Federal R&D

Funding

by

Budget

Function

Fiscal Years 1993-95

Special Report

Ronald L. Meeks, Principal Author

Division of Science Resources Studies

Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences

National Science Foundation	NSF 94-319

Suggested Citation

National Science Foundation, Federal R&D Funding by Budget Function: Fiscal Years 1993-95, NSF 94-319 (Arlington, VA, 1994).

Availability of Publications

Single copies are available free of charge from the Division of Science Resources Studies, National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA 22230. If you are a user of electronic mail and have access to Internet, you may order publications electronically. Internet users should send requests to pubs@nsf.gov. In your request, include the NSF publication number and title, number of copies, your name, and a complete mailing address. Printed publications may also be ordered by fax (703-644-4278). Publications should be received within 3 weeks after receipt of request. See page iv for availability on the Science and Technology Information System (STIS).

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Acknowlegments

This report was prepared by Ronald L. Meeks, Survey Statistician, Science and Engineering Activities (ACT) Program, Division of Science Resources Studies (SRS), National Science Foundation. The statistical tables were prepared under contract by Kathleen M. Gramp, Senior Program Associate, Directorate for Science and Policy Programs, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).

General guidance and review were provided by John E. Jankowski, Jr., Program Director, ACT. Kenneth M. Brown, Director, SRS, provided overall guidance.

SRS and AAAS would like to thank the many program and budget offices at the agencies that provided information for this report.

Contents

Section	Page

Notes to the Reader	1

Research and Development in the 1995 Budget: An overview	7

Table 1. Federal R&D budget authority, by budget function	7

Table 2. Budget authority for basic research, by budget function	9

Table 3. R&D budget authority as a percentage of each function's total budget authority	11

Table 4. Distribution of total R&D budget authority, by function	12

Table 5. Federally funded R&D for national defense and civilian functions: fiscal years

1955-95	13

R&D by Specific Budget Function	15

National Defense	15

Table 6. R&D budget authority for national defense (050)	16

Table 7. Total obligational authority (TOA) for Department of Defense (DOD) research,

development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E) budget	17

Health	19

Table 8. R&D budget authority for health (550)	20

Table 9. R&D budget authority for the National Institutes of Health	21

Space Research and Technology	22

Table 10. R&D budget authority for space research and technology (252)	23

General Science	24

Table 11. R&D budget authority for general science and basic research (251)	25

Energy	26

Table 12. R&D budget authority for energy (270)	27

All Other Functions	29

Table 13. R&D budget authority for natural resources and environment (300)	31

Table 14. R&D budget authority for other natural resources (306)	32

Table 15. R&D budget authority for agriculture (352)	33

Table 16. R&D budget authority for transportation (400)	34

Table 17. R&D budget authority for education, training, employment, and social

services (500)	35

Table 18. R&D budget authority for the Agency for International Development (151)	36

Table 19. R&D budget authority for commerce and housing credit (376)	37

Table 20. R&D budget authority for veterans benefits and services (700)	38

Table 21. R&D budget authority for community and regional development (450)	39

Table 22. R&D budget authority for general government (800)	39

Table 23. R&D budget authority for administration of justice (750)	40

Table 24. R&D budget authority for income security (600)	40

Historical Tables	41

Table 25a. Federal R&D obligations, by selected budget function: fiscal years 1955-60	43

Table 25b. Federal R&D obligations, by selected budget function: fiscal years 1961-66	43

Table 25c. Federal R&D obligations, by budget function: fiscal years 1967-72	44

Table 25d. Federal R&D obligations, by budget function: fiscal years 1973-77	45

Table 25e. Federal R&D budget authority, by budget function: fiscal years 1978-83	46

Table 25f. Federal R&D budget authority, by budget function: fiscal years 1984-89	47

Table 25g. Federal R&D budget authority, by budget function: fiscal years 1990-95	48

Table 26a. Budget authority for basic research, by budget function: fiscal years 1978-83	49

Table 26b. Budget authority for basic research, by budget function:

fiscal years 1984-89	50

Table 26c. Budget authority for basic research, by budget function:

fiscal years 1990-95	51

Selected Bibliography	53

Notes to the Reader

This annual report contains information on Federal funding of the research and development (R&D) components of agency programs, as proposed by the administration for fiscal year (FY) 1995. R&D data in this report are classified into the same Federal budget function categories used in the Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 1995. Proposed FY 1995 funding levels are for budget authority (defined below), which is the basis for initial congressional action. Detailed data are also included on actual Federal funding of R&D in FY 1993 and on estimated funding of R&D in FY 1994.1

Report Organization

These notes introduce the basic budget terms and concepts used in this report. The rest of the report is divided into three sections:

Research and Development in the 1995 Budget: An Overview provides an overview of Federal Funding of R&D within the context of requested total Federal budget authority. This section consists of five tables. Tables 1 through 4 provide an overview of Federal R&D funding within the context of requested total Federal budget authority. Table 5 details Federal R&D funding for national defense and civilian programs in current and constant 1987 dollars for FYs 1955-95.

R&D by Specific Budget Function summarizes activities conducted within each budget function. Programs within the five functional categories that account for 90 percent of the R&D sponsored by the Federal Government are discussed briefly; data on R&D activities within the remaining functional categories are presented in tabular form only. This section consists of 19 tables (tables 6 through 24) which provide a summary of R&D activities conducted within each Federal budget function.

Historical Tables presents two historical data series: (1) Federal R&D funding by function for fiscal years 1955-95 (tables 25a through 25g) and (2) Federal funding of basic research for fiscal years 1978-95 (tables 26a through 26c).

Definitions

Research and Development

As used in this report, R&D refers to research—both basic and applied—and development activities in the sciences and engineering.

Research is systematic study directed toward fuller scientific knowledge or understanding of the subject studied. Research is classified as either basic or applied according to the objective of the sponsoring agency.

In basic research the objective of the sponsoring agency is to gain fuller knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena and of observable facts without specific applications toward processes or products in mind.

In applied research the objective of the sponsoring agency is to gain knowledge or understanding necessary for determining means by which a recognized and specific need may be met.

Development is the systematic use of the knowledge or understanding gained from research directed toward the production of useful materials, devices, systems, or methods, including design, development, and improvement of prototypes and new processes. It excludes quality control, routine product testing, and production.

Funds for conducting R&D include those for personnel, program supervision, and administrative support directly associated with R&D activities. Expendable or movable equipment needed to conduct R&D—e.g., microscopes or spectrometers—is also included.

This report does not include data on R&D plant funds—i.e., funds for R&D facilities such as reactors, wind tunnels, or particle accelerators or for the construction, repair, or alteration of such facilities. Also excluded are all non-R&D activities performed within budget functions that conduct R&D and all functions in which no R&D is conducted.

Budget Authority, Obligations, and Outlays

The Federal R&D funding data presented here are, with a few noted exceptions, provided in budget authority. Budget authority is used because it is the initial budget parameter for congressional action on the President's proposed budget. Budget authority imposes a ceiling on obligations and outlays; obligations and outlays flow from budget authority.

Budget authority is the primary source of legal authorization to enter into obligations that will result in outlays. Budget authority is most commonly granted in the form of appropriations by the congressional committees assigned to determine the budget for each function.

Obligations represent the amounts for orders placed, contracts awarded, services received, and similar transactions during a given period, regardless of when the funds were appropriated and when the future payment of money is required.

Outlays represent the amounts for checks issued and cash payments made during a given period, regardless of when the funds were appropriated or obligated.

Budget Functions

All activities covered by the Federal budget, including R&D, are classified into 20 broad functional categories. The Federal budget total comprises funding for these 20 functions. An agency's activities are not necessarily included in only one function. Instead, the programs of one agency typically are distributed across functions, and each function often includes programs from multiple agencies. No overlap occurs between functions or between the various agency programs within those functions. In a few cases components of a major national effort are funded through multiple functions, such as the Human Genome mapping effort (health and energy).

Notably, each specific R&D activity is assigned to only one function area, consistent with the official codes used in budget documents, even though the R&D activity may address several functional concerns. For example, except for those of the Army Corps of Engineers, all R&D activities sponsored by the Department of Defense (DoD) are classified as defense, even though some activities have secondary objectives such as space or health. Moreover, only R&D funded by the Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Labor is classified in the health function category. Yet some R&D funding, from at least three agencies—DoD and the Departments of Energy and Veterans Affairs—has a major health component.

The functional categories and definitions used in this report are the same as those used in the Federal budget, with two exceptions. First, R&D activities categorized as general science, space, and technology (function 250) are reported separately here. Subfunction 251 contains R&D activities for general science and basic research, and subfunction 252 contains R&D activities for space research and technology. Not all federally sponsored basic research is categorized in function 251, however; some basic research is included in the remaining 19 functional categories. Second, although two civilian R&D programs at DOE were funded out of the department's defense appropriations (affecting 1992 and 1993), this report shows the funding under the civilian accounts for historical consistency.

Five Federal budget functions—Medicare (function 570), social security (function 650), net interest (function 900), allowances (function 920), and undistributed offsetting receipts (function 950)—have no R&D components. Consequently, they are not discussed in this report, except where R&D is described as a proportion of total Federal budget authority.

The Agency/Function Crosswalk on the following page lists—by name and function code—the 16 individual R&D functions funded by agencies.

Data Sources

Within the overall Federal Budget there is no separately identified R&D budget as such; nor are most appropriations for R&D so labeled except in the case of certain program areas, such as in defense, energy, health, and environment. Consequently, most funds for R&D are not line items in an agency's budget submission but are included within general program funding. To determine funding for Federal R&D, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) requires agencies whose annual R&D funding is greater than $10 million to submit data on their R&D programs as part of their annual budget submissions. Specifically, the agencies provide data—reported, in accordance with OMB Circular A-11, on an Exhibit 44A, "Research and Development Activities"—on funding levels for basic research, applied research, development, R&D facilities, and R&D support to universities and colleges.

The data in this report represent agencies' best estimates of actual and proposed Federal funding for R&D collected during the period February 7 through May 20, 1994. These data are based primarily on information provided to OMB by 21 agencies and account for more than 99 percent of all federally sponsored R&D activities. Also incorporated in this report is R&D information that became available from the individual agencies after the administration's budget was prepared and reported in the Budget of the United States Government. Such information consists of agency budget justification documents submitted to Congress and supplemental, program-specific information obtained from agency budget and program staff through mid-May 1994. Therefore, budget numbers for individual activities, programs, or agencies may differ slightly from those published in the President's budget or agency budget documents.

Total Research and Development

The administration has proposed total budget authority of $71.4 billion for research and development (R&D) programs in its 1995 budget, or 4 percent more than the estimated 1994 R&D total of $68.3 billion. After adjusting for expected inflation, R&D budget authority is proposed to increase by 2 percent.

Among individual functions, the largest R&D increase ($1.5 billion) is slated for defense (budget function code 050), which includes military programs of the Department of Defense and the atomic energy defense activities of the Department of Energy (DOE). The 1995 defense total—$39.5 billion—represents a 4-percent increase over 1994 levels (table 1).

Total nondefense R&D budget authority is proposed to increase by $1.6 billion, to $31.9 billion. This level would represent a 5-percent increase from estimated 1994 levels. Highlights of proposed nondefense R&D funding follow.

The administration proposes a 4-percent increase ($0.5 billion) in health-related R&D (function 550), to $11.4 billion in 1995. Most of this proposed growth is for the basic and applied biomedical and behavioral research programs of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which will account for 95 percent of all Federal health R&D.

R&D budget authority for space research and technology activities (subfunction 252) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is proposed to increase by 6 percent, or by $0.5 billion in 1995, to $7.7 billion. One-third of the total is proposed for continuing space science support. R&D funding for the space station is proposed to decline slightly.

Research funding for general science (subfunction 251) is proposed to increase by 6 percent, or by $0.1 billion in 1995, to $2.9 billion. Most of these dollars are slated for the National Science Foundation (NSF). However, funding for DOE general science programs is proposed to decrease.

A 3-percent increase ($0.1 billion) is proposed for energy R&D (function 270), to $2.9 billion in 1995. Energy R&D will comprise 4 percent of total Federal R&D budget authority.

Natural resources and the environment R&D funding (function 300) is proposed to increase by less than 1 percent, to $2 billion in 1995. Within this functional category the largest gain is proposed for the Environmental Protection Agency's multimedia (i.e., interdisciplinary) research efforts, followed by moderate increases planned for the Forest Service's conservation and land management programs and for recreational resources at the Department of the Interior's National Biological Survey.

Transportation R&D funding (function 400) is proposed to increase by 6 percent, to $2 billion. Most of the increase is slated for aviation research by NASA. Funding for ground transportation R&D, however, also is proposed to increase significantly.

Funding for agricultural R&D (subfunction 352) is proposed to increase in 1995 by less than 1 percent, to $1.2 billion. Agricultural R&D will account for 2 percent of the total Federal R&D budget authority.

The remaining eight functions each have less than $0.7 billion in proposed 1995 R&D budget authority. Overall, R&D for these functions will increase by 19 percent ($0.3 billion), to $1.8 billion.

- R&D for commerce and housing credit (subfunction 376) will increase by 85	percent ($319 million), to $694 million. This total reflects increased support for the	generic applied research and technology development programs of the National	Institute of Standards and Technology. Funding for general education programs	(subfunctions 501-3) of the Department of Education and the Smithsonian Institution will increase by 3 percent ($6 million), to $240 million.

- R&D increases (13 percent) also are proposed for programs in community and regional development (function 450). Major funders to this budget function are the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Department of Housing and Urban Development.

-	R&D funding will decrease in international affairs (function 150), veterans benefits and services (function 700), administration of justice (function 750), income security	(function 600), and general government (function 800).

Basic Research

The administration proposes to increase budget authority for basic research by 4 percent in 1995 to $14.2 billion (table 2). When adjusted for expected inflation, this would be a 1-percent increase from the estimated 1994 level. The basic research share of total R&D budget authority has steadily increased from 15 percent in 1986 to the proposed 20 percent in 1995.

The largest five R&D functions—defense, health, space, general science, and energy—are also the largest basic research functions. They account for 90 percent of the basic research total (chart 1). Health ($6.3 billion) accounts for the largest share (44 percent) of the requested 1995 basic research total, followed by general science ($2.7 billion) and space research and technology ($1.7 billion). Defense accounts for $1.2 billion—or 9 percent—of the proposed basic research total, but only 3 percent of the defense R&D total is basic research. Of the nondefense R&D total, 41 percent is basic research.

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Share of Total Budget Authority Devoted to R&D

For functions that include R&D activities, the proportion of total budget authority requested for R&D varies considerably, from a high of 67 percent for general science to less than 0.1 percent for income security and general government (table 3).

Besides general science, only energy (62 percent) and space research and technology (59 percent) have one-half or more of their total funds proposed for 1995 directed toward R&D. Fifteen percent of defense-related funding, 12 percent of commerce and housing credit, and 10 percent of total health funding are proposed for R&D. Each of the remaining 10 functions has less than 10 percent of its total budget allocated for R&D. In five of these functions, R&D accounts for less than 1 percent of total funds.

Distribution of Total R&D Budget Authority Among Functions

The five largest R&D functions in 1995—defense, health, space, general science, and energy—account for 90 percent of all proposed Federal R&D budget authority. Transportation, natural resources and the environment, agriculture, and commerce and housing credit each account for between 1 and 3 percent of Federal funding of R&D. The remaining seven functions each account for less than 1 percent of the total 1995 proposed R&D budget authority (table 4).

During the early and mid-1980s, practically all growth in Federal R&D support was defense related (chart 2). Since 1986, however, defense R&D has dropped significantly from its peak 69-percent share of the Federal total to the proposed 55-percent share for 1995 (table 5). Despite this decline, defense is proposed to receive three times the budget authority for R&D than the next largest function, health.

R&D by Specific Budget Function

National Defense

Total R&D budget authority request for national defense (function 050) in 1995 is $39.5 billion, which would reflect an increase of $1.5 billion—or 4 percent—from estimated 1994 levels. This function consists of the Department of Defense's research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E) programs and the atomic energy defense activities of the Department of Energy. The defense function accounts for 55 percent of the total Federal proposed R&D funding in 1995—14 percentage points less than in 1986 (chart 3).

R&D funds for all DoD mission areas are proposed to increase by 4 percent, to $37 billion, and account for 94 percent of 1995 defense R&D budget authority. DOE defense R&D programs are proposed to fall by almost 3 percent, to $2.5 billion.

Proposed budget authority for defense basic research is $1.2 billion, 2 percent above the 1994 level. DoD accounts for 94 percent of the defense basic research total.

Within DoD, the largest gains are proposed for the Air Force (up 2 percent, to $12.3 billion in 1995) and Navy (up 8 percent, to $8.9 billion). Army RDT&E is proposed to decline—primarily for tactical programs—by 3 percent, to $5.3 billion. R&D programs within DoD's 13 Defense Agencies are proposed to increase by 9 percent, to $9.4 billion.

The Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO) and the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) will account for 60 percent of the R&D programs within the Defense Agencies. The budget request for the R&D portion of BMDO will increase by 14 percent, to $3.0 billion. The BMDO request reflects a change of focus toward Theater Missile Defenses and away from Ballistic Missile Defense. ARPA will show a modest 2-percent rise in funds, to $2.7 billion. However, ARPA has taken on the explicit mission of developing technologies with both commercial and military applications. ARPA's Technology Reinvestment Project (TRP), which promotes dual-use technologies through competitively selected projects supported jointly by ARPA and the private sector, is one of the key DoD conversion programs.

Among DOE atomic energy defense activities, the largest reduction is proposed for weapons research, development, and testing (down $110 million, to $1.4 billion), much of which is performed by the three DOE National Laboratories: Los Alamos, Sandia, and Lawrence Livermore. Increases are proposed for R&D related to naval reactors development, environmental restoration and waste management, intelligence, and national security.

Health

The administration proposes a 4-percent increase for R&D health programs (function 550). The proposed $11.4 billion 1995 health total accounts for 16 percent of all Federal R&D. The health share has grown fairly steadily since 1986, when it was 10 percent of total. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) funds all R&D classified for health care services and health research and training (subfunctions 551 and 552). R&D funding for consumer and occupational health and safety (subfunction 554) is provided by HHS and the Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

The health function accounts for 44 percent of all Federal basic research support. The $6.3 billion proposed for health-related basic research is 5 percent more than the 1994 level.

A 5-percent increase, to $529 million, is proposed for R&D support to be provided by the National Institutes of Health. Totaling $10.9 billion, these programs would account for 95 percent of all health R&D funding. The primary mission of NIH is to advance national capabilities for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease through biomedical and behavioral research.

Within NIH the largest share of R&D funding is proposed for the National Cancer Institute ($2.1 billion), followed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute ($1.3 billion). HIV/AIDS-related research, conducted by nearly all the institutes and centers, is expected to receive an increase of $78 million (6 percent), to a total $1.4 billion. With few exceptions, 4- to 6-percent increases are proposed for each of the 18 Institutes and Centers comprising NIH. R&D for the NIH Director's Office is proposed to increase by 11 percent, to $244 million, primarily to continue funding the Women's Health Study and the Minority Health Study. In addition, HHS R&D support for the Human Genome mapping effort is proposed to increase 20 percent, to $149 million in 1995.

A 1-percent increase, to $174 million, is proposed for consumer and occupational health and safety in 1995. The Food and Drug Administration accounts for 97 percent of these funds.

Space Research and Technology

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) funds all R&D that is specifically budgeted in space flight, research, and supporting activities (subfunction 252). R&D budget authority is proposed to increase 6 percent in 1995, to $7.7 billion, and to account for 11 percent of total Federal R&D funds. As recently as 1986 space accounted for a 5-percent share of the R&D total. NASA R&D programs reflect priorities set by the National Space Policy, under which NASA is charged with conducting a balanced program of manned and unmanned exploration, accelerating the pace of scientific investigations in space, and developing space technologies to meet the long-range goal of expanding human presence in the solar system. NASA budget categories have been greatly changed in fiscal year 1995, partly to reflect the administration's strategy of spending less on human space flight and more on science, aeronautics, and technology development.

The budget proposes a 6-percent decrease in R&D, to $1.9 billion. The Space Station program underwent a redesign exercise last year and has been dramatically refocused into a major international project with Russia invited as a new partner. At a proposed 1995 funding level of $1.9 billion, the Space Station accounts for 24 percent of total space R&D budget authority.

NASA's science programs are comprised of three budget categories: Space Science, Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications, and Mission to Planet Earth (MTPE). These categories will comprise 59 percent of total space R&D budget authority. Space Science, having the largest budget ($2.5 billion) of the three categories, is composed of physics and astronomy programs, as well as planetary exploration projects. Life and Microgravity Sciences and Applications will be budgeted for $608 million and is responsible for conducting space research in the areas of biology, biomedicine, biotechnology, combustion, fluid dynamics, and materials sciences. MTPE is NASA's contribution to the U.S. Global Change Research Program and will get $1.4 billion in 1995. The project is designed to study changes in the Earth's global environment.

General Science

Research activities in general science (subfunction 251), of which 94 percent are basic research, are funded by the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy. These activities are seen as contributing more broadly to the Nation's scientific and engineering base than are basic research programs that support agency missions. Total research support in general science is proposed to increase by 6 percent in 1995, to $2.9 billion. Of this research total 77 percent is slated for NSF and 23 percent, for DOE.

NSF is to receive $2.2 billion in research budget authority, representing an increase of $188 million, or 9 percent, over 1994 funding levels. Funding increases are proposed for six of NSF's seven research directorates and for the U.S. Polar Research Programs, for which NSF has primary responsibility. The Education and Human Resources Directorate will show a slight drop (0.4 percent) in R&D funding.

Funds for mathematics and physical sciences will increase by 8 percent and account for 30 percent—$656 million—of the proposed NSF research budget authority.

A 10-percent increase is proposed for NSF's Engineering Directorate, bringing its funding to $320 million in 1995. Of this total, $63 million is proposed for the 22 Engineering Research Centers and 55 State-Industry-University Cooperative Research Centers for which NSF provides funding.

NSF's Computer and Information Science and Engineering Directorate is to receive $29 million more for research in 1995, or a 14-percent increase. This directorate provides funds for efforts in five strategic initiatives: (1) High Performance Computing and Communications, (2) Advanced Manufacturing Technology, (3) Advanced Materials Processing, (4) Biotechnology, and (5) Science Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology Education.

General science programs at DOE are to decrease by 6 percent, to $647 million. Research funding for the Superconducting Super Collider has been canceled by congressional action. Research in other high energy physics programs is to decrease by 4 percent, or $18 million. Nuclear physics research is to fall by 9 percent, or $20 million.

Energy

Three agencies provide support for R&D activities in energy (function 270): the Department of Energy, which provides 94 percent of the funding in this area; the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA); and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Total energy R&D budget authority is proposed to be $2.9 billion in 1995, reflecting a 3-percent increase.

The DOE energy budget is proposed to increase 3 percent, to $2.8 billion, in 1995. Energy budgets for TVA and NRC will increase 2 percent and 3 percent, respectively. Overall funding for energy-related basic research is proposed to reach $990 million, representing a 4-percent gain.

Proposed 1995 R&D budget authority for DOE fossil fuel programs—including the Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Program—is expected to decrease 25 percent in 1995.

R&D on energy conservation is proposed to increase 39 percent, or $130 million, to $465 million.

A 27-percent increase is proposed for solar and renewable energy (includes solar energy, hydrogen research, geothermal energy, and hydropower) research—to $285 million in 1995. The proposed growth in this area is a strong indicator of the administration's commitment to develop environmentally friendly sources of energy consistent with the White House Global Climate Change Action Plan.

Magnetic fusion R&D is to decrease slightly, from $307 million to $306 million. However, enthusiasm for this area appears to be high following the recent	success of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, where a world record 6 million watts of fusion power was produced. Nuclear fission energy R&D is slated to	fall to $134 million in 1995.

Basic energy sciences, which support both research and scientific facilities, are to receive a $21 million, or 4-percent, increase, to $619 million.

DOE biological and environmental research	programs promote the development and application of biotechnology for purposes of health and	environment. Proposed R&D in this area is to increase 2 percent, to $331 million. Research on the Human Genome is to account for 21 percent of this total.

Selected Bibliography

American Association for the Advancement of Science. AAAS Report XIX, Research and Development FY 1995. Washington, DC: 1994.

Congressional Research Service/Library of Congress. CRS Issue Brief, Research and Development Funding: Fiscal Year 1995. Washington, DC: March 1994.

National Science Board. Science & Engineering Indicators, 1993. Washington, DC: 1993.

Office of Management and Budget. Budget of the United States Government, Appendix, Fiscal Year 1995, Washington, DC: 1994.