Cryptosporidiosis
Description
Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic infection caused
by Cryptosporidium parvum and occasionally other species of Cryptosporidium.
It is transmitted by ingestion of fecally contaminated food or water,
including water swallowed while swimming; by exposure to fecally
contaminated environmental surfaces; and by the fecal-oral route
from person to person (e.g., while changing diapers, caring for an
infected person, or engaging in certain sexual behaviors).
Occurrence
Cryptosporidiosis occurs worldwide.
Risk for Travelers
For travelers to resource-poor countries, risk of
infection is highest for those with the greatest exposure to potentially
contaminated food or water.
Clinical Presentation
Symptoms include watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps,
vomiting, and fever. In immunocompetent persons, symptoms last an
average of 6–10 days but can last up to several weeks. In persons
with severely weakened immune systems, cryptosporidiosis can become
chronic and can be fatal.
Prevention
No vaccine is available. To avoid contracting cryptosporidiosis,
travelers should be advised to follow the precautions described in
the section Risks
from Food and Drink. Cryptosporidiosis is poorly
inactivated by chlorine or iodine disinfection. Water can be treated
effectively by boiling or filtration with an absolute 1-micron filter.
Specific information on preventing cryptosporidiosis through filtration
can be found in “Preventing Cryptosporidiosis: A Guide to Water
Filters and Bottled Water” at URL: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/cryptosporidiosis/factsht_crypto_prevent_water.htm.
Treatment
Nitaxozanide suspension (Alinia, Romark Laboratories)
was recently approved by the FDA for treatment of cryptosporidiosis
in children. Travelers should be advised to consult with an infectious
disease specialist.
— Caryn
Bern
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