo D.; Lee, Philip R.; Lewis, E. Grey; Lodwick, Lyle, |
| 3 | 12 | Marston, Robert Q.; Martin, Louis E.; Mason, Ellsworth; McKenna F. E.; Mersereau, Bertram S.; Michael, Max; Mider, G. Burroughs; Miller, Edward A.; Miranda, Robert N.; Norton, Jeffrey, |
| 3 | 13 | Medical Library Association (William K. Beatty, Harold Bloomquist, Jacqueline Felter, Bernice M. Hetzner, MIldred C. Langer, and Donald Washburn), |
| 3 | 14 | Oppenheimer, Gerald J.; Perkins, Eben; Perkoff, Gerald; Pizer, Irwin H.; Plank, William T.; Plummer, Frances H.; Proffen, C.H.; Pye, A. Kenneth, |
| 3 | 15 | Rachow, Louis A.; Richardson, Elliot L.; Robinson, J.W.; Rogers, Frank B.; Rosenstein, Philip; Ruskin, Eugene D., |
| 3 | 16 | Sargent, Charles W.; Schmidt, Helen Brown; Sessoms, Stuart M.; Shaw, Ralph R., |
| 3 | 17 | Shimkin, Michael B.; Stevens, Robert D.; Stone, Richard J.; Teatens, Charles D.; Thompson, Robert H.; Tilley, W.R.; Titley, Joan; Varner, D.B.; Wagman, Frederick H.; Wagner, Carruth J.; Walters, John T.; Washburn, Donald; Weil, Max Harry; Whaley, Storm; WHillock, Carl S.; Willcox, Alanson W.; Wiesenfelder, Harry; Wolf, Stewart; Woolsey, Theodore D., |
| 3 | 18-20 | Williams & Wilkins Company, |
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Outgoing Correspondence, 1967-1973
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| Outgoing library correspondence,
filed chronologically |
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| Box | Folder |
| 4 | 1 | Outgoing Correspondence, 1967 |
| 4 | 2 | Outgoing Correspondence, 1968 |
| 4 | 3 | Outgoing Correspondence, 1969 |
| 4 | 4 | Outgoing Correspondence, 1970-1971 |
| 4 | 5 | Outgoing Correspondence, 1972 |
| 4 | 6 | Outgoing Correspondence, 1972 |
| 4 | 7 | Outgoing Correspondence, 1973 |
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Inter-Office Memoranda & Notes, 1965-1975
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| Inter-library memoranda, reports, notes-to-file, and notes about the case, also arranged
chronologically. |
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| Box | Folder |
| 4 | 8 | Inter-Office Memoranda and Notes, 1965-1967 |
| 4 | 9 | Inter-Office Memoranda, 1967 |
| 4 | 10 | Inter-Office Memoranda, 1968 |
| 4 | 11 | Inter-Office Memoranda, 1969 |
| 4 | 12 | Inter-Office Memoranda, 1970 |
| 4 | 13 | Inter-Office Memoranda, 1971 |
| 4 | 14 | Inter-Office Memoranda, 1972-1973 |
| 4 | 15 | Inter-Office Memoranda, 1974-1975 |
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Legal Documents, 1968-1975
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| Contains, in one box and 8 bound volumes, legal documents, briefs, and trial transcripts. |
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| Box | Folder |
| 5 | 1 | Plaintiff's Petition, U.S. Court of Claims, 1968 |
| 5 | 2 | Legal Papers, 1968 |
| 5 | 3-5 | A.M. Berkowitz Deposition, 1969 |
| 5 | 6 | Plaintiff's Ammendment to Petition, 7/23/70 |
| 5 | 7 | Report to Commissioner, 2/16/72 |
| | Briefs Amicus Curiae, 1972 |
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| 5 | 8 | | Association of Research Libraries, undated |
| 5 | 9 | | National Education Association, 8/15/72 |
| 5 | 10 | | Am. Soc. for Testing & Materials and National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 10/3/72 |
| 5 | 11 | | Authors League of America, Inc., 11/2/72 |
| 5 | 12 | | American Institute of Physics, 11/13/72 |
| 5 | 13 | | American Chemical Society, 12/20/72 |
| 5 | 14 | Plaintiff's Objections to Defendant's Motion, undated |
| 5 | 15 | Defendant's Answer, 9/3/68 |
| 5 | 16 | Plaintiff's Motion for Production, 10/1/68 |
| 5 | 17-18 | Defendant's Brief , (after 2/16/72) |
| 5 | 19 | Defendant's Eceptions to the Commissioner's Report, (after 2/16/72) |
| 5 | 20 | Plaintiff's Brief, 11/6/72 |
| 5 | 21 | Decision- U.S. Court of Claims, 11/27/73 |
| 5 | 22 | Petition: Writ of Certiorari, U.S. Supreme Court, 1973 |
| 5 | 23 | U.S. Brief on Writ of Certiorari, 1973 |
| 5 | 24 | Petitioner's Brief - Supreme Court, 1973 |
| 5 | 25 | Final Decision - Supreme Court, 2/25/75 |
| | Bound Volumes, 1970-1974 |
| Vol. | 1 | | Plaintiff's Defendant's Brief, 1971-1974 |
| Vol. | 2 | | Briefs Amici Curiae, 1971-1974 |
| Vol. | 3-8 | | Court of Claims Transcript, 9/9-16/1970 |
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Related Copyright Activities, 1965-1970
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| Background documentation on theLibrary's copyright and interlibrary loan policies.
Also included are materials relating the Biological Sciences Communication Project's studies on the
library's interlibrary loan practices, a Committee on Scientific and Technical Information (COSATI) report on copyright, and the problems of copyright associated with a report on "Man's Health and the Environment." |
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| Box | Folder |
| 6 | 1 | Copyright Grant Proposals, 1968 |
| | Biological Sciences Communication, |
| | Project Studies |
| 6 | 2 | B.S.C.P. Grant Material, undated |
| 6 | 3 | Draft Grant Proposal, 1967 |
| 6 | 4 | NLM InterLibrary Loan Activity, Pilot Study, 1966-1967 |
| 6 | 5 | NLM InterLibrary Loan Transactions Analysis (PH-43-67-1445), 1967-1968 |
| 6 | 6-11 | NLM InterLibrary Loan Activity Study (PH-43-68-1264), 1968-1970 |
| 6 | 12-18 | InterLibrary Loan and Reader Services Data (PH-43-68-1264), 1968-1970 |
| 6 | 19 | B.S.C.P. - Equipment, 1969 |
| 7 | 1-10 | COSATI (Hilton Report), 1965-1968 |
| 7 | 11-12 | "Man's Health and the Environment:" Copyright concerns, 1969 |
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Copyright Legislation, 1961-1976
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| Box | Folder |
| 8 | 1 | 86th Congress - S.REs. 240, 1961 |
| 8 | 2 | 89th Congress - H.R. 3142, 1965 |
| 8 | 3 | 89th Congress - S. 597, 1965 |
| 8 | 4 | 90th Congress - S. 597, |
| 8 | 5 | 90th Congress - S. 2216, 1967 |
| 8 | 6 | 90th Congress - S.J. Res. 114, 1967 |
| 8 | 7 | 91st Congress - S. 543, |
| 8 | 8 | 92nd Congress - S. 644, 1971 |
| 8 | 9 | 93rd Congress - H.R. 13364, 1974 |
| 8 | 10 | 93rd Congress - S. 1361, 1974 |
| 8 | 11 | 93rd Congress - S.3960, 3976, 1974 |
| 8 | 12-14 | 94th Congress - S.22, 1975 |
| 8 | 15 | 94th Congress Hearings - S. 1111, 1975 |
| 8 | 16 | 94th Congress - S. 22 , 1976 |
| 8 | 17 | Title 17 - Copyrights, 1976 |
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"Williams and Wilkins Case: Publicity", [n.d.]-1975
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| No folder list available. |
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| 8 | | Publicity printed material |
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General Articles on Copyright, 1938-1975
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| Box | Folder |
| 9 | 1 | Publicity (Clippings), Undated-75 |
| 9 | 2 | Publicity (Articles), Undated - 67 |
| 9 | 3-10 | Publicity (Articles), 1968-1975 |
| 9 | 11-15 | Articles on |
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