First laws: 1923 (railroads), 1934 (commerce), 1936 (industry).
Current laws: 1991 and 1998.
Type of program: Social insurance system.
Exchange rate: U.S.$1.00 equals 1.19 reais (R$).
Employed persons in industry, commerce, and agriculture, domestic servants, clerics, and self-employed.
Special systems for public employees and military.
Insured person: 8%, 9%, or 11% of earnings according to 3 wage levels. Self-employed, 20% of earnings according to 10 wage levels and time spent at each wage level.
Employer: 20% of payroll.
Government: Certain ear-marked taxes to finance administrative costs and defray deficits as well as contributions with respect to employees of state-owned enterprises.
Maximum earnings for employee contribution purposes: 8.54 times the minimum salary for each wage level. For the highest wage level, R$1,200 as of May 1998.
Minimum benefit equals minimum wage, R$130 a month as of May 1998. Above contributions also finance sickness and maternity benefits and family allowances.
Old-age pension: Urban employees: Age 65 (men) or 60 (women)
and 35 years of contribution; rural employees: 60 (men) and 55 (women) and 30 years of contributions (men), 25 (women). 15-25 years in various types of arduous employment, with 108 months of contributions in 1999, rising gradually to 180 months by the year 2011.
Compulsory retirement, age 70 (men) and 65 (women) with 108 months of contributions, rising gradually to 180 months by the year 2011.
Transition: up until promulgation of the 1998 law, age 53 (men) with 30 years of contributions and age 48 (women) with 25 years of contributions. Same conditions for length-of-service pension which was eliminated in the 1998 law. Those who do not meet these requirements are subject to other transition rules.
Payable abroad by reciprocal agreement.
Disability pension: Permanent incapacity for work. Minimum of 12 months of contribution.
Survivor pension: Deceased was pensioner, or paid contributions during last 12 months before death.
Means-tested allowance: Needy persons over age 70.
Old-age pension: 70% of average earnings in last 36 months plus 1% of average earnings for each year of contribution, up to 100% of average earnings.
Length-of-service pension: 70% of average earnings plus 6% per year after 30 years of coverage, up to maximum of 100% of earnings. Proportionally reduced benefits payable to women with 25 years of coverage.
Schedule of payments: 13 payments per year.
Disability pension: 100% of indexed earnings in last 36 months prior to onset of disability.
Minimum benefit: 100% of minimum wage.
Constant attendance allowance: 25% of disability pension.
Schedule of payments: 13 payments per year.
Adjustment: Pensions adjusted to changes in index that determines changes in minimum salary for the following month.
Survivor pension: 100% of disability pension paid or payable to insured, or 100% of average of indexed earnings during 36 months prior to death of insured, regardless of number of eligible survivors.
Divided equally among eligible survivors.
Eligible survivors (in order of priority): Widow, widower, companion, children under age 21 or disabled, stepchildren and dependent minors, parents, unmarried brothers and sisters under age 21 or disabled.
Schedule of payments: 13 payments per year.
Adjustment: Pensions adjusted to changes in index that determines changes in minimum salary for the following month.
Minimum benefit: 100% of minimum wage.
Maximum benefit: R$1,200 (as of May 1998).
Ministry of Social Security and Social Assistance (MPAS), general supervision.
National Social Security Institute (INSS), administration of benefits.
First laws: 1923 (railroads), 1934 (commerce), 1936 (industry).
Current laws: 1974 (maternity benefit) and 1976 (sickness and medical benefits), and 1988 (maternity under new Constitution).
Type of program: Social insurance system. Cash and medical benefits.
Employed persons in industry, commerce, domestic servants, and self-employed.
Special systems for public employees.
Insured person: See pension contribution above.
Employer: Same, plus 1, 2 or 3% of payroll to finance work accident.
Government: Same.
Contributions by insured worker during last 12 months.
No minimum qualifying period for cash maternity benefits.
Sickness benefit: 91% of average earnings in last 36 months.
Payable after 15-day waiting period (during which employer is required to pay full wage).
Schedule of payments: 13 payments a year if insured has been in payment status for more than 15 days.
Minimum benefit: 100% of minimum wage.
Maternity benefit: Full wage for 120 days, payable 28 days before and 91 days after giving birth (if miscarriage, 2 weeks).
Medical benefits: Medical services provided directly to patients, in both rural and urban areas. Includes general and specialist care; hospitalization; medicines (patient shares in cost of some); maternity care; dental care; and necessary transportation.
Duration: No limit.
Medical benefits for dependents: Same as for insured worker.
Ministry of Health, general supervision.
Unified System of Health (SUS), administration of cash benefits.
First laws: 1919, 1944, and 1967.
Current law: 1991.
Type of program: Social insurance system.
Employed persons. Special systems for public employees and military.
Insured person: None.
Employer: Whole cost, through premiums of 1%-3% of payroll according to degree of risk.
Government: None.
Maximum earnings for contribution and benefit purposes: R$1,200.
Work-injury benefits: No minimum qualifying period.
Permanent disability: Total loss of capacity to work.
Accident benefit (partial disability): Unable to do work of usual occupation but capable of doing some other work.
Temporary disability benefit: 91% of average indexed earnings in last 36 months prior to accident. Payable after 15-day waiting period (during which labor laws require employer to pay full wages).
Schedule of payments: 13 monthly payments a year.
Permanent disability pension: 100% of covered earnings on day of accident.
Constant-attendance supplement: 25% of pension (no maximum if self-employed).Medical benefits: Medical and dental treatment, hospital treatment, medicines, rehabilitation, and transportation.
Survivor pension: 100% of covered earnings of deceased on day of accident. Divided equally among eligible survivors.
Eligible survivors: Same as for ordinary survivor pensions.
Schedule of payments: 13 payments per year.
Ministry of Social Security and Social Assistance (MPAS), general supervision.
National Social Secuity Institute (INSS), administration of cash benefits.
Unified System of Health (SUS), Ministry of Health, administration of medical benefits.
First law: 1965 (Compulsory savings program from the Length of Service Guaranty Fund).
Current laws: 1990 and 1994.
Type of program: Social insurance system.
In addition, employees have access to savings account to which employers contribute 8% of earnings.
Beneficiary has access in the event of unemployment, marriage, retirement, and other contingencies.
Employed persons.
Insured person: None.
Employer: None.
Government: Whole cost (proceeds from various ear-marked taxes).
Unemployment benefit: Varies from 6-11 months, 12-23 months or from 24 months of coverage. Unemployment not due to misconduct.
Beneficiary must lack other resources to support self or family.
Unemployment benefit (means-tested): 50% of average earnings in last 3 months of employment, up to 3 times minimum wage.
Minimum benefit: 100% of minimum wage.
Payable after 60-day waiting period, during 4 months in any 16-month period.
Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE), general supervision.
Worker Assistance Fund Advisory Council, administration of program.
First law: 1941 (large families only).
Current law: 1963.
Type of program: Employment-related system.
Employees with 1 or more children except domestic employees.
Insured person: See Old Age, Disability, Death, above.
Employer: See Old Age, Disability, Death, above.
Government: See Old Age, Disability, Death, above.
Family allowances: Child must be under age 14 or disabled. Parent must be currently working in job covered by social insurance or be pensioner or sickness benefit recipient. Payable to both parents if both insured.
Family allowances: A set amount for each child. Payable monthly.
Ministry of Social Security and Social Assistance (MPAS), general supervision.