Technical Studies

OPPT conducts research and applied science on a range of technical issues relevant to the Federal lead program. These efforts are helping to: 

• Determine the linkage between children's blood lead levels and environmental lead levels.
• Assess the extent of lead and lead hazards in the United States.
• Evaluate ways to reduce children's lead exposure.
• Foster the development of better ways to identify and control lead hazards so as to eliminate childhood lead poisoning.
• Support Federal policies through sound science and analysis. 

Listed below are technical documents, reports, articles, and other technical materials related to lead. Some of the materials listed below are available through the Internet by clicking on the appropriate indicator. 

Many of these materials are available from the National Lead Information Center (NLIC).  For materials available from the NLIC, the NLIC reference numbers are listed.  Use the NLIC reference number when ordering from the NLIC.  To order materials that are available from the NLIC, contact the National Lead Information Center at 1-800-424-LEAD(5323). 

Some materials that are no longer available from the NLIC are available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS).  These materials and their NTIS reference number are indicated below.  Use the NTIS reference number when ordering from NTIS.  To order from NTIS, call 1-800-553-NTIS(6847) or go to the NTIS web site

The materials are organized in the following categories: 

Federal Strategy
Blood Lead Levels
Linkage Between Blood Lead and Environmental Lead
Extent of Lead and Lead Hazards in the United States
Identifying Lead and Lead Hazards
Lead Abatement and Hazard Control
Renovation and Remodeling
Cleaning Lead Dust
Educational Interventions
Other Media

• [NLIC # 704 and # 705] Eliminating Childhood Lead Poisoning:  A Federal Strategy Targeting Lead Paint Hazards, President’s Task Force on Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks to Children, February 2000.
• Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children, A Statement by the Centers for Disease Control, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, October 1991.
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Reports on Blood Lead Levels

• Children's Blood Lead Levels in the United StatesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention
• Second National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, Results, Lead; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, January 2003. 
• First National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, Results, Lead; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, March 2001.
• Blood Lead Levels in Young Children – United States and Selected States, 1996–1999; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, December 22, 2000, 49(50);1133-7.
• Exposure of the U.S. Population to Lead, 1991-1994; Pirkle, JL; Kaufman, RB; Brody, DJ; Hickman, T; Gunter, EW; Paschal, DC, Environmental Health Perspectives, November 1998, Volume 106, Number 11: 745-50.
• Update: Blood Lead Levels – United States, 1991-1994; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, February 21, 1997, 46(7); 141-6.
• Erratum: Vol. 46, No. 7, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, July 4, 1997, 46(26); 607.
• Blood Lead Levels – United States, 1988-1991; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, August 5, 1994, 43(30); 545-548.
• Current Trends in Blood Lead Levels in U.S. Population, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, March 19, 1982, 31(10); 132-4. 
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Documents on the Linkage Between Blood Lead and Environmental Lead

• [NLIC # 710] Analysis of Pathways of Residential Lead Exposure in Children, December 2000 (EPA 747-R-98-007)
• [NLIC # 436 and # 437] Risk Analysis to Support Standards for Lead in Paint, Dust, and Soil, June 1998 (EPA 747-R-97-006)
• Full Report HTML format
• [NLIC # 452 and #453] Risk Analysis to Support Standards for Lead in Paint, Dust, and Soil: SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT, December 2000 (EPA747-R-00-004)
• Full Report HTML format
• [NLIC # 709] Seasonal Trends in Blood Lead Levels in Milwaukee, August 1996 (EPA 747-R-95-010) 
• Full Report PDF format 
• [NLIC # 707] Seasonal Rhythms of Blood-Lead Levels: Boston, 1979-1983, September 1995 (EPA 747-R-94-003):
• Executive Summary HTML format
• Full Report PDF format
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Documents on the Extent of Lead and Lead Hazards in the United States

• [NLIC # 450] A Summary of Studies Addressing the Source of Soil-Lead, Volume I: Technical Summary," February 1998 (EPA 747-R-98-001A):
• Executive Summary HTML Format
• Full Report PDF Format
• [NLIC # 451] A Summary of Studies Addressing the Source of Soil-Lead, Volume II: Study Abstracts," February 1998 (EPA 747-R-98-001B):
• Executive Summary HTML Format
• Full Report PDF Format
• [NLIC # 448] Distribution of Soil Lead in the Nation's Housing Stock, May 1996 (EPA 747-R-96-002)
• Report on the National Survey of Lead-Based Paint in Housing, Base Report, April 1995 (EPA 747-R-95-003)
• Full Report PDF Format
• This report is no longer available from the NLIC.  To obtain a copy, contact NTIS and request NTIS document # PB2003105229.
• [NLIC # 446] Report on the National Survey of Lead-Based Paint in Housing, Appendix I: Design and Methodology, April 1995 (EPA 747-R-95-004)
• Full Report PDF Format
• [NLIC # 447] Report on the National Survey of Lead-Based Paint in Housing, Appendix II: Analysis, April 1995 (EPA 747-R-95-005)
• Full Report PDF Format
• [NLIC # 439] Data Analysis of Lead in Soil and Dust, September 1993 (EPA 747-R-93-011)
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Documents on Identifying Lead and Lead Hazards

• [NLIC # 416] Technical Bulletin:  Composite Dust Wipe Samples, April 2000 (EPA 747-F-00-004)  PDF format
• [NLIC # 410] Evaluation of Section 402 Risk Analysis Protocols, September 1999 (EPA 747-R-99-003)
• [NLIC # 423] Conversion Equations for Use in Section 403 Rulemaking, December 1997 (EPA 747-R-96-012)
• Executive Summary HTML format
• Methodology for XRF Performance Characteristic Sheets, September 1997 (EPA 747-R-95-008)
• Executive Summary HTML format
• Full Report PDF Format
• This report is no longer available from the NLIC.  To obtain a copy, contact NTIS and request NTIS document # PB99113508.
• Archive Operations and Protocols, September 1997 (EPA 747-R-97-004).
• Full Report PDF Format
• This report is no longer available from the NLIC.  To obtain a copy, contact NTIS and request NTIS document # PB99113425.
• [NLIC # 424] A Field Test of Lead-Based Paint Testing Technologies:  Data Documentation, March 1997 (EPA 747-R-96-001)
• [NLIC # 422] Adjustments to the HUD National Survey Dust Data for Section 403 Analyses, December 1996 (EPA 747-R-96-011)
• Full Report PDF format
• [NLIC #444] Analysis of Composite Wipe Samples for Lead Content, July 1996 (EPA 747-R-96-003)
• Full Report PDF Format
• [NLIC # 443] Sampling House Dust for Lead: Basic Concepts and Literature Review, September 1995 (EPA 747-R-95-007)
• Executive Summary HTML Format
• Full Report PDF Format
• [NLIC # 420] A Field Test of Lead-Based Paint Testing Technologies: Summary Report, May 1995 (EPA 747-R-95-002a)
• Full Report TXT format
• A Field Test of Lead-Based Paint Testing Technologies: Technical Report, May 1995 (EPA 747-R-95-002b)
• This report is no longer available from the NLIC.  To obtain a copy, contact NTIS and request NTIS document # PB96125026.
• [NLIC # 440] Residential Sampling for Lead: Protocols for Dust and Soil Sampling, March 1995 (EPA 747-R-95-001)
• [NLIC # 362] A Report on the Lead Reference Materials Workshop, September 1991 (EPA 747/R-93/008)
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Documents on Lead Abatement and Hazard Control

• [NLIC # 361] Review of Studies Addressing Lead Abatement Effectiveness: Updated Edition, December 1998 (EPA 747-B-98-001):
• Executive Summary HTML Format
• Full Report PDF Format
• [NLIC # 360] Comprehensive Abatement Performance Pilot Study, Volume II: Multi-element Data Analyses," July 1998, (EPA 747-R-98-002)
• Executive Summary HTML Format
• [NLIC # 359] Lead-Based Paint Abatement and Repair and Maintenance Study in Baltimore:  Findings Based on Two Years of Follow-up, December 1997 (EPA 747-R-97-005) 
• Executive Summary PDF format
• [NLIC # 356] Lead-Based Paint Abatement and Repair and Maintenance Study in Baltimore: Findings Based on the First Year of Follow-up, August 1997 (EPA 747-R-97-001)
• Executive Summary HTML format
• Lead-Based Paint Abatement and Repair and Maintenance Study in Baltimore: Pre-Intervention Findings, August 1996 (EPA 747-R-95-012)
• Full Report PDF Format
• This report is no longer available from the NLIC.  To obtain a copy, contact NTIS and request NTIS document # PB97115745.
• Comprehensive Abatement Performance Study, Volume I: Summary Report, April 1996 (EPA 230-R-94-013a):
• Executive Summary HTML format
• Summary Report PDF format
• This report is no longer available from the NLIC.  To obtain a copy, contact NTIS and request NTIS document # PB97116099.
• [NLIC # 354] Comprehensive Abatement Performance Study, Volume II: Detailed Statistical Results, April 1996 (EPA 230-R-94-013b):
• Executive Summary HTML format
• Individual chapters of the full report may be downloaded by clicking on the appropriate link, or the entire report may be downloaded by clicking on the link marked "Full Report." The report is in a self-extracting, zipped format. After downloading, copy the file to an empty directory and extract the files by double clicking on the file name, "CAP2.EXE."
• Introduction/Chapter 1 PDF Format
• Chapter 2 PDF Format
• Chapter 3 PDF Format
• Chapter 4 PDF Format
• Chapter 5 PDF Format
• Chapter 6 PDF Format
• Chapter 7 PDF Format
• Chapter 8 PDF Format
• Chapter 9 PDF Format
• Chapter 10 PDF Format
• Appendix PDF Format
• Full Report Zipped Format
• [NLIC # 445] Pilot Testing Program for Protocols for Lead-Based Paint Encapsulants, September 1995 (EPA 747-R-95-011)
• [NLIC # 357] Comprehensive Abatement Performance Pilot Study, Volume I: Results of Lead Data Analysis February 1995 (EPA 747-R-93-007)
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Documents on Renovation and Remodeling

• [NLIC # 387] Lead Exposure Associated with Renovation and Remodeling Activities, Final Summary Report, January 2000 (EPA 747-S-00-001)
• Full Report PDF Format
• [NLIC # 408] Lead Exposure Associated with Renovation and Remodeling Activities: Phase IV, Worker Characterization and Blood-Lead Study of R&R Workers Who Specialize in Renovation of Old or Historic Homes, March 1999 (EPA 747-R-99-001)
• Executive Summary HTML format
• [NLIC # 407] Lead Exposure Associated with Renovation and Remodeling Activities:  Phase III, Wisconsin Childhood Blood-Lead Study, March 1999 (EPA 747-R-99-002)
• Executive Summary HTML format
• Lead Exposure Associated with Renovation and Remodeling Activities: Summary Report, May 1997 (EPA 747-R-96-005) 
• This report is no longer available from the NLIC.  To obtain a copy, contact NTIS and request NTIS document # PB97185953.
• Executive Summary HTML format
• Full Report PDF Format
• [NLIC # 403] Lead Exposure Associated with Renovation and Remodeling Activities: Phase II, Worker Characterization and Blood-Lead Study, May 1997 (EPA 747-R-96-006) 
• Executive Summary HTML format
• Full Report PDF Format
• [NLIC # 404] Lead Exposure Associated with Renovation and Remodeling Activities: Phase I, Environmental Field Sampling Study, Volume I: Technical Report, May 1997 (EPA 747-R-96-007) 
• Executive Summary HTML format
• Full Report PDF Format
• [NLIC # 405] Lead Exposure Associated with Renovation and Remodeling Activities:  Phase I, Environmental Field Sampling Study, Volume II:  Appendices, May 1997 (EPA 747-R-96-008).
• Full Report PDF Format

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Documents on Cleaning Lead Dust

• [NLIC # 455] Analysis of Lead Dust Clearance Testing, December 2001 (EPA 747-R-01-005)
• [NLIC # 417] Lead-Cleaning Efficacy Follow-Up Study, October 1998 (EPA 747-R-98-008).
• [NLIC # 471] Summary and Assessment of Published Information on Determining Lead Exposures and Mitigating Lead Hazards Associated with Dust and Soil in Residential Carpets, Furniture, and Forced Air Ducts, December 1997 (EPA 747-S-97-001)
• Executive Summary HTML format
• Full Report PDF format
• [NLIC # 419] Laboratory Study of Lead-Cleaning Efficacy, March 1997 (EPA 747-R-97-002) 
• Executive Summary HTML format
• Laboratory Evaluation of Dust and Dust Lead Recoveries for Samplers and Vacuum Cleaners, Volume I: Objectives, Methods, Results, March 1995 (EPA 747-R-94-004A)
• This report is no longer available from the NLIC.  To obtain a copy, contact NTIS and request NTIS document # PB2001104743.
• Laboratory Evaluation of Dust and Dust Lead Recoveries for Samplers and Vacuum Cleaners, Volume II: Appendices from the Quality Assurance Project Plan, March 1995 (EPA 747-R-94-004B)
• This report is no longer available from the NLIC.  To obtain a copy, contact NTIS and request NTIS document # PB2001104744.
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Documents on Educational Interventions 

• [NLIC # 706] Basis for Educational Recommendations on Reducing Childhood Lead Exposure, June 2000 (EPA 747-R-00-001)
• Executive Summary HTML Format
• Full Report PDF Format
• [NLIC # 708] Effect of In-Home Educational Intervention on Children's Blood Lead Levels in Milwaukee, April 1996 

(EPA 747-R-95-009): 
• Executive Summary PDF format
• Full Report PDF Format
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Other Media

• [NLIC # 438] CD-ROM "A Field Test of Lead-Based Paint Testing Technologies."  Contains data related to the reports entitled "A Field Test of Lead-Based Paint Testing Technologies:  Summary Report" and "A Field Test of Lead-Based Paint Testing Technologies:  Technical Report."
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