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Fandou Beri, Niger (HAPEX/Sahel)
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| Site Name: | Fandou Beri, Niger - HAPEX |
|---|---|
| Latitude: | 13.5 N |
| Longitude: | 2.6 E |
| Site Managed By: | |
| Point of Contact: | Dr. Stephen Prince Department of Geography University of Maryland Room 1113 LeFrak Hall College Park, MD 20742-8225 USA |
| Phone: | 301-454-1824 |
| Email: | sp43@umail.umd.edu |
| Site Operating Since: | 1990 |
| Affiliated Programs: | French Institute for Scientific Reseach for
Development and Cooperation (ORSTOM) National Aeronautics and Space Administration Comit Permanent Inter-Etats de Lutte contre la Scheresse dans le Sahel (CILLS) agriculture, hydrology and meteorology centre (AGRHYMET) International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics Sahelian Centre African Centre of Meteorology Applied to Development UK Institute of Hydrology, United States Agency for International Development |
| Elevation Range: | 175 - 294 meters |
| Annual Precipitation: | 50 cm |
| Mean Summer Temp.: | 34 C |
| Mean Winter Temp.: | 24 C |
| Seasonality: | Rainy season is June through August |
| Predominant Vegetation: | Tiger bush (Guiera senegalensis, Combretum spp., Acacia spp.) and millet agriculture |
| Site Data Source: | French Institute for Scientific Reseach for Development and Cooperation (ORSTOM) |
| Site Data Types: | Meteorological measurements Soil moisture and sub-surface hydrology Soil and vegetation gas exchange Vegetation quantity and structure Radiation balance Canopy level fluxes Boundary layer sounding Maps of soil and vegetation characteristics |
| Site Data Access: | WWW:http://www.orstom.fr/hapex/ |
This site is under study by HAPEX-Sahel (Hydrological and Atmospheric Pilot Experiment in the Sahel). HAPEX-Sahel is an international land surface and atmosphere observation program with the overall aim to improve our understanding of the role of the Sahel on the general circulation, the effects of the large interannual fluctuations on land surface conditions, and how general atmospheric circulation is related to the persistent droughts that have affected the Sahel during the last 25 years. An extensive measurement program was undertaken including field, aircraft, and satellite remote sensing measurements, mainly between mid-1990 and late 1992. An intensive operations period was undertaken for 8 weeks from mid to late growing season of 1992.
A 1 degree x 1 degree region (approximately 100x100 km) was selected in which regional measurements would be made and within which three supersites would be located for detailed measurements. The landscape consists of repeated toposequences from plateau to valley bottoms. In less disturbed areas of the plateau, vegetation arcs 3-5m in height and 10m wide form stripes of varying length. Between adjacent stripes there is generally no soil or vegetation. Millet cultivation is common on the lower slopes. The valley floor is covered with millet fields and fallow. The valley bottom has bleached sands and often has temporary pools during the rainy season.
The climate of the study area is typical of the southern Sahel. Mean rainfall at Niamey is about 560mm (1905-1989) with a north to south gradient of about 1mm per km. The last 25 years have been marked with persistent drought and the mean for this period is 495mm. Rains usually begin in June, and the average length of the growing season is 94 days. Potential evapotranspiration is about 2000mm and the annual deficit between evapotranspiration and rainfall increases northwards by about 200 mm per degree of latitude. Winds are strongly linked to the seasons. Mean of minimum and maximum temperatures in the Sudano-Sahelian region for the rainy season are 22C and 34C respectively, increasing northwards.
HAPEX-Sahel was initiated in response to the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Global Energy and Water Cycles Experiment (GEWEX) which aims to determine the fluxes of water and energy globally in order to quantify the energetic processes of the Earth's climate system and the forcing functions on the ocean, land, ice and vegetation. HAPEX-Sahel is also coordinated with the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). Several IGBP core projects are expected to benefit from HAPEX-Sahel, including the International Global Atmospheric Chemsitry Project (IGAC), Biospheric Aspects of the Hydrological Cycle (BAHC), Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE), and Global Analysis, Interpretation and Modelling (GAIM). In addition to the French IGBP program, Savannas on the Long Term (SALT), has designated the HAPEX-Sahel site as one of its study areas.
The TM scene which was classified was path/row # 192/051 acquired on Sep. 18, 1992. There were some cumulus clouds in the southwest portion of the image so that the accuracy of the classification may suffer in these areas. The data are in a UTM projection (zone 31, Clarke 1866 spheroid) and have a 30 meter pixels. Upper left UTM coordinate is 1534860N 413220E.
The classes which are included are as follows:
The purpose of the Global LandCover Test Sites (GLCTS) project is to develop a multitemporal and multi-resolution satellite data set for a selection of global test sites to support the research development of land cover characterization and the testing and validation of improved algorithms for EOS. The sites selected represent a wide range of global land cover types, are well characterized on the ground with on-going field-based monitoring programs, and are of interest to the international global change research community. The primary component of the data set will be historical and recent Landsat data and a series of daily AVHRR 1km data acquisitions in a 500 Km by 500 Km window centered on the site. Digital elevation data and land cover information will be also included for each site.
As with all the Pathfinder projects, this activity will help provide experience with which to develop the data and information system for EOS. In particular, problems associated with developing registered multi-resolution and multi-source data sets, providing tools for data extraction, and developing the appropriate metadata and information management systems will be addressed. The targeted user-community for this product includes: researchers developing regional and global scale land cover assessments; researchers developing improved algorithm for surface parameterization; and field scientists working at the test sites wanting to explore the application of remote sensing.
This site is under study by HAPEX-Sahel (Hydrological and Atmospheric Pilot Experiment in the Sahel). HAPEX-Sahel is an international land surface and atmosphere observation program with the overall aim to improve our understanding of the role of the Sahel on the general circulation, the effects of the large interannual fluctuations on land surface conditions, and how general atmospheric circulation is related to the persistent droughts that have affected the Sahel during the last 25 years. An extensive measurement program was undertaken including field, aircraft, and satellite remote sensing measurements, mainly between mid-1990 and late 1992.
Data are distributed on a series of low and high density 8 mm tapes, organized by data type. A copy of this header file is the first record on each tape and it will also include specific format and organization data for each tape.
| Class # | Description | Color (R,G,B) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sandy Bare soil | Light tan |
| 2 | Skirt Millet (sparse) | Pale blue/green |
| 3 | Dense Millet | Blue/green |
| 4 | Fallow and Grassland | Yellow |
| 5 | Degraded | Red |
| 6 | Tiger Bush and Vegetation along drainages | Green |
| 7 | Bare Plateau and escarpment | Tan |
[HEADER Data record info:]
File 1: Readme Header File, 8651 bytes
[Ancillary Data record info:]
File 2: Ancillary data (ascii format), 11194 bytes
[Landcover Map GIF image record info:]
File 3: Landcover Map GIF image, 214285 bytes
1024 Lines 891 Samples 8-bit data
[DEM record info:]
File 4: USGS DCW DEM, 509016 bytes
| Projection = UTM | Zone = 31 | Datum = Clarke 1866 |
|---|---|---|
| ULCorner: | 1.7430E+06 | 2.0500E+05 |
| URCorner: | 1.7430E+06 | 7.1200E+05 |
| LLCorner: | 1.2430E+06 | 2.0500E+05 |
| LRCorner: | 1.2430E+06 | 7.1200E+05 |
| 501 Lines | 508 Samples [1000 Meter Pixels] | 16-bit data |
| Field Name | Type | Length | Description | Receiving Method | String | 2 | An indicator to tell whether the data was received real-time from the satellite or recorded. Valid codes include: AO = Orbital pass, a possible mix of HRPT and LAC acquired data. AH = HRPT 1km High Resolution Picture Transmission (real-time). AL = HRPT 1km Local Area Coverage(recorded). |
Satellite Number | String | 2 | The number of the AVHRR satellite which acquired the data. | Acquisition Date | Date | 6 | The date this data was acquired by
the satellite. Format = MMDDYY Where M = Month, D = Day, Y = Year. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acq. Start Time | Numeric | 6 | The start time (GMT) when this data
was acquired. Format = HHMMSS Where H = Hours, M = Minutes, S = Seconds. |
[AVHRR Data records info:]
| Projection = UTM | Zone = 31 | Datum = Clarke 1866 |
|---|---|---|
| ULCorner: | 1.7420E+06 | 2.0600E+05 |
| URCorner: | 1.7420E+06 | 7.1200E+05 |
| LLCorner: | 1.2420E+06 | 2.0600E+05 |
| LRCorner: | 1.2420E+06 | 7.1200E+05 |
| 501 Lines | 507 Samples [1000 Meter Pixels] | 16-bit data |
[HEADER Data record info:]
File 1: Readme Header File, 9488 bytes
| Field Name | Type | Length | Description | Receiving Method | String | 2 | An indicator to tell whether the data was received real-time from the satellite or recorded. Valid codes include: AO = Orbital pass, a possible mix of HRPT and LAC acquired data. AH = HRPT 1km High Resolution Picture Transmission (real-time). AL = HRPT 1km Local Area Coverage(recorded). |
Satellite Number | String | 2 | The number of the AVHRR satellite which acquired the data. | Acquisition Date | Date | 6 | The date this data was acquired by
the satellite. Format = MMDDYY Where M = Month, D = Day, Y = Year. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acq. Start Time | Numeric | 6 | The start time (GMT) when this data
was acquired. Format = HHMMSS Where H = Hours, M = Minutes, S = Seconds. |
[AVHRR Data records info:]
| Projection = UTM | Zone = 31 | Datum = Clarke 1866 |
|---|---|---|
| ULCorner: | 1.7420E+06 | 2.0600E+05 |
| URCorner: | 1.7420E+06 | 7.1200E+05 |
| LLCorner: | 1.2420E+06 | 2.0600E+05 |
| LRCorner: | 1.2420E+06 | 7.1200E+05 |
| 501 Lines | 507 Samples [1000 Meter Pixels] | 16-bit data |
[HEADER Data record info:]
File 1: Readme Header File, 8768 bytes
| Field Name | Type | Length | Description | Receiving Method | String | 2 | An indicator to tell whether the data was received real-time from the satellite or recorded. Valid codes include: AO = Orbital pass, a possible mix of HRPT and LAC acquired data. AH = HRPT 1km High Resolution Picture Transmission (real-time). AL = HRPT 1km Local Area Coverage(recorded). |
Satellite Number | String | 2 | The number of the AVHRR satellite which acquired the data. | Acquisition Date | Date | 6 | The date this data was acquired by
the satellite. Format = MMDDYY Where M = Month, D = Day, Y = Year. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acq. Start Time | Numeric | 6 | The start time (GMT) when this data
was acquired. Format = HHMMSS Where H = Hours, M = Minutes, S = Seconds. |
[AVHRR Data records info:]
| Projection = UTM | Zone = 31 | Datum = Clarke 1866 |
|---|---|---|
| ULCorner: | 1.7420E+06 | 2.0600E+05 |
| URCorner: | 1.7420E+06 | 7.1200E+05 |
| LLCorner: | 1.2420E+06 | 2.0600E+05 |
| LRCorner: | 1.2420E+06 | 7.1200E+05 |
| 501 Lines | 507 Samples [1000 Meter Pixels] | 16-bit data |
Landsat Scene ID Definition:
Format = SPPPRRRFFYYDDDMN
Where:
| S | Satellite |
| PPP | Path |
| RRR | Row |
| FF | WRS offset (default to 00) |
| YY | Year |
| DDD | Julian date of acquistion |
| M | Instrument mode (1 = TM, 9 = MSS) |
| N | Instrument multiplexor (0 = satellites 1-5) |
[HEADER Data record info:]
File 1: Readme Header File, 9028 bytes
[MSS Data records info:]
Scene Id = 2207051007532690
| Projection = UTM | Zone = 31 | Datum = Clarke 1866 |
|---|---|---|
| ULCorner: | 1.5449E+06 | 2.8819E+05 |
| URCorner: | 1.5449E+06 | 5.1289E+05 |
| LLCorner: | 1.3407E+06 | 2.8819E+05 |
| LRCorner: | 1.3407E+06 | 5.1289E+05 |
| 3584 Lines | 3943 Samples [57 Meter Pixels] | 16-bit data |
[MSS Data records info:]
Scene Id = 2207051007603390
| Projection = UTM | Zone = 31 | Datum = Clarke 1866 |
|---|---|---|
| ULCorner: | 1.5321E+06 | 2.7542E+05 |
| URCorner: | 1.5321E+06 | 5.0012E+05 |
| LLCorner: | 1.3278E+06 | 2.7542E+05 |
| LRCorner: | 1.3278E+06 | 5.0012E+05 |
| 3585 Lines | 3943 Samples [57 Meter Pixels] | 8-bit data |
[MSS Data records info:]
Scene Id = 2206051007608690
| Projection = UTM | Zone = 31 | Datum = Clarke 1866 |
|---|---|---|
| ULCorner: | 1.5446E+06 | 4.4414E+05 |
| URCorner: | 1.5446E+06 | 6.6884E+05 |
| LLCorner: | 1.3407E+06 | 4.4414E+05 |
| LRCorner: | 1.3407E+06 | 6.6884E+05 |
| 3578 Lines | 3943 Samples [57 Meter Pixels] | 8-bit data |
[MSS Data records info:]
Scene Id = 2206051007827390
| Projection = UTM | Zone = 31 | Datum = Clarke 1866 |
|---|---|---|
| ULCorner: | 1.5354E+06 | 4.4779E+05 |
| URCorner: | 1.5354E+06 | 6.7249E+05 |
| LLCorner: | 1.3315E+06 | 4.4779E+05 |
| LRCorner: | 1.3315E+06 | 6.7249E+05 |
| 3578 Lines | 3943 Samples [57 Meter Pixels] | 8-bit data |
Landsat Scene ID Definition:
Format = SPPPRRRFFYYDDDMN
Where:
| S | Satellite |
| PPP | Path |
| RRR | Row |
| FF | WRS offset (default to 00) |
| YY | Year |
| DDD | Julian date of acquistion |
| M | Instrument mode (1 = TM, 9 = MSS) |
| N | Instrument multiplexor (0 = satellites 1-5) |
[HEADER Data record info:]
File 1: Readme Header File, 8389 bytes
[MSS Data records info:]
Scene Id = 5192051008606190
| Projection = UTM | Zone = 31 | Datum = Clarke 1866 |
|---|---|---|
| ULCorner: | 1.5379E+06 | 3.9587E+05 |
| URCorner: | 1.5379E+06 | 6.2238E+05 |
| LLCorner: | 1.3397E+06 | 3.9587E+05 |
| LRCorner: | 1.3397E+06 | 6.2238E+05 |
| 3477 Lines | 3975 Samples [57 Meter Pixels] | 8-bit data |
[MSS Data records info:]
Scene Id = 5192051008622190
| Projection = UTM | Zone = 31 | Datum = Clarke 1866 |
|---|---|---|
| ULCorner: | 1.5379E+06 | 3.9587E+05 |
| URCorner: | 1.5379E+06 | 6.2238E+05 |
| LLCorner: | 1.3397E+06 | 3.9587E+05 |
| LRCorner: | 1.3397E+06 | 6.2238E+05 |
| 3477 Lines | 3975 Samples [57 Meter Pixels] | 8-bit data |
[MSS Data records info:]
Scene Id = 4192051009004890
| Projection = UTM | Zone = 31 | Datum = Clarke 1866 |
|---|---|---|
| ULCorner: | 1.5379E+06 | 3.9587E+05 |
| URCorner: | 1.5379E+06 | 6.2238E+05 |
| LLCorner: | 1.3397E+06 | 3.9587E+05 |
| LRCorner: | 1.3397E+06 | 6.2238E+05 |
| 3477 Lines | 3975 Samples [57 Meter Pixels] | 8-bit data |
Format = SPPPRRRFFYYDDDMN
Where:
| S | Satellite |
| PPP | Path |
| RRR | Row |
| FF | WRS offset (default to 00) |
| YY | Year |
| DDD | Julian date of acquistion |
| M | Instrument mode (1 = TM, 9 = MSS) |
| N | Instrument multiplexor (0 = satellites 1-5) |
[HEADER Data record info:]
File 1: Readme Header File, 7334 bytes
[TM Data records info:]
Scene Id = 4192051009227810
| Projection = UTM | Zone = 31 | Datum = Clarke 1866 |
|---|---|---|
| ULCorner: | 1.5373E+06 | 3.9968E+05 |
| URCorner: | 1.5379E+06 | 6.2253E+05 |
| LLCorner: | 1.3398E+06 | 3.9968E+05 |
| LRCorner: | 1.3398E+06 | 6.2253E+05 |
| 6931 Lines | 7820 Samples [28.5 Meter Pixels] | 8-bit data |
Format = SPPPRRRFFYYDDDMN
Where:
| S | Satellite |
| PPP | Path |
| RRR | Row |
| FF | WRS offset (default to 00) |
| YY | Year |
| DDD | Julian date of acquistion |
| M | Instrument mode (1 = TM, 9 = MSS) |
| N | Instrument multiplexor (0 = satellites 1-5) |
[HEADER Data record info:]
File 1: Readme Header File, 7334 bytes
[TM Data records info:]
Scene Id = 5192051008631710
| Projection = UTM | Zone = 31 | Datum = Clarke 1866 |
|---|---|---|
| ULCorner: | 1.5455E+06 | 3.9247E+05 |
| URCorner: | 1.5455E+06 | 6.1720E+05 |
| LLCorner: | 1.3344E+06 | 3.9247E+05 |
| LRCorner: | 1.3344E+06 | 6.1720E+05 |
| 7408 Lines | 7886 Samples [28.5 Meter Pixels] | 8-bit data |
Format = SPPPRRRFFYYDDDMN
Where:
| S | Satellite |
| PPP | Path |
| RRR | Row |
| FF | WRS offset (default to 00) |
| YY | Year |
| DDD | Julian date of acquistion |
| M | Instrument mode (1 = TM, 9 = MSS) |
| N | Instrument multiplexor (0 = satellites 1-5) |
[HEADER Data record info:]
File 1: Readme Header File, 7334 bytes
[TM Data records info:]
Scene Id = 5192051009134710
| Projection = UTM | Zone = 31 | Datum = Clarke 1866 |
|---|---|---|
| ULCorner: | 1.5459E+06 | 3.9002E+05 |
| URCorner: | 1.5459E+06 | 6.1503E+05 |
| LLCorner: | 1.3332E+06 | 3.9002E+05 |
| LRCorner: | 1.3332E+06 | 6.1503E+05 |
| 7465 Lines | 7896 Samples [28.5 Meter Pixels] | 8-bit data |
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