Publications and Products

Disclaimer: This page is provided as a public service to make your search easier. Where noted, we have also linked to other offices within the Federal Highway Administration by frequently asked for topic area in alphabetical order. This page does not include all subject areas or information provided by the Federal Highway Administration. You may also review all of the FHWA offices for addtional publications and programs.

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To find a publication or topic area, click by Alphabet for faster referral:

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z 

A

Accuracy of Traffic Monitoring Equipment: This project tested a total of 13 sensors from vendors to determine their accuracy in classifying vehicles into 13 FHWA vehicle classes, in measuring axle spacing, length, etc. [December 1999]

Analysis of Vehicle Classification and Truck Weight Data of the New England States: (Web only) This report analyzes the 1995-96 classification and weigh in motion (WIM) data from seventeen continuous traffic-monitoring sites in New England. The purpose of the data analysis is to study seasonality adjustments for classification and WIM data, and providing a common resource data pool. If you have questions on this publication, call 202-366-0160 (Office of Highway Policy Information) [September 1998]

Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Related Data (Web only) This report documents the preparation of the 1994 Table VM-1, including data sources, assumptions, and estimating procedures. Table VM-1 of the annual Highway Statistics Series, describes vehicle distance traveled in miles, by highway category and vehicle type, as well as information on fuel consumption by vehicle type, and an FHWA estimate of person-miles of travel. If you have any questions on this report, call 202-366-0170. [June 1996]

Archive and Use of ITS-Generated Data: This report assesses the state-of-the-practice, identifies technological and institutional barriers and opportunities, and provides real-world examples of existing practices where ITS-generated data are archived and used for planning purposes.

Archived Data Management System Data Model: This site documents the latest efforts to define the requirements for an Archived Data Management System (ADMS) as defined in the National ITS Architecture.

Attribution and Apportion of Federal Tax Revenues: This report explains the process of how user tax revenue is determined, processed, and provides an overview of the who highway user tax attribution and apportionment process.

Attributing Federal Highway Revenues to Each State (Web only) This report explains how the highway user taxes and collected and the process for attributing these to each state. (Office of Highway Policy Information) If you have any questions on this report, call 202-366-0170. [January 2001]

B

Bridge(s): Office of Bridge Technology (FHWA)

Bicycle(s): Bicycle and Pedestrian Program (Office of Planning, Environment, and Real Estate - FHWA)

Bicycling - Data: National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) - Data on household travel by mode, including bike trips, miles on trip, time spent on trip, purpose of trip, by various demographic information such as household income, and race, etc, can be found in these national household surveys.

C

Case Studies of Traffic Monitoring Programs in Large Urban Areas: This report presents the results of four case studies of traffic monitoring data operations within urban areas.

Commercial Vehicle Operations: ITS Joint Program Office (FHWA). This Commercial Vehicle ITS applies technologies to help enhance safety and simplify credentialing and tax administration, road side enforcement, freight and fleet management, and vehicle operations. It also has applications to intermodal connections, such as at rail and sea ports, and international border crossings.

Commodity Flow Survey: The Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) is designed to provide data on the flow of goods and materials by mode of transport (Bureau of Transportation Statistics)

D-E

Drivers - Data - Highway Statistics Series: Drivers and Driver Licensing - Quick Find: This web page provides quick references to the annual Highway Statistics Series pages dealing with Driver statistics by State, Drivers Licensing requirements by State, and other selected Driver or Driver Licensing resources from other FHWA resources. This data is yearly State reported data to FHWA.

Drivers - Data - NHTS Series: National Household Travel Survey These national random sample surveys provides data on travel by households, including drivers in the household, age, race, income, purpose of trip, miles driven, etc. This survey is done about every 5-6 years.

Equitable Transportation Access in the Journey to Work for Part-Time Workers: This report is a study of part time workers and their worktrip behavior. It identifies the groups most likely to work part time and highlights demographic, economic, and transportation differences among these workers and their full time counterparts. (Office of Highway Policy Information) [May 1998]

F

Finance - Statistics: Highway Finance Quick Find: This webpage contains links to the finance sections of Highway Statistics from 1994 through 2001. Other highway finance related information is included on this page for quick referencing (Office of Highway Policy Information)

Finance - Innovative: Innovative: Innovative Finance: (Interoffice FHWA project webpage)

Financing Federal-Aid Highways: This report follows the financial process from inception in an authorization act to payment from the Highway Trust Fund (HTF), and includes discussion of the congressional and Federal agency actions that occur throughout. [September 1999]

Freight: Office of Freight Management - FHWA: Provides programs, policies, research, and technology transfer that promote efficient and seamless freight flow on the highway system and its intermodal connectors, within the U.S. and across its borders.

Fuel - Motor - Data: Highway Motor Fuel Quick Find: This webpage contains links to the Motor Fuel sections of Highway Statistics from 1994 through 2001. Other highway finance related information is included on this page for quick referencing (Office of Highway Policy Information)

Functional classification::FHWA Functional Classification Guidelines: This reference manual provides: (1) concepts of functional highway classification and functional system characteristics and (2) suggestions on procedures for functional highway classification in rural, small urban and urbanized areas. [1998]

Funding: Highway Funding Bulletin 1998-2001: This bulletin, shows highway funding expenditure projects to 2001. Based on data from the annual Highway Statistics Series Table HF-10B (1999 edition) (Office of Highway Policy Information)

G

Gender Differences in Individual Accessibility: A Study using trip data collected by the Global Positioning System (GPS). In this technical report, the problem of using conventional measures to evaluate personal accessibility is examined. [October 2000]

Global Positioning Satellite (GPS): Overview of GPS-Based Travel Survey in Lexington, KY: (Electronic Web only) This report explores day-to-day variability in travel behavior with respect to chaining, departure time, trip frequency, and path selection, and discusses the use of GPS in travel survey methodology. (Office of Highway Policy Information) [December 2000]

Global Positioning Satellite (GPS): Report on GPS for Personal Travel Survey - Lexington, Kentucky Study

Guide to Reporting Highway Statistics: This manual provides guidelines to State's for reporting yearly Highway Statistics to FHWA, and documents the procedures and forms to use. [March 2000]

H

Heavy Duty Truck Activity Data: (Office of Highway Policy Information) This report is web only, and documents a sample of heavy-duty truck activity data collected in California using an automated data collection device that incorporated Global Position System (GPS) technology. The objective of this report is to describe truck travel patterns in urban and rural areas for several vehicle classes and to analyze characteristics of heavy-duty truck travel by producing speed profiles, trip patterns, and other information. If you have any questions, feel free to contact the Office of Highway Policy Information at (202) 366-0160. [April 1999]

Heavy Vehicle Travel Information System Field Manual: (Office of Highway Policy Information) Annually, States submit to the FHWA the vehicle classification and truck weight data collected at weigh-in-motion (WIM) sites. This Field Manual assists in the reporting effort. [March 2002]

Highway Funding Bulletin 1998-2001: This FHWA Bullentin traces total funding for highways including receipts, intergovernmental payments, and disbursements for the years 1998 through 2001.

Highway Information Quarterly Newsletters: The page provides editions of the quarterly "Highway Information Quarterly Newsletter"iding selected statistical information, articles, and upcoming events of the Office of Highway Policy Information. [May 1994 - Present]

Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS): The page provides information, including reports and publications, about the HPMS, and provides guidance on reporting State submittals on highway mileage and travel data for the annual Highway Statistics Series, and other related information. (Office of Highway Policy Information)

Highways: Our Nation's Highways: The information in this publication provides a condensed overview of facts and figures about our Nation's highways in mostly graphic format. Except where noted, the Federal Highway Administration is the source of the data provided by the States. To order a hard copy, you may contact the FHWA Report Center, 9701 Philadelphia Ct., Unit Q, Lanham, MD 20706: Phone (301) 577-0818 or you may FAX your request to (301) 577-1421. You can also email your request to Report.Center@igate.fhwa.dot.gov. Provide the following information when requesting copies: Title: Our Nation's Highways - 2000, Report Number: FHWA-PL-01-1012 [April 2002]

Highway Statistics Series: (Office of Highway Policy Information) The Highway Statistics Series is an annual publication containing information collected from State DOT's, and reported to FHWA. Information includes motor fuel use and taxation, motor vehicle registration, driver licensing registration, State and local highway finance information, highway mileage and vehicle miles of travel, and other related information. To order a hard copy, you may contact the FHWA Report Center, 9701 Philadelphia Ct., Unit Q, Lanham, MD 20706: Phone (301) 577-0818 or you may FAX your request to (301) 577-1421. You can also email your request to Report.Center@igate.fhwa.dot.gov. Provide the following information when requesting copies:

If the report center has no remaining copies, you may contact Millie.Wilson@fhwa.dot.gov or phone (202) 366-0160 to recieve a copy (if available).

Highway Taxes and Fees: How Collected and Distributed: (Electronic web copy only) This publication presents tabular information on State and Federal laws that provide for the taxation of motor fuels, motor vehicles, motor carriers, and licensed drivers, and the distribution of revenues from these highway taxes and fees. Also included are tables that show the use of other State taxes for highways and the involvement of Federal agencies and Federal funds in highway activities. The information presented is based on data obtained from State authorities and the laws of the various States. (Office of Highway Policy Information) [September 2001]

Highway Trust Fund Primer: This publications provides information about the Highway Trust Fund, how it works, sources of the funding, etc. (Nov. 1998)

I-J

Infrasturcture:

Infrastructure Core Business Unit(FHWA) The Infrastructure Core Business Unit provides leadership, technical expertise, and program assistance in: Federal-Aid Highway Programs; Asset Management; Pavements; and Bridges to help sustain America's mobility.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS):

ITS as a Data Resource: Preliminary Requirements: (Web Only) This report documents the recommendations for a new User Service to be included in the National ITS Architecture, the Archived Data User Service for use by the many stakeholder groups, substantiating stakehold needs and the process of matching ITS-generaled data with those needs. [January 2000]

ITS Joint Program Office: (FHWA ITS Joint Program Office) The national ITS program aims to use advanced technology to improve the efficiency and safety of our Nation's surface transportation system, addressing both information and infrastructure-based approaches to achieving its goals. The program also has an intermodal nature which incorporates highways, transit, and rail, thus requiring cooperation among diverse groups of public and private stakeholders.

International Programs: Office of International Programs - FHWA: This webpage provides information which supports improvement of the technological and institutional base of highway transportation system performance and program delivery in the United States and abroad. This FHWA program: enables domestic partners to gain easier access to technology, information, and markets beyond U.S. borders, and facilitate international partners' access to information and contacts in the U.S.

Journey to Work in the United States: This report provides journey to work information from the 1990 Census data, by major metropolitan areas in the Unites States, comparing 1960 to 1990.

K-L

Lands: Federal Lands Highway Office - FHWA: The Federal Highway Administration is responsible for ensuring the safety, efficiency, and economy of the Nation's highway transportation system. The Federal Highway Administration oversees all phases of highway policy, planning, research, design, operations, construction, and maintenance. There are two principal programs that accomplish this vital task.

M

Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices: (Office of Highway Transportation Operations) The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, or MUTCD defines the standards used by road managers nationwide to install and maintain traffic control devices on all streets and highways. The MUTCD is published by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) under 23 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 655, Subpart F.

Motor Fuel and Highway Trust Fund Attribution: This webpage provides information on the Motor Fuel and Highway Trust Fund Attribution of the Federal Highway Administration and U.S. Treasury. (Office of Highway Policy Information)

Motor Fuel - Data: Highway Motor Fuel Quick Find: This webpage contains links to the finance sections of Highway Statistics from 1994 through 2001. Other highway finance related information is included on this page for quick referencing (Office of Highway Policy Information)

Monthly Motor Fuel Reported by States: (Office of Highway Policy Information): This monthly motor fuel report provides motor fuel consumption information, comparing month for current year with previous year. It includes detail on special fuel use, tax rates, retail price information, and other information. (Web only) For more information contact Marsha.Reynolds@fhwa.dot.gov or call 202-366-5029.

N

National Household Travel Survey (NHTS): This page provides links to the various Nationwide Personal Transportation Surveys from 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995, and the newest 2001 National Household Travel Survey (combined FHWA/BTS survey). Links are provided to obtain publications, data, and other information from these important nationwide surveys done by the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other related useful links. (Office of Highway Policy Information)

Non-Federal Applications of HPMS: This paper discusses the FHWA efforts to modify HPMS Analytical Process models so that they could be used by State transportation agencies to assess the conditions and performance of their own highway systems. For more information, call 202-366-0170.

Non-Intrusive Traffic Detection: Webpage providing information on non-intrusive technologies to provide traffic data collection practitioners with useful information on performance of various non-intrusive traffic detection, counting, speed measuring and classification technologies.

Newsletters: Highway Information Quarterly Newsletters: The page provides editions of the quarterly "Highway Information Quarterly Newsletter", providing selected statistical information, articles, and upcoming events of the Office of Highway Policy Information.

North American Travel Monitoring Exhibition and Conference (NATMEC 2002): This webpage contains findings and reports from the NATMEC 2002 conference held in Orlando, Florida in May 2002.

O-P

Our Nation's Highways: The information in this publication provides a condensed overview of facts and figures about our Nation's highways in mostly graphic format. Except where noted, the Federal Highway Administration is the source of the data provided by the States. To order a hard copy, you may contact the FHWA Report Center, 9701 Philadelphia Ct., Unit Q, Lanham, MD 20706: Phone (301) 577-0818 or you may FAX your request to (301) 577-1421. You can also email your request to Report.Center@igate.fhwa.dot.gov. Provide the following information when requesting copies: Title: Our Nation's Highways - 2000, Report Number: FHWA-PL-01-1012 [April 2002]

Overview of Traffic Monitoring Programs in Large Urban Areas: This report documents the status of traffic monitoring data collection and program activities found in urbanized areas.

Pavement: Office of Pavement Technology (FHWA)

Pedestrians: Bicycle and Pedestrian Program (Office of Planning, Environment, and Real Estate - FHWA)

Personal Travel: National Household Travel Survey (NHTS): This page provides links to the various Nationwide Personal Transportation Surveys from 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995, and the newest 2001 National Household Travel Survey (combined FHWA/BTS survey). Links are provided to obtain publications, data, and other information from these important nationwide surveys done by the U.S. Department of Transportation. (Office of Highway Policy Information)

Personal Travel Conference: Personal Travel: Long and Short of It: (web only) This conference webpage provides findings from the June 28 - July 1, 1999 Conference, which focused on personal household travel, both short and long distance trips. Papers provide suggestions on policy and planning applications for travel analyses, research, improving data elements, and providing ideas for future Surveys. For more information, contact Bryant.Gross@fhwa.dot.gov or call 202-366-5026. [July 1999]

Q-R

Quality Assurance of Weigh-in-Motion Data - Report

Race: Travel Patterns by people of Color: This report provides information on travel characteristics of people of color. It's goal is to promote better understanding of how Americans of all races and ethnicity are using our transportation system, and initiate further dialogue. For more information, call 202-366-0160. [June 2000]

Red Light: Stop Red Light Running Program: This program was created by the Federal Highway Administration in 1995 as a community-based safety program. This campaign raised awareness of the dangers of red light running and helped reduce fatalities in many of the participating communities.(Office of Safety - FHWA)

Reducing Vehicle Miles Traveled - Statutory Language addressing the effort to reduce emissions and improve air quality

Reengineering HPMS - Final Report: The electronic report documents the results of a FHWA review of the agency's Highway Performance Monitory System (HPMS). It provides for appropriate future form and direction of this major FHWA data system. For more information, call 202-366-0170. [April 1999]

Right-of-Way: Right of Way - Design and Build: (Office of Planning, Environment, and Real Estate) The design/build approach is an innovative construction technique that allows a single procurement for the design and construction of projects. It is one of four innovative contracting practices which are being explored and evaluated in the FHWA Special Experimental Project No. 14 (SEP 14).

Road Closures: National Traffic and Road Closure Information: This Federal Highway Administration website provides up-to-date traffic and road closure information nationwide, and other related resources.

Roadway Statistics - Quick Find:: The Office of Highway Policy Information provides Roadway Statistics, includes length, condition, and miles of travel, by functional system, jurisdiction, and pavement quality. This annual statististics are reported in Highway Statistics Series data.

Rumble Strips: Run-off-Road Rumber Strips Community Exchange: The FHWA Office of Safety's rumble strip website is a prototype of how members of an electronic community of practice can share information, resolve technical issues, and publish results.

S

Safety:Office of Safety (FHWA): This office webpage provides program resources in efforts to reduce roadway-related fatalities and injuries by designing a forgiving infrastructure. The FHWA administration advocates highway safety programs related to the roadway and road user.

Statistics - Highway: Highway Statistics Series: (Office of Highway Policy Information)

Summary of Vehicle Detection and Surveillance Technologies:

Survey-Non-Response: Non-response in Household Travel Surveys

Survey-Panel: Introduction to Panel Surveys in Transportation Studies

Survey - Travel: National Household Travel Survey (NHTS): This page provides links to the various Nationwide Personal Transportation Surveys from 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995, and the newest 2001 National Household Travel Survey. Links are provided to obtain publications, data, and other information from these important nationwide surveys done by the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other related links.

T

Toll Facilities in the United States - Bridges-Roads-Tunnels-Ferries: This report contains selected information on toll facilities in the United States. The information is based on a survey of facilities in operation, financed, or under construction as of January 1, 2003.

Traffic Conditions - Links: National Traffic and Closure Information: This page provides traffic and weather road condition web links

Traffic Monitoring: An Overview of Traffic Monitoring Programs in Large Urban Areas: This electronic report documents a series of examples of urbantraffic monitoring data collection programs, and the development of traffic monitoring databases, and promoting the upgrading of existing programs. [July 1997]

Traffic Data Quality Pooled Fund Study: Highlights on the Traffic Data Quality (TDQ) pooled fund study, which analyzes traffic volume, class and weight data to identify anomalistic data patterns that may indicate a malfunction of traffic counting, classification and weighting devices.

Traffic Monitoring Guide The TMG offers suggestions to help improve and advance current programs with a view towards the future of traffic monitoring.

Traffic Monitoring Equipment: Accuracy of Traffic Monitoring Equipment: This project tested a total of 13 sensors from vendors to determine their accuracy in classifying vehicle into 13 FHWA vehicle classes, in measuring axle speacings, length, etc. [December 1999]

Traffic Volume Trends (TVT) (Office of Highway Policy Information): The TVT is a monthly report based on hourly traffic count. These data collected at approximately 4,000 continuous traffic counting locations nationwide, are used to determine the percent change in traffic for the current month compared to month of previous year. (Web only). For more information, you may contact Jeff.Patten@fhwa.dot.gov or call 202-366-0160.

Transportation Survey: Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS): (Office of Highway Policy Information) This page provides links to the various Nationwide Personal Transportation Surveys from 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995, and the newest 2001 National Household Travel Survey (combined FHWA/BTS survey). Links are provided to obtain publications, data, and other information from these important nationwide surveys done by the U.S. Department of Transportation.

Travel: Our Nation's Highways: The information in this publication provides a condensed overview of facts and figures about our Nation's highways in mostly graphic format. Except where noted, the Federal Highway Administration is the source of the data provided by the States. To order a hard copy, you may contact the FHWA Report Center, 9701 Philadelphia Ct., Unit Q, Lanham, MD 20706: Phone (301) 577-0818 or you may FAX your request to (301) 577-1421. You can also email your request to Report.Center@igate.fhwa.dot.gov. Provide the following information when requesting copies: Title: Our Nation's Highways - 2000, Report Number: FHWA-PL-01-1012 [April 2002]

Travel Monitoring and Truck Weight: The information webpage, provides information on traffic volume, vehicle classification, and truck weight which are basic to many highway and transportation functions. Topic items include programs to track traffic trends, vehicle distributions, and weight to meet data needs specified in highway legislation. Activities include development of guidelines, regulations, direct data collection (from State DOT sources), data processing, research, analysis, and professional conferences. For more information, call 202-366-1070.

Travel Patterns by people of Color: This report provides information on travel characteristics of people of color. It's goal is to promote better understanding of how Americans of all races and ethnicity are using our transportation system, and initiate further dialogue. For more information, call 202-366-0160. [June 2000]

Travel Survey & GPS: Overview of GPS-Based Travel Survey in Lexington, KY: (Electronic Web only) This paper explores day-to-day variability in travel behavior with respect to selected variables such as trip chaining, departure time, trip frequency, and path selection, and compare day-to-day variability found in the GPS-based data set against that reported in the literature to assess the potential benefits and pitfalls associated with using a GPS-based data collection methodology. [December 2000]

Travel Time Data Collection Handbook: (Office of Highway Policy Information) This page provides guidance to transportation professionals and practitioners for the collection, reduction, and presentation of travel time data. The handbook should be a useful reference for designing travel time data collection efforts and system, performing travel time studies, and reducing and presenting travel time data. For more information, contact Ralph.Gillmann@fhwa.dot.gov or call 202-366-5042. [December 1999]

Travel Trends (1970-1995): This paper summarizes travel trends in the United States and five and regional areas for the period 1970-1995.

TRB Committee on Travel Surveys: The Committee on Transportation Survey Methods is concerned with the development, identification, and dissemination of reliable, valid, and innovative methods to obtain data from individuals regarding their travel or activity behavior. The Task Force will focus on improving sampling accuracy, reducing bias of all forms, and other methodological considerations inherent in the collection of all types of travel or activity surveys, including: household; on-board; workplace; visitor; air passenger; truck and external, among others.

Truck Characteristics Analysis Study: The report seeks to develop a better understanding of the physical characteristics of the national truck fleet. [April 1999]

Truck Size and Weight Study: (Office of Transportation Policy Studies) This webpage provides documentation on the Truck Size and Weight Study and provides decisionmakers with fact-based information regarding highly controversial and multifaceted truck size and weight issues.

Truck Weight: Travel Monitoring and Truck Weight: This webpage provides information and guidance on issues related to truck weight, vehicle classification, and traffic volume.

Truck Size: Truck Size and Weight: (Office of Freight Management - FHWA) Provides programs, policies, research, and technology transfer that promote efficient and seamless freight flow on the highway system and its intermodal connectors, within the U.S. and across its borders.

U-V

Urban Vehicle Operations Using Non-Intrusive Technologies: This study evaluates the capabilities of non-intrusive technologies to detect vehicles under a wide variety of conditions. It seeks to assess the performance of the specific devices within each type of technology.

Vehicles - Statistics: Motor Vehicles Quick Find: This web page provides quick references to the annual Highway Statistics Series pages dealing with vehicles and vehicle registrations data as reported by State to FHWA (Federal Highway Administration).

Vehicle Detection: Summary of Vehicle Detection and Surveillance Technologies used in ITS: This summary document was developed to assist in the selection of vehicle detection and surveillance technologies that support traffic management and traveler information services.

Vehicle Travel Information System (VTRIS): This webpage provides VTRIS software and documentation, for validating, facilities editing, summarizing, and generating reports on vehicle travel characteristics.

Vehicle Types: This webpage provides FHWA Vehicle Classes with definitions.

Vehicle Volume Distributions by Classifications (Report) This report documents the findings of a study of variability in traffic volumes by vehicle classification.

W-Z

Walking - Data: National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) - Data on household travel by mode, including walk trips, miles of trip, time spent on trip, purpose of trip, by various demographic information such as household income, and race, etc. These surveys are a series from 1969 through 2001.

Weather-Road Conditions: National Traffic and Closure Information: This page provides weather and road conditions web links.

Weigh-in-Motion Handbook (Report): This handbook provides an overview of weigh-in-motion (WIM) technology, systems, sites, and successful practices of States using WIM systems. For more information, call 202-366-0170. [December 1997]

Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) Technology: This webpage provides the latest in Weigh-in-Motion technology, using WIM, and other valuable information on WIM.

Winter Maintenance Winter Maintenance Virtual Clearinghouse: This FHWA sponsored project and webpage, provides the most comprehensive picture of winter maintenance research and technology activities.

Women's Travel Issues - This Conference webpage brings together a series papers that identifies differences in the patterns of women and men over time, evaluated the planning and policy implications of those differences, and presented a coherent view of the interlinked transportation, economic, social, environmental, and land use constraints facing women and their families. [1997]