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Alternative names Return to top
Cytomegalovirus - immunocompromised hostDefinition Return to top
CMV is a member of a group of herpes-type viruses that can cause disease in different body sites in people with impaired immunity.Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top
Cytomegalovirus, also known as CMV, is a virus. Most humans are exposed to this virus in their lifetime, but typically only individuals with weakened immune systems become ill from CMV infection.
The majority of adults have antibodies (an indication of previous infection) to it in their blood by age 40. Usually CMV produces no symptoms. However, serious CMV infections can occur in people with impaired immunity (immunocompromised host), such as those with AIDS, organ transplant and bone marrow transplant recipients, and people receiving chemotherapy or other immunosuppressive treatments.
Infections can include: CMV pneumonia, CMV gastroenteritis, CMV retinitis, and CMV encephalitis, and a mononucleosis-like illness.
Once a person becomes infected, the virus remains alive, but usually dormant, within that person's body for life. Rarely does it cause recurrent disease, unless the person's immune system is suppressed due to therapeutic drugs or disease. Therefore, for the vast majority of people, CMV infection is not a serious problem.
Primary CMV infection in pregnant women can cause harm to the developing fetus. The CDC recommends that women who are pregnant and have never been exposed to CMV should follow the precautions listed below.
Symptoms Return to top
The symptoms of CMV infection are similar to those of mononucleosis. In fact, in 8% of individuals with mononucleosis CMV is the cause. The symptoms of primary CMV infection are listed below.
In an immunocompromised individual, CMV can attack specific organs. The major symptoms of these organ-specific infections are listed below.
Eye:
Lung:
Gastrointestinal:
Brain:
Signs and tests Return to top
Treatment Return to top
The objective of treatment is to stop the replication of the virus within the body through the use of antiviral agents. These drugs DO NOT eliminate the virus from the body -- they only keep it from dividing.
The most commonly used drugs are ganciclovir, valganciclovir, foscarnet, and cidofovir. These are used in patients in whom CMV disease is established throughout the body.
For CMV infection of the eye, the drug valgancyclovir has been shown to suppress progression of CMV retinitis in HIV patients. A new drug named Fomivirsen has recently been approved by the FDA, and works via direct injection into the eye.
Foscarnet and cidofovir are associated with significant nephrotoxicity (kidney damage) and electrolyte abnormalities, which may require supplementation by intravenous electrolytes. Ganciclovir can cause neutropenia (severe depletion of white blood cells).
There is evidence that resistance to some of these drugs exists, especially to ganciclovir. Newer medications to fight CMV are in development.
Expectations (prognosis) Return to top
CMV infection in the immunocompromised host can be life-threatening, and the severity of the disease is dependent on the strength of the individual's immune system. Individuals who have undergone bone marrow transplant have been shown to have the highest mortality risk.
Any immunocompromised person, whether an HIV patient, organ transplant recipient, bone marrow transplant recipient, or medically immunosuppressed individual, should seek out medical advice if any signs of infection should occur.
Complications Return to top
Calling your health care provider Return to top
Call your health care provider if you are immunosuppressed and symptoms of CMV infections occur.Prevention Return to top
The mechanism of transmission of CMV from one person to another is unclear, but studies suggest it is transferred via bodily fluids. It also appears that children are a significant vector for transmission.
Studies have shown that the use of foscarnet and ganciclovir in individuals who have received bone marrow or solid-tissue transplants can help prevent the development of CMV disease.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ):
Who should be tested for CMV? Anyone who has symptoms of infectious mononucleosis, but has negative test results for mononucleosis and Epstein Barr virus. Anyone who shows signs of hepatitis, but has negative test results for Hepatitis A, B, and C.
Should I get my children tested for CMV? There is no need to either screen for CMV or exclude CMV-excreting children from schools or institutions because the virus is frequently found in many healthy children and adults.
Update Date: 2/3/2004 Updated by: Kenneth Wener, M.D., Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.
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Page last updated: 28 October 2004 |