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U.S. Antarctic Program
The National Science Foundation (NSF), through the United States Antarctic
Program (USAP), coordinates almost all U.S. scientific research in the
Antarctic. NSF is an independent federal agency and is the only federal
agency whose mission covers research in all fields of science and engineering.
NSF administers the USAP as well as the U.S. Arctic Program.
History: The U.S. scientific presence in Antarctica began in 1830, when
James Eights became the first U.S. scientist on the continent. In 1841,
a U.S. expedition mapped part of the Antarctic coast, proving that Antarctica
was a continent. The USAP was established in 1959, after the 1957-58 International
Geophysical Year, during which 12 nations established 60 research stations
in Antarctica. The largest single expedition to Antarctica took place
in 1947 when 13 ships and 4,700 personnel were dispatched to the region
for the U.S. Navy's "Operation Highjump."
Scientific goals. The program's goals are: to understand the Antarctic
and its associated ecosystems; to understand the region's effects on (and
responses to) global processes such as climate; and to use Antarctica's
unique features for scientific research that cannot be done as well elsewhere.
Research is done in Antarctica only when it cannot be performed at a more
convenient location.
Among the scientific disciplines encompassed by this broad mandate are
astronomy, atmospheric sciences, biology, earth science, environmental
science, geology, glaciology, marine biology, oceanography, and geophysics.
Program officers at NSF's Arlington, Va. headquarters administer grants
to scientists nationwide interested in conducted research in Antarctica.
Grants are issued only after proposals have been peer reviewed.
Research stations. To achieve its goals, NSF operates three U.S. scientific
stations year-round on the continent.
- McMurdo Station Located on the Ross Sea, Antarctica's largest station
serves as a "gateway" to Antarctica for U.S. scientific field teams
as well as the hub for most of the U.S. scientific activity. During
the Austral summer, the population of scientists and support personnel
at McMurdo often exceeds 1,000 people. In the austral winter (from February
to late October), the population drops to roughly 180 persons. Even
at the height of the austral summer, the population at McMurdo is equivalent
to the enrollment of an average U.S. high school and is situated on
a landmass the size of the U.S. and Mexico combined.
- Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. Located 841 statute miles inland
from McMurdo, at the geographic South Pole, this station accommodates
a maximum of 220 people (80 of whom are construction workers or construction-support
personnel) during the Southern Hemisphere's summer, (austral summer).
Temperatures there average minus 60 degrees Fahrenheit year-round; average
austral winter lows are in the range of minus 80 degrees Fahrenheit.
Astronomy and astrophysics are the primary scientific work carried out
at the South Pole. The current Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, named
for the two men who raced to discover the South Pole in 1911 and 1912,
was built in the 1970's and features a central geodesic dome. The station
currently is being rebuilt and modernized; reconstruction is scheduled
for completion in 2005.
- Palmer Station. Located on Anvers Island in the Antarctic Peninsula
region, logistically isolated from the other stations, it relies mainly
on the R/V Laurence M. Gould for transport of passengers and resupply
from a port at the southern tip of South America. The R/V Laurence M.
Gould provides onboard research support in marine biology, oceanography,
and geophysics and can support science in other areas of the southern
oceans.
People: Some 3,500 Americans are involved each year in the program's
research and logistical activities. Women constitute roughly 30 percent
of the scientific and support workforce. Every year, more than 800 scientists
and their support teams conduct research in Antarctica's unique environment.
Budget:The USAP's budget for FY 2002 was $300.79 million. NSF's
budget for FY 2002 totaled about $4.7 billion.
Facilities and Logistics: OPP provides scientists with logistics,
operational, and laboratory support in Antarctica. This includes the three
U.S. research stations; summer camps (as required for research in the
field); the newly constructed ice-strengthened research ship R/V Laurence
M. Gould; the icebreaking research ship R/V Nathaniel B. Palmer; a fleet
of ski-equipped, propeller-driven LC-130 airplanes; Twin Otter airplanes;
and helicopters.
A U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker provides channel breaking at McMurdo,
treaty inspection missions and occasional research support; a variety
of other vehicles; and automated, unmanned weather and geophysical observatories.
Ships of the U.S. academic fleet and the oceandrilling program also occasionally
support research in Antarctica.
Starting in 1999, the 109th Airlift Wing of the N.Y. Air National Guard
flies and maintains the fleet of ski-equipped LC-130 "Hercules" aircraft,
the only such aircraft squadron in the world. The "Hercs" as they are
known are the workhorses of the U.S. Antarctic Program; transporting scientists
and support personnel, and all continental transport to South Pole Station
(including everything needed to rebuild Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station).
Before 1999, the U.S. Navy provided air support.
The U.S. Air Force's 62nd Airlift Wing, based at McChord Air Force Base
in Washington State, provides additional logistical support at the beginning
and the end of the austral summer with C-141 jet cargo aircraft.
USAP also contracts with Raytheon Polar Services Corp. (RPSC), of Englewood,
Colo., for logistical support for the program.
Antarctica by the Numbers: Antarctica once was part of an enormous and
temperate supercontinent called Gondwanaland. It broke free of its connection
to other landmasses millions of years ago and began its southward drift.
Today, it is a continent of extremes. For example:
- The continental landmass is 5.4 million square miles, an area larger
than the U.S. and Mexico combined.
- More than 98 percent of the landmass is covered by an ice sheet that
has accumulated over millions of years. The ice sheet averages just
over 7,000 feet thick, but is more than twice that thick in places.
- Antarctica holds 90 percent of the world's ice, which in turn represents
70 percent of the world's fresh water. Yet precipitation in the interior
averages only a few inches annually, making Antarctica one of the world's
great deserts.
- The ice sheet at the South Pole is in constant motion, moving about
30 feet every year and necessitating an annual remarking of the geographic
South Pole.
- As the ice moves out toward the edge of the continent, it breaks off, "calving" the
world's largest icebergs, including one that was estimated to be similar
in area to the state of Delaware.
- In the unlikely event that the Antarctic ice sheet melted suddenly,
it would raise sea levels worldwide an estimated 200 feet, submersing
much of the Gulf and Atlantic coastal areas of the U.S.
- Winds blowing from the interior plateau often reach speeds of 80 mph
at the coast and can peak at 180 mph.
- The lowest surface temperature ever recorded on Earth was - 128.6
degrees Fahrenheit at Russia's Vostok Station in the continent's interior.
Useful Web Sites:
Office of Polar Programs (OPP): http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/
OPP's Antarctic Sciences Section: http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/antarct/start.htm
OPP's Polar Research Support Section: http://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/support/start.htm
NSF Home Page: http://www.nsf.gov/
NSF News and Information: http://www.nsf.gov/home/scinews/start.htm
NSF Custom News: http://www.nsf.gov/home/cns/start.htm
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