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Contaminated Sediments
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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
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Office of Water
(4305)
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EPA-823-N-00-002
Number 25
Summer 2000 |
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EPA Headquarters
New Freshwater
Sublethal Sediment Toxicity Test Now Available
In March 2000, EPA’s Office of Water (OW) and Office of Research and
Development (ORD) published the second edition of Methods for Measuring the
Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Sediment-associated Contaminants with
Freshwater Invertebrates (EPA/600/R-99/064). This edition of the
“freshwater toxicity test manual” is an update of the 1994 edition
(EPA/600/6-94/024), which provided methods to measure 10-day survival of the
freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca, 10-day survival and growth of the
midge Chironomus tentans, and 28-day bioaccumulation in the oligochaete
Lumbriculus variegatus. In the second edition, the manual has been
expanded to include a 10-day growth test for H. azteca, as well as
methods for evaluating longer-term survival and growth using a 42-day test with
H. azteca and a 60-day full life-cycle test for C. tentans. The
latter tests are the first published standard freshwater sediment toxicity
tests for measuring long-term sublethal endpoints.
Background
Sediment is an integral component of aquatic ecosystems, providing habitat,
feeding, spawning, and rearing areas for many aquatic organisms. Sediment also
serves as a repository for pollutants. In fact, when pollutants such as
pesticides, herbicides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs), and metals are introduced into surface waters, they can
accumulate in sediments at concentrations much higher than water column
concentrations. Contaminated sediments can be directly toxic to benthic
(sediment-dwelling) and other sediment-associated organisms. Some
sediment-associated pollutants can also bioaccumulate through the food chain
and pose health risks to wildlife and human consumers even when benthic
organisms are not themselves affected.
Sediment toxicity and bioaccumulation tests, in addition to chemical
analyses and benthic community surveys, are valuable tools for sediment quality
assessment. They directly measure the toxicity or bioaccumulation of a sediment
sample to a test species under controlled laboratory conditions and are
especially useful because they account for interactive effects of chemical
mixtures. The freshwater toxicity test manual was developed to promote the use
of uniform sediment testing procedures, which is expected to increase data
accuracy and precision, facilitate test replication, improve the comparative
value of test results, and ultimately increase the efficiency of regulatory
processes requiring sediment tests. By providing long-term methods, this
addition allows for a more comprehensive sediment evaluation.
New Test
Method
The addition of the two long-term sediment toxicity test methods for H.
azteca and C. tentans is the most notable manual revision. The
long-term sediment exposures with H. azteca begin with 7- to 8-day-old
amphipods. On Day 28 of the sediment exposure, the amphipods are
isolated from the sediment and placed in water-only chambers, where
reproduction is measured on Days 35 and 42. Endpoints measured in the long-term
amphipod test include survival (Days 28, 35, and 42), growth (Days 35 and 42),
and reproduction (number of young per female produced from Days 28 to 42).
The long-term sediment exposures with C. tentans start with newly
hatched larvae (less than 24 hours old) and continue through emergence,
reproduction, and hatching of the next generation (about a 60-day sediment
exposure). Survival and growth are measured at Day 20. From Day 23 to the end
of the test, emergence and reproduction of C. tentans are monitored
daily. Egg masses are isolated to count the number of eggs per female, then
incubated for 6 days to determine hatching success.
Obtaining the
Document
Copies of the complete document, Methods for Measuring the Toxicity and
Bioaccumulation of Sediment-associated Contaminants with Freshwater
Invertebrates, Second Edition (EPA-600-R-99-064) can be obtained from the
National Service Center for Environmental Publications, P.O. Box 42419,
Cincinnati, OH, 45242; by phone at 1-800-490-9198 or at www.epa.gov/ncepihom/orderpub.html
on the Internet. A pdf version of this document is available on the EPA Office
of Science and Technology web site at http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/cs/freshfact.html.
Headquarters Activities |
Status of EPA-OST Sediment Documents
Editor's Note: EPA’s Office of Science and
Technology within the Office of Water and EPA Labs within the Office of
Research and Development continue to develop documents about sediment
guidelines, management, implement-ation, guidance, assessment, and models. Some
documents are being developed, while others are very near completion or are
completed. The status and description of these documents are provided in the following table.
|
Document Title |
Description |
Status |
1.
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Introduction to Contaminated Sediments (EPA-823-F-99-006)
(brochure) and A Healthy Ecosystem
(EPA-H-99-001) (poster).
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Educates the
public, including citizens groups and high school students, on the definition
and extent of contaminated sediment, sources of contamination, remediation and
pollution prevention solutions, and what citizens can do to protect
sediment.
Contact: Rich Healy (202) 260-7812 |
Published
December 1999. |
2.
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Bioaccumulation Testing and Interpretation for the Purpose of
Sediment Quality Assessment: Status and Needs (EPA-823-R-00-001) and Appendix
(EPA-823-R-00-002) |
Describes
how EPA programs currently use bioaccumulation tests and models in evaluating
whether contaminated sediments pose an ecological or human health risk.
Appendix provides detailed technical data on individual bioaccumulative
chemicals of concern. Contact: Rich Healy (202) 260-7812. |
Published
February 2000. |
3.
|
Methods
for Measuring the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Sediment-associated
Contaminants in Freshwater Invertebrates (EPA-600- R-99-064) |
The second
edition of the 1994 freshwater standard sediment test methods manual includes
updates of the two short-term standard freshwater sediment toxicity test
methods (Chironomus tentans and Hyalella azteca) and the standard
bioaccumulation method (Lumbriculus variegatus). This edition also
includes two new long-term sediment toxicity test methods for C. tentans
and H. azteca. Contact: Scott Ireland (202) 260-6091. |
Published
March 2000. |
4.
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Draft
Implementation Framework for Use of Equilibrium Partitioning Sediment
Guidelines |
Describes
the use of equilibrium partitioning sediment guidelines (ESG) in water quality
standards, TMDL development, NPDES permitting, Superfund, and RCRA programs.
Contact: Kathy Zirbser (202) 260-0710. |
Expected
Federal Register announcement of availability of draft
implementation framework fall 2000. |
5.
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Equilibrium Partitioning Sediment Guidelines (ESGs) for the
Protection of Benthic Organisms: Nonionics Compendium |
Contains the
chemistry and toxicity data used to derive ESGs for 32 nonionic organic
contaminants.
Contact: Scott Ireland (202) 260-6091. |
Final
scheduled for fall 2000. |
6.
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Technical Basis for the Derivation of Equilibrium Partitioning
Sediment Guidelines (ESGs) for the Protection of Benthic Organisms: Nonionic
Organics |
Presents technical basis for establishing ESGs for non-ionic organic
chemicals using equilibrium partitioning (EqP). Contact: Heidi Bell (202)
260-5464. |
Final scheduled for fall 2000. |
7.
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Methods for the Derivation of Equilibrium Partitioning Sediment
Guidelines (ESGs) for the Protection of Benthic Organisms: Nonionic
Organics |
Provides
guidance that can be used to modify national ESGs for nonionic organic
chemicals to reflect specific local conditions.
Contact: Heidi Bell (202) 260-5464. |
Final
scheduled for fall 2000 |
8.
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Equilibrium Partitioning Sediment Guidelines (ESGs) for the
Protection of Benthic Organisms: Dieldrin |
Recommends a
sediment concentration for the insecticide dieldrin that is EPA's best estimate
of the concentration protective of the presence of benthic organisms.
Contact: Heidi Bell (202) 260-5464. |
Final
scheduled for fall 2000 |
9.
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Equilibrium Partitioning Sediment Guidelines (ESGs) for the
Protection of Benthic Organisms: Endrin |
Recommends a
sediment concentration for the insecticide endrin that is EPA's best estimate
of the concentration protective of the presence of benthic organisms.
Contact: Heidi Bell (202) 260-5464. |
Final
scheduled for fall 2000 |
10.
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Equilibrium Partitioning Sediment Guidelines (ESGs) for the
Protection of Benthic Organisms: Metals Mixtures (Cadmium, Copper, Lead,
Nickel, Silver, Zinc) |
Recommends a
sediment concentration for mixtures of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, Ag, Zn that is EPA's
best estimate of the concentration of the mixtures that will protect benthic
organisms from the direct toxicity of these metals in sediments.
Contact: Heidi Bell (202) 260-5464. |
Final
scheduled for fall 2000 |
11. |
Draft
Equilibrium Partitioning Sediment Guidelines (ESGs) for the Protection of
Benthic Organisms: PAH Mixtures |
Recommends a
sediment concentration for PAH mixtures that is EPA's best estimate of the
concentration of the mixtures that will protect benthic organisms from the
direct toxicity of these PAHs in sediments.
Contact: Heidi Bell (202) 260-5464. |
Draft to peer
review scheduled for fall 2000. |
12.
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Methods
for Assessing the Chronic Toxicity of Marine and Estuarine Sediment-associated
Contaminants with the Amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus |
Will be a
joint EPA/U.S. Army Corps of Engineers publication that contains a standard
28-day marine and estuarine sediment toxicity test method using Leptocheirus
plumulosus with endpoints for survival, growth, and reproduction. Contact:
Scott Ireland (202) 260-6091. |
Final
scheduled for FY 2001. |
13.
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Methods
for Collection, Storage, and Manipulation of Sediments for Chemical and
Toxicological Analysis |
Will cover
the following topics:
1) collecting, handling, and transporting field sediments; 2) manipulating
sediments in the laboratory for chemical analysis and toxicological testing;
and (3) preparing formulated sediments for toxicological testing.
Contact: Rich Healy (202) 260-7812. |
Final
scheduled for summer 2001. |
14.
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The
Incidence and Severity of Contamination in Surface Waters of the United
States |
Will report
on the quality of aquatic sediments in the United States from studies conducted
from 1980 through 1999.
Contact: Scott Ireland (202) 260-6091 |
Final
scheduled for FY 2001. |
Regional Activities
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EPA Region
5
Great Lakes
Dredging Team Announces New Publication and Updated Web
Site
The Great Lakes Dredging Team published Dredging and the Great Lakes
in October, 1999. The document addresses the dredging history of the Lakes, the
importance of dredging, environmental and economic considerations, and public
input. The document also covers Great Lakes commercial navigation, recreational
boating, sedimentation, dredging activities (dredging equipment, environmental
dredging, environmental windows, disposal, beneficial uses of dredged
material), and the public’s role in dredging. Information on how to obtain a
hard copy, an electronic copy, or a video can be found at http://www.glc.org/dredging/.
Updated Web
Site
Great Lakes Dredging Team announces a new look for its web site.
The web site continues to provide important dredging-related information, but
the new format allows for easier viewing and navigation and better accommodates
new information. It boasts two new features: a New Scoop page to highlight new
dredging-related information and current events in the region, and a page for
case studies. Eventually, a “dredging around the lakes” page will be activated
using a map as an interface to link to geography-specific information: http://www.glc.org/projects/dredging/.
The Great Lakes Dredging Team is a
federal-state-private partnership with the primary objective of ensuring that
the navigational dredging of the Great Lakes harbors and channels is conducted
in a timely and cost- effective manner while meeting environmental protection,
restoration, and enhancement goals. The Team provides an interactive forum for
all stakeholders regarding the dredging process and dredged material-related
issues and their resolution, and also works with local advocates to bring
information about dredging and dredged material manage-ment to a larger public
audience. For more information contact Bonnie Eleder at (312) 886-4885 or
e-mail: eleder.bonnie@epa.gov.
EPA Laboratories |
Atlantic Ecology Division
Sediment Toxicity
Assessment: Comparison of Standard and New Testing Designs
Standard methods of sediment toxicity testing are fairly well accepted;
however, as with all else, evolution of these methods is inevitable. As part of
this evolution, EPA compared a standard American Society for Testing and
Methods (ASTM), 10-day amphipod toxicity testing method with shorter, 48- and
96-hour test methods. In addition, they compared parallel exposures of single
species in a test chamber versus multiple species cohabiting the smaller,
shorter exposure chambers. There was no overall change in mortality for the
organisms, and the smaller chambers were predictive of the results obtained
with larger, longer, exposures. EPA also concluded that in whole sediment
exposures there was no change in toxicity to either the amphipod Ampelisca
abdita, or the mysid Americamysis bahia when they cohabited the same
chamber. In contrast, for water-only or porewater exposures,
A. bahia demonstrated less sensitivity when cohabiting the same chamber
as
A. abdita. For more information, contact Kay T. Ho at (401) 782-3196
or
e-mail: ho.kay@epa.gov.
Identification of Metal
Toxicity in Marine Sediments
A multi-Agency effort is under way to develop methods for characterizing and
identifying the causes of toxicity in contaminated sediments. This effort
includes researchers from ORD laboratories in Duluth (MN) and Narragansett (RI)
as well as the USGS facility in Columbia (MS). In the context of this research,
causes of contaminated sediment toxicity are divided into three chemical
classes: ammonia, organics, and metals. To characterize and identify toxicity
caused by metals in marine sedi-ments, a method has been developed, adding
chelating resin to toxic sediments. Under laboratory conditions and with
metal-spiked sediments, they have found this resin to be very effective at
reducing toxicity to the amphipod A. abdita and mysid M. bahia.
Metals for which the resin chelated include cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, and
zinc. The resin is nontoxic to control organisms in the quantities used and
does not alter the toxicity of ammonia and a representative organic
contaminant. Furthermore, following a toxicity test, the resin can be removed
from the sediment and the metals extracted for further identification.
Currently, the researchers are in the process of verifying the utility of this
method with field-contaminated sediments and are interested in discussing with
other scientists any sediments known to be contaminated and toxic due primarily
to divalent transition metals. For more information, contact Rob Burgess at
(401) 782-3106 or e-mail: burgess.robert@epa.gov.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers |
High Throughput,
Rapid, Economical Bioassays to Assess Sediment Toxicity
Contaminated
Sediments
Although contaminated sediments may contain hot spots, the majority
of the volume of contaminated sediments contain only low to moderate levels of
contaminants. Accurate assessment of the environmental hazard posed by
sediments containing low to moderate levels of contaminants derived with
standard analytical methods is uncertain due to questions about the
bioavailability of hydrophobic contaminants, synergistic effects of contaminant
mixtures, and the speciation of metals. This uncertainty leads regulatory
agencies to define contaminated sediments by conservative standards. Chronic
exposure of benthic macrofauna is one of the best accepted methods for
determining the toxicity of low to moderately contaminated sediments, but the
general application of chronic bioassays is limited by the time (usually 1 life
cycle of the bioassay species) and expense of conducting these tests.
Transcriptional Level
Environmental Toxicity Assessment
Transcriptional level (mRNA) toxicity assessments offer great advantages in terms
of speed, cost, and sample throughput. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has
developed a Genosensor system (Figure 1) specifically to meet the needs of
transcription-level environmental toxicity assessment. The Genosensor system is
comprised of (1) flow-through, high-density nucleic acid hybridization array
based on nanochannel glass; (2) newly developed nucleic acid hybridization
probe software that enables probes to be designed to meet requisite
thermodynamic and biological (i.e., consensus-degenerate) needs; (3) tandem
hybridization strategy that minimizes non-specific hybridization; and (4) a
multi-channel physical format designed to boost sample throughput.
Figure 1. A low-volume, flow-through manifold system was built for the
simultaneous hybridization of nucleic acids extracted from
24 environmental samples. Each cell contains nanochannel glass spotted with 64
different hybridization probes. The standard microscopic slide format permits
use of automated microarray readers. Within 2 hours of hybridization, an
automated reader with a 24- slide capacity and a 5 minute per slide reading
time can determine the expression levels of 64 different stress response genes
in a maximum of 576 environmental samples.
Results
The environmental relevance of transcriptional level toxicity data was
determined by correlating whole-organism responses to expression levels of
stress response genes. Chronic and acute exposures using fresh water
(Chironomus tentans and Hyalella azteca) and saltwater
(Neanthes arenaceodentata and Leptocheirus plumulosus) benthic
macrofauna were conducted. Mortality, growth rates, and reproductive success
were directly compared to the expression (mRNA) levels of hundreds of stress
response genes (e.g., P450, superoxide dismutase, DNA topomerase, etc.).
Transcription levels of some stress response genes were highest during the
initial low-level exposures (P450) whereas others were not transcribed until
after long
or high-level exposures.
For More
Information
This work resulted from the collaborative research efforts
of Dr. Kenneth Beattie (Oak Ridge National Laboratory), Dr. Ronald Tonucci
(Naval Research Laboratory), Dr. James Fleming (University of Tennessee at
Knoxville), Dr. Todd Bridges (US Army Engineer Research and Development Center
(ERDC)), Dr. Edward Perkins (ERDC), and Dr. Herbert Fredrickson (ERDC). For
more information, contact Dr. Herbert Fredrickson at (601) 634-3716,
Fax (601) 634-3120, e-mail: fredrih@wes.army.mil.
Also in the News |
Marine Transportation
System Task Force
The U.S. Marine Transportation System (MTS) consists of more than 25,000
miles of navigable U.S. waterways, ports, and their intermodal connections,
vessels, vehicles, and system users. The MTS facilitates the bulk of U.S.
exports and imports and provides economic, national security, environmental,
and recreational values to millions of Americans. The MTS annually (1) moves
more than 2 billion tons of domestic and international freight; (2) imports 3.3
billion barrels of oil to meet U.S. energy demands; (3) transports 134 million
passengers by ferry; (4) serves 78 million Americans engaged in recreational
boating; (5) hosts more than 5 million cruise ship passengers; and (6) supports
110,000 commercial fishing vessels and recreational fishing watercraft, which
contribute $111 billion to state economies. The MTS initiative began in spring
1998 with seven Regional Listening Sessions. The Sessions were used to gather
stakeholder input on the current state and future needs of the MTS. The input
provided from the sessions helped in developing agenda items for a National
Conference in November 1998. Following the conference, the Secretary of
Transportation established the congressionally mandated MTS Task Force. The
Task Force was formed to conduct an assess-ment of the MTS and its adequacy to
operate in a safe, efficient, secure, and environmentally sound manner. Members
of the Task Force include the U.S. Coast Guard, the Maritime Administration,
the Army Corps of Engineers, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency, and other federal
agencies. One of the initiatives identified by the MTS Task Force includes
systematic approach for identifying and addressing environmental protection
risks and promoting effective sediment management and watershed protection. The
MTS Task Force has sponsored seven Regional Dialogue Sessions throughout the
country in summer 2000. Stakeholder input from the Sessions will be
incorporated into the forthcoming MTS Implementation Plan and Strategic Plan.
For information on the Marine Transportation System, visit the web site at http://www.dot.gov/mts/ or contact Sharon Lin at lin.sharon@epa.gov.
Contaminated Sediment Web Pages |
Interested in checking out some contaminated-sediment web sites? Here are a
few you can browse:
- MPCA's Contaminated Sediments. MPCA’s Contaminated Sediments.
The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) recently completed a multipurpose
Contaminated Sediments web page (http://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/sediments/).
The web page illustrates how MCPA is using an
ecosystem-based management approach to involve the public and other interested
stakeholders in decision-making processes about contaminated sediments. The web
page features educational information on the assessment, management, and
remediation of contaminated sediments (including guidance documents and
web-related links); fact sheets; and geographic information about contaminated
sediment areas in Minnesota, including data and reports (especially for the St.
Louis River Area of Concern). For more information about contaminated sediment
issues in Minnesota, contact Judy Crane at (651) 297-4068, Fax (651) 297-7709,
or e-mail: judy.crane@pca.state.mn.us.
- Sediments Research Web. This is an online community designed
to promote improvements in the management and remediation of contaminated
sediments. You participate in the community by registering as a member, joining
in online discussions of pertinent technical topics, contributing articles to
the online library, or placing items on the bulletin board. This web site (http://www.sediments.org/) is sponsored by the South and Southwest region of the Hazardous
Substance Research Centers (HSRC), a five-center consortium established and
supported by USEPA. Any questions or comments about this web site may be
directed to Mark Hodges at (404) 894-6987,
e-mail: mark.hodges@gtri.gatech.edu.
- Great Lakes Dredging Team. The web site boasts a new
look–adding features such as a new “scoop” page and a page for case studies.
More information can be found at http://www.glc.org/projects/dredging/.
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|
Announcements |
The Great Lakes Dredging Team announces the publication of Dredging and the
Great Lakes. This a full-color, illustrated booklet that highlights issues
such as the beneficial use of dredged material, the role of sedimentation, the
dredging connection with commercial navigation and the citizen’s role in the
dredging process. To obtain a hard copy or electronic copy of the book, visit
http://www.glc.org/projects/dredging/.
CSN Activities
Timeline |
September 7-9, 2000
Annual Ohio Lake Erie Conference, Sandusky, OH. This
conference is sponsored by Ohio Lake Erie Commission. For more information,
contact Jill Woodyard at jill.woodyard@www.epa.state.oh.us.
September 11-14, 2000
8th National Nonpoint Source Monitoring Workshop: Monitoring and
Modeling Nonpoint Source Pollution in the Rural-Urban Interface, Hartford,
CT. Contact John Clausen, University of Connecticut, Department of Natural
Resources Management & Engineering, 1376 Storrs Rd, U-4087, Storrs, CT
06269-4087. Phone: (860) 486-2840, Fax: (860) 486-5408; e-mail: jclausen@canr.uconn.edu; web
site:http://continuingstudies.uconn.edu/.
September 11-14, 2000
Oceans 2000, Providence, RI. For more information, go to the
conference web site at http://ewh.ieee.org/soc/oes/PrevConferences.html#2000.
September 18-20, 2000
Coastal Environment 2000–Environmental Problems in Coastal
Regions, Third International Conference, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
Contact Sally Walsh, Conference Secretariat, Wessex Institute of Technology,
Ashurst Lodge, Ashurst Southampton, SO40 7AA, UK. Phone: +44 (0) 238 029 3223;
Fax: +44 (0) 238 029 2853; e-mail: slwalsh@wessex.ac.uk.
September 18-22, 2000
Wildland Hydrology’s River Short Courses 2000: River Morphology
and Applications, Pagosa Springs, CO. Contact Wildland Hydrology, 1481
Stevens Lake Road, Pagosa Springs, CO 81147. Phone: (970) 731-6100; Fax: (970)
731-6105; e-mail: wildlandhydrology@pagosasprings.net.
September 22-25, 2000
Environmental Problem Solving with GIS, Cincinnati, OH.
Contact Lisa Enderle, (412) 741-5462, e-mail: lisa.e.enderle@cpmx.saic.com;
web site: www.epa.gov/ttbnrmrl/.
October 1-4, 2000
27th Annual Aquatic Toxicity Workshop, St. John’s,
Newfoundland, Canada. The ATW program includes platform and poster
presentations and short courses, dealing with pulp and paper, mining,
commercial chemicals, water quality, risk assessment, toxicity test methods,
marine and freshwater environments, contaminant fate/transport, endocrine
disruption, and environmental policy. For more information, contact Kathy
Penney, Jacques Whitford Environment Ltd., at (709) 576-1458; Fax (709)
576-2126; e-mail: kpenney@jacqueswhitford.com. or
Kim Coady, Environment Canada, at (709) 772-4087; Fax (709) 772-5097;
e-mail: kim.coady@ec.gc.ca.
October 10-19, 2000
Wildland Hydrology’s River Short Courses 2000: River Restoration
and Natural Channel Design, Pagosa Springs, CO. Contact Wildland Hydrology,
1481 Stevens Lake Road, Pagosa Springs, CO 81147. Phone: (970) 731-6100; Fax:
(970) 731-6105; e-mail: wildlandhydrology@pagosasprings.net.
October 11-13, 2000
Brownfields 2000 Conference, Atlantic City Convention Center, Atlantic
City, NJ. The national Brownfields Conferences bring together key experts from
all levels of government, business, and finance and from local communities to
share ideas and experiences in the field of urban and environmental
development. Participants in the conferences focus their efforts on properties
known as “brownfields”–abandoned, idle, or underused industrial and commercial
properties at which real or perceived contamination interferes with efficient
expansion or redevelopment efforts. For more information about the program,
visit the Brownfields 2000 Web Site at http://www.eswp.com/ or phone (412) 261-0710, ext. 32. Presented by The Engineers’
Society of Western Pennsylvania. Co-Sponsored by EPA and others.
October 14-18, 2000
Water Environment Federation Technology (WEFTEC) 2000
Exhibition, Anaheim, CA. Will provide the most up-to-date information on
every wastewater treatment and water quality subject. Choose workshops and
technical sessions with over 500 relevant presentations—not to mention almost
100 poster presentations over the course of five days. For more information, go
to http://www.wef.org/Weftec/index.htm.
October 15-16, 2000
Annual Meeting of Great Lakes Commission, Hamilton, Ontario.
For more information, e-mail mdonahue@glc.org or visit
www.glc.org.
October 16-19,2000
16th Annual International Conference on Contaminated Soils,
Sediments, and Water, Amherst, MA. Topics will include bioremediation,
environmental fate and modeling, risk assessment, soil chemistry, regulatory
programs, chemical analysis, and many others. For further information, go to
the conference web site at http://www.aehs.com/conferences.htm
or contact Denise Leonard at (413) 545-1239 or
e-mail: dleonard@schoolph.umass.edu.
October 17-19, 2000
4th State of the Lakes Ecosystem Conference (SOLEC), Hamilton,
Ontario. For more information, e-mail: paul.horvatin@epa.gov.
October 17-21, 2000
Spanning Cultural and Ecological Diversity Through Environmental
Education, The 29th Annual Conference of the North American Association for
Environmental Education, South Padre Island, TX. For more information,
visit http://www.naaee.org/html/conferences.html.
October 24-26, 2000
Conference 2000, University of Delaware, Newark, DE. The
conference will focus on erosion, sediment, and stormwater management. Early
registration fee is $195 and $235 after September 15, 2000. Contact Jeanne
Feurer, Conference Coordinator, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and
Environmental Control, Division of Soil and Water Conservation, 89 Kings
Highway, Dover, DE 19901. Phone: (302) 739-4411; Fax: (302) 739-6724;
e-mail: jfeurer@dnrec.state.de.us.
October 26-28, 2000
National Carbon Sequestrian Conference, Missoula, MT.
Contact Karen Reiter at (406) 587-6965; e-mail: kreiter@mt.nrcs.usda.gov.
October 30, 2000
Healthy Watersheds: Community Based Partnerships for
Environmental Decision-making, Aurora, CO. Contact Phyllis O’Meara at (303)
671-1034,
e-mail: paomeara@opm.gov.
October 31 - November 4,
2000
Combined Conferences of the American Society of Agronomy, Crop
Science Society of America and Soil Science Society of America, Salt Lake
City, UT. Web site: http://www.asa-cssa-sssa.org/olr99/.
November 8-10, 2000
Facilitating and Mediating Effective Environmental
Agreements, Berkeley, CA. Contact CONCUR, Inc. at (510) 649-8008; web site:
http://www.concurinc.com.
November 10-11, 2000
8th ACM Symposium on Advances in Geographic Information
Systems, Washington, DC. For more details, contact Robert Laurini at
+33-4-72-43-8713; Fax +33-4-72-43-8172; e-mail: Robert.Laurini@if.insa-lyon.fr.
November 12-16, 2000
SETAC 21st Annual Meeting, Nashville Convention Center,
Nashville, TN. Environmental Science in the 21st Century: Paradigms,
Opportunities, and challenges. For more information, contact: SETAC Office,
1010 North 12th Avenue, Pensacola, FL 32501-3367. Phone: (850) 469-1550; Fax:
(850) 469-9778; e-mail: setac@setac.org.
Creature Feature
This single celled organism declared — I think, therefore I
am … What am I?
Image obtained with permission from
University of California Museum of Paleontology
web site: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/foram.html
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